Homophobia and Discrimination on Grounds of Sexual Orientation ...

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European Union Agency for Fundamental RightsMemberStateLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgImplementing legislationThe Employment Equality Directive hasbeen implemented by the Latvian LabourLaw of 2001 19 as amended in 200420 <strong>and</strong>in 2006, the latter in order to explicitly b<strong>and</strong>iscrimination on grounds of sexualorientation 21 <strong>and</strong> to extend the prohibitionof discrimination to the civil service. 22The Employment Equality Directive hasbeen implemented by the 2003 LietuvosRespublikos Lygių galimybių įstatymas[Law on Equal Treatment of the Republic ofLithuania], in force since 1.1.2005, 24 whichprotects from discrimination on all grounds(including sexual orientation). Furthermore,the general principle of equality embodiedin Art. 29 of the Constitution, which inprinciple is directly applicable by courts, isreiterated in the Darbo Kodeksas [LabourCode] 25 <strong>and</strong> in the Civilinis kodeksas [CivilCode].The Employment Equality Directive wasimplemented by the Law of 28 November2006 on equal treatment. 26… limited toemployment <strong>and</strong>occupation (light blue)… going beyondemployment <strong>and</strong>occupation (dark blue)Although discrimination on grounds of sexualorientation is explicitly forbidden only in (private orpublic) employment, sexual orientation can beimplicitly read also under the ‘other conditions’ in theLaw on Social Security after amendments of 2005 23 .However, the Latvian legal framework is currently in astate of flux for the moment.The Law on Equal Treatment ensures a protectionfrom discrimination on the ground of sexualorientation in the fields of access to goods <strong>and</strong>services <strong>and</strong> education, although not as regardssocial advantages <strong>and</strong> social protection.Although the Law of 28 November 2006 on equaltreatment applies not only to employment, but also tosocial welfare benefits, social security, health care,education, access to <strong>and</strong> provision of public goods<strong>and</strong> services, including those related to housing, theprohibition of discrimination on grounds of sexualorientation does not apply to social security payments<strong>and</strong> benefits provided by public or assimilated entities.19Latvia/Darba likums (20.06.2001), available at:http://www.ttc.lv/index.php?skip=75&itid=likumi&id=10&tid=59&l=LV (24.02.2008).20Latvia/Likums Grozījumi Darba likumā [Law Amendments to the Labour Law] (22.04.2004), available at:http://www.saeima.lv/saeima8/mek_reg.fre (24.02.2008).21Latvia/Likums Grozījumi Darba likumā [Law Amendments to the Labour Law] (21.09.2006), available at:http://www.saeima.lv/saeima8/mek_reg.fre (24.02.2008).22Latvia/Valsts Civildienesta likums [Civil Service Law] (07.09.2000), available at:http://www.likumi.lv/doc.php?id=10944&mode=KDOC (24.02.2008).23Latvia/Likums Grozījumi likumā Par sociālo drošību [Law Amendments to the Law on Social Security](01.12.2005), Art. 2.1, available at:http://www.ttc.lv/index.php?skip=240&itid=likumi&id=10&tid=59&l=LV (24.02.2008).24Lithuania/Lietuvos Respublikos Lygių galimybių įstatymas. Official publication Valstybės žinios, 2003,No.114-5115. Available in English at:http://www.lygybe.lt/ci.admin/Editor/assets/Law%20on%20Equal%20Treatment.doc (14.02.2008)25Lithuania/Darbo kodekso patvirtinimo, įsigaliojimo ir įgyvendinimo įstatymas. Darbo Kodeksas. Officialpublication Valstybės Žinios, 2002 Nr. 64-2569. Available in Lithuanian at:http://www3.lrs.lt/pls/inter3/dokpaieska.showdoc_l?p_id=311264 (14.02.2008).26Luxembourg/Loi du 28 novembre 2006 sur l’égalité de traitement (28.11.2006).30
<strong>Homophobia</strong> <strong>and</strong> <strong>Discrimination</strong> on Grounds of Sexual Orientation in the EU Member StatesPart I – Legal AnalysisMemberStateHungaryMaltaNetherl<strong>and</strong>sImplementing legislationThe equality directives have beenimplemented by the Act on EqualTreatment <strong>and</strong> the Promotion of EqualOpportunities (ETA), which came into forceon 27.01.2004. 27The Employment Equality Directive wasimplemented by the Employment <strong>and</strong>Industrial Relations Act 2002,28 asamended by Legal Notice 461 of 200429 inorder to explicitly include a prohibition ofdiscrimination on grounds of sexualorientation.The 1994 Algemene Wet GelijkeBeh<strong>and</strong>eling [General Equal Treatment Act(GETA)], 30 as amended in 2004 by the EG-Implementatiewet Awgb [ECImplementation Act (GETA)], 31 prohibitsdiscrimination on grounds of sexualorientation.… limited toemployment <strong>and</strong>occupation (light blue)… going beyondemployment <strong>and</strong>occupation (dark blue)The ETA prohibits discrimination on grounds of sexualorientation in the public sector, in all fields, <strong>and</strong> in theprivate sector, as regards employment, goods <strong>and</strong>services <strong>and</strong> any legal relationships established withstate funding. The scope of the protection fromdiscrimination on grounds of sexual orientation thus isalmost equivalent to that of the Racial EqualityDirective.The prohibition of discrimination on grounds of sexualorientation does not extend beyond work <strong>and</strong>employment.The GETA prohibits discrimination on grounds ofsexual orientation in the field of employment (Article5), in the field of the liberal professions (Article 6), byorganisations of employees, employers orprofessionals (Article 6a) <strong>and</strong> in the provision ofgoods or services, including education, or educationalor careers guidance (Article 7). Only distinctions ongrounds of race are prohibited in the fields of socialprotection, social security <strong>and</strong> social advantages (Art.7a). Unilateral decisions by the authorities are notcovered.27Hungary/2003. évi CXXV. törvény/(28.12.2003).28Chapter 452 of the laws of Malta29http://docs.justice.gov.mt/lom/Legislation/English/SubLeg/452/95.pdf - visited onthe 15th February 200830Staatsblad [Law gazette] (1994), 230.31Staatsblad [Law gazette] (2004), 119.31
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