Chapter 2. Insect Foods of North American Indigenous Populations ...

Chapter 253 of 68 9/20/2012 1:34 PMGudde, E.G.; Gudde, E.K. (eds.). 1961. From St. Louis to Sutter's Fort, 1846. [by Heinrich Lienhard]Norman: Univ. Okla. Press, p. 133. (Acrididae)Hall, H.J. 1977. A paleoscatological study of diet and disease at Dirty Shame Rockshelter, southeast Oregon.Tebiwa: Misc. Papers Idaho State Univ. Mus. Nat. Hist., No. 8: 1-14, Table 1. (Formicidae, Rhinotermitidae)Harper, F. 1955. The Barren Ground Caribou of Keewatin. Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Misc. Pub. No. 6, pp.1-164. (Oestridae)Harrington, J.P. 1942. Culture element distributions: XIX - central California coast. Univ. Calif. Pubs.Anthropol. Rec. 7(1): 1-46.Harrington reported (pp. 8-9) several insects used as food by the Chumash and other groups along thecentral California coast. These included yellowjacket larvae, grasshoppers, caterpillar pupae, and the collectionof honeydew.Harrington, J.P. 1986. Ethnographic Field Notes, Vol. 3, Southern California/Basin. Washington: Smithson.Inst., Nat. Anthropol. Arch. (Microfilm edition, Millwood, N.Y.: Kraus Internat. Publs.*Harrington, M.R. 1945. Bug sugar. The Masterkey (Southwest Mus.) 19: 95-96. (Aphididae)Harris, J.S. 1940. The White Knife Shoshoni of Nevada. In Acculturation in Seven American Indian Tribes(R. Linton, ed.), pp. 39-118. New York: D. Appleton-Century Co, Inc. Reprinted by permission, 1963,Gloucester, Mass.: Peter Smith.Harris (pp. 40-41), in discussing the White Knife Shoshoni, states that: "Insects such as crickets and antsformed a substantial item of the diet, but the bulk of the food consisted of numerous roots, seeds, plants andberries.” Women gathered the insects, and dried insects were cached. Harris states (p. 80): “Always poor in themeat of the larger animals, they were forced now more than ever [because of activities of the Whites] to live onrats, ants, crickets, grubworms and other insects.”Heizer, R.F. 1945. Honey-dew sugar in western North America. The Masterkey 19: 140-145. (Aphididae)Heizer, R.F. 1950. Kutsavi, a Great Basin Indian food. Kroeber Anthropol. Papers 2: 35-41. (Ephydridae)Heizer, R.F. 1954. Notes on the Utah Utes by Edward Palmer, 1866-1877. Univ. Utah Anthropol. Papers, No.17.Heizer (pp. 7, 8) cites Palmer that the Utes ate "ants eggs." Pah Ute boys fastened small lighted straws towasps so as to follow them to their holes; with a bundle of lighted straw, they smoked out the adult wasps, thencooked the nest with the eggs and ate them. During autumn when grasshoppers were numbed with cold, theycould be gathered by the bushel. A hole was dug in the sand while stones were heated in a nearby fire. Hotstones were placed in the bottom of the hole, covered with a layer of grasshoppers, then another layer of hotstones, another layer of grasshoppers, etc., until bushels could be roasted at one time. When cooled, thegrasshoppers were removed, thoroughly dried and ground into meal.Heizer, R.F. 1967. I. Analysis of human coprolites from a dry Nevada cave. Univ. Calif. Archaeol. Surv. Rpts.No. 70: 1-20.Heizer (pp. 5, 6) makes brief reference to insects in coprolite studies related to those of Roust (1967) andsuggests that insects were probably rarely eaten in the vicinity of Lovelock Cave and Hidden Cave in westernNevada.Heizer, R.F. 1978. Trade and Trails. In: W.C. Sturtevant 1978, pp. 690-693. (Introduction)Heizer, R.F.; Napton, L.K. 1969. Biological and cultural evidence from prehistoric human coprolites. Science165 (3893): 563-568.The authors report body parts of Anthrenus sp. (Dermestidae) and Ptinus sp. (Ptinidae) from human