The origins of the telescope - DWC - KNAW

More documents

Recommendations

Info

on sale in Paris, probably copied after examples brought from Holland, early in 1609, by an engineer from Sedan. 27 Another telescope was presented in May 1609 in Milan, also brought there by a Frenchman (Gallus), who claimed to be an associate of the inventor from Holland. 28 This person was possibly the same as the ‘foreigner’ who at the end of July 1609 demonstrated a telescope in Padua, where Galileo lived. 29 A month later a spyglass had reached Naples. 30 Finally, in the summer of 1609, Simon Marius in southern Germany received a pair of telescopic glasses from the Netherlands, remarking that such glasses ‘were becoming quite common’ over there. 31 In the fall he even received a set of better glasses ‘extremely well polished, one convex and one concave,’ which were sent to him from Venice by a certain ‘Iohanne Baptista Lenccio,’ a person ‘thoroughly acquainted with the instrument,’ who had returned from the Netherlands to Venice ‘after the peace was made,’ which means after April 1609, when an agreement had been signed in Antwerp. 32 Thus, within a year of the demonstration in The Hague, the telescope was disseminated all over Europe, with the result that various European scholars had already used or at least examined the instrument. 33 Before the end of 1609, telescopes were in the hands of Thomas Harriot in London 34 , Galileo Galilei in Padua, Giovanbaptista della Porta in Naples, Simon Marius in Gunzenhausen (Bavaria) 35 and Rudolph Snellius in Leiden (Holland) 36 , to be followed the next year by Johannes Kepler in Prague), Christoph Scheiner in Ingolstadt (Bavaria), Nicolas Claude Fabri de Peiresc in Aix-en-Provence, Willebrord Snellius 37 and Johann Fabricius 38 , both in Leiden, and Sir William Lower in Carmarthenshire (Wales). 39 27 Van Helden, Invention (1977), 43. Borel (1655) presents a certain Crepius from Sedan as one of the claimants for the invention. 28 Van Helden, Invention (1977), 50, quoting Sirtori (1618). 29 Cf. Galilei, Opere, 10 (1900), 226: Lorenzo Pignoria [from Padua] to Paolo Gualdo [in Rome], 1 August 1609. Cf. Biagioli, Galileo’s Instruments of Credit (2006), 121. See also Biagioli’s paper in this volume. 30 Galilei, Opere, 10 (1900), 252: Giambaptista della Porta to Federico Cesi. 31 Simon Marius, Mundus Jovialis (Nurnberg 1614) 6verso. Cf. A.O. Prickard, ‘The ‘Mundus Jovialis’ of Simon Marius,’ The Observatory 39 (1916) 371. 32 Ibidem. Prickard in his translation erroneously wrote the name as ‘John Baptist Leuccius.’ 33 See for most examples: Sluiter, ‘The Telescope before Galileo’ (1997). 34 Chapman, ‘The Astronomical Work of Thomas Harriot’ (1995) 101. 35 Cf. ref. 29. 36 De Waard, Journal tenu par Isaac Beeckman. Tome 1: 1604-1619, 11 note. 37 Cf. Vollgraff, ‘Brieven’ (1914); De Wreede, Willebrord Snellius (2007) 68-69. Concerning a telescope Snellius had ordered for his relative Amelis van Rosendael (1557-1620), or Aemilius Rosendalius in Latin. See also Zuidervaart, Telescopes from Leiden Observatory (2007), introduction. 38 Keil, Augustanus Opticus (2000) 33; Wattenberg, Fabricius (1964), 21-24. 39 Chapman, ‘The Astronomical Work of Thomas Harriot’ (1995) 102. 18 huib j. zuidervaart
II. THE PRIORITY QUESTION Lipperhey, Metius or an unknown a genius With the rapid dissemination of the telescope the priority question about the inventor soon arose. As early as 1612, Girolamo Sirtori remarked: Dutchmen, Frenchmen, Italians from everywhere rushed forward driven by the desire for gain, and there was no one who would not claim himself the inventor. 40 Sirtori himself downplayed the achievement of the invention by presenting the story of ‘Johannes Lippersein’ [Lipperhey], who would have grasped the idea from ‘a genius or some other man, as yet unknown, of the race of Hollanders,’ who had visited this Middelburg spectacle maker. This visitor supposedly ordered ‘many lenses to be made, concave as well as convex.’ When he returned, the man selected and aligned two lenses, ‘a concave and a convex one,’ and in this way inadvertently revealed the secret of the telescope. Lipperhey ‘by no means devoid of ingenuity, and curious about the novelty’ would have imitated the visitor, and after having joined both lenses in a tube, rushed to The Hague, to the court of Count Maurits, to show him the invention. 41 So, a few years after the demonstration in The Hague doubts were already being raised about the identity and location of the ‘inventor.’ In Tuscany Raffael Gualterotti asserted to have invented the telescope a decade earlier, and others in Italy were eager to claim the invention for their own region. As far as Gualterotti was concerned, the glory of the Florentines could not be praised enough. 42 However, most people were convinced of the Dutch origin of the telescope. One of those was George Fugger in Venice, a member of the famous banking family who worked as an ambassador for the Holy Roman Empire. On 16 April 1610 he wrote to his correspondent Johannes Kepler in Prague, commenting on Galilei’s eye catching demonstrations in Italy: The man [Galilei] […] intends to be considered the inventor of that ingenious spyglass, despite the fact that some Dutchman, on a trip here through France, brought it here first. It was shown to me and others, and after Galilei saw it, he made others in imitation of it and, what is easy perhaps, made some improvements to what was already invented. 43 40 Van Helden, Invention (1977), 50. 41 Ibidem. See the citation in the introduction, elsewhere in this volume. 42 Van Helden, Invention (1977), 46. 43 Sluiter, ‘The Telescope before Galileo’ (1997) 211, citing Kepler, Gesammelte Werke (1937) xvi, 302. See about the question about Galilei’s attributed claim: Rosen, ‘Did Galilei Claim he Invented the Telescope?’ (1954). the ‘true inventor’ of the telescope 19
Page 1 and 2: The origins of the telescope origin
Page 3 and 4: The origins of the telescope Edited
Page 5 and 6: Contents Introduction 1 Huib J. Zui
Page 7 and 8: Introduction In November 1614 the H
Page 9 and 10: The search for the inventor of the
Page 11 and 12: volume on The Origins of the Telesc
Page 13 and 14: Perspectivist tradition connected w
Page 15 and 16: The ‘true inventor’ of the tele
Page 17 and 18: Antonius Maria Schyrlaeus de Rheita
Page 19 and 20: Ill. 2. The Maurits Tower in The Ha
Page 21 and 22: instrument by making it suitable fo
Page 23: Ill. 4. Archduke Albertus of Austri
Page 27 and 28: him by the same Winsemius, together
Page 29 and 30: shop, fitted exactly with that of t
Page 31 and 32: Ill. 5. Jansen and Lipperhey, as de
Page 33 and 34: Ill. 6. Concept for a memorial for
Page 35 and 36: In August 1818 Lambrechtsen present
Page 37 and 38: had been dug up in the Middelburg a
Page 39 and 40: Ill. 8. Façade of the Nieuwe Kerk
Page 41 and 42: Ill. 10. Zacharias Snijder’s tube
Page 43 and 44: Zacharias Jansse, the new celebrity
Page 45 and 46: Although De Waard had made exhausti
Page 47 and 48: in the French city of Caen, he reme
Page 49 and 50: Jansen Exit Today we must conclude,
Page 51 and 52: The city of Middelburg, cradle of t
Page 53 and 54: Ill. 1. View of the city of Middelb
Page 55 and 56: monopoly was effectively broken, mu
Page 57 and 58: Ill. 3. Workers at a glass house. P
Page 59 and 60: Ill. 4. Map of the city of Middelbu
Page 61 and 62: Rotterdam For Lipperhey and his fel
Page 63 and 64: for Greek and Hebrew (Walaeus), one
Page 65 and 66: Ill. 6. Philip Lansbergen demonstra
Page 67 and 68: Natural history Interest in scienti
Page 69 and 70: Despite their common interests, rel
Page 71 and 72: fill the whole stage and that they
Page 73 and 74: Ill. 9. Flowers in a glass beaker.
Page 75 and 76:
These preliminary studies point to
Page 77 and 78:
century, owners of cabinets of curi
Page 79 and 80:
The telescope at the court of the s
Page 81 and 82:
Formally, the stadtholder was just
Page 83 and 84:
However, it was hardly his own cour
Page 85 and 86:
Maurits had been an eager student w
Page 87 and 88:
Lipperhey at The Hague The Hague at
Page 89 and 90:
Still, the decisions made by the St
Page 91 and 92:
father, Adriaen Anthonisz, was not
Page 93 and 94:
side. As for the telescope, as stat
Page 95 and 96:
patronage, as one of the main drivi
Page 97 and 98:
In 1854, the historical journal De
Page 99 and 100:
The long road to the invention of t
Page 101 and 102:
flat rotating grinding-stone. Grind
Page 103 and 104:
aging eyes. That they eventually se
Page 105 and 106:
Ill. 7. Left: A portion of a mediev
Page 107 and 108:
There is no doubt that roidi da ogl
Page 109 and 110:
2. 3. 4. Middle Ages, namely with a
Page 111 and 112:
Ill. 9. Rivet spectacles. Detail fr
Page 113 and 114:
A new lens making technique The Nur
Page 115 and 116:
Ill.12. These two spectacle lenses
Page 117 and 118:
The situation shortly after the inv
Page 119 and 120:
Ill. 16. Test image of a mediocre l
Page 121 and 122:
Suspicious spectacles. Medical pers
Page 123 and 124:
the so-called modus visionis, and h
Page 125 and 126:
Justus Lipsius and direct access to
Page 127 and 128:
Spirits were supposed to be generat
Page 129 and 130:
spirits because while they penetrat
Page 131 and 132:
discussion on the presence of an in
Page 133 and 134:
Conclusion The example of Mercurial
Page 135 and 136:
William Bourne’s invention. Proje
Page 137 and 138:
two points on which the reconstruct
Page 139 and 140:
serious problem. The angle between
Page 141 and 142:
eceives inverted it will show uprig
Page 143 and 144:
mayor. In Gravesend Bourne had ever
Page 145 and 146:
Applications for such patents of mo
Page 147 and 148:
While the position of this point, w
Page 149 and 150:
Ill. 3. Objective lens and aperture
Page 151 and 152:
seen, because of this, practical op
Page 153 and 154:
Alhacen and Kepler and the origins
Page 155 and 156:
the appearance and public dissemina
Page 157 and 158:
an obliquity of 10°.’ 10 In othe
Page 159 and 160:
as Roshdi Rashed has shown, there a
Page 161 and 162:
H L Ill. 5 T E K A G Z D B E Before
Page 163 and 164:
Ill.7a and 7b analysis in propositi
Page 165 and 166:
U E T V G S M A B Z D L' H' Q L H Q
Page 167 and 168:
pass. Holding a piece of paper perp
Page 169 and 170:
Ill. 13 X A C E 1 a G K M K' G' X'
Page 171 and 172:
to have been entirely theoretical.
Page 173 and 174:
Complete inventions: The mirror and
Page 175 and 176:
Ill. 1 Pierre Coton SJ (1564-1626).
Page 177 and 178:
Ill. 2 Telescope, probably used by
Page 179 and 180:
Linguistic inertia The retrograde a
Page 181 and 182:
in 1600, 25 and more importantly, t
Page 183 and 184:
Literary Lore and Dubious Devices S
Page 185 and 186:
There is a sort of contagion here:
Page 187 and 188:
‘spectacles!’ and the producer
Page 189 and 190:
Galileo and the telescope Albert Va
Page 191 and 192:
Ill. 2. Schematic diagram of a Dutc
Page 193 and 194:
university of Bologna. Up to that p
Page 195 and 196:
larger glass blanks. 20 But even so
Page 197 and 198:
arranging - and his association wit
Page 199 and 200:
are very bright for their size, but
Page 201 and 202:
Ill. 4. Grid used by Galilei to cha
Page 203 and 204:
at all times. Some astronomical eve
Page 205 and 206:
its shape was that of a half-moon.
Page 207 and 208:
the phases of Venus, and spots on t
Page 209 and 210:
Did Galileo copy the telescope? A
Page 211 and 212:
Ill. 1. Fra Paoli Sarpi (1552 - 162
Page 213 and 214:
Sarpi’s position had not changed
Page 215 and 216:
made faraway things look nearby. 21
Page 217 and 218:
not happened, but omitted important
Page 219 and 220:
August 1609 and was rewarded with t
Page 221 and 222:
Nuncius because of patronage realpo
Page 223 and 224:
frequent contact). 41 Instead, Gali
Page 225 and 226:
I agree with Drake that it makes se
Page 227 and 228:
the telescope to the Senate. As a r
Page 229 and 230:
According to Drake, 19 July is the
Page 231 and 232:
had already built his telescope by
Page 233 and 234:
application to favor his friend. 67
Page 235 and 236:
a recipient of princely patronage,
Page 237 and 238:
The world’s oldest surviving tele
Page 239 and 240:
classification of unsigned telescop
Page 241 and 242:
The list Our current inventory of t
Page 243 and 244:
Hainhofer’s inventory of the cabi
Page 245 and 246:
A small Galilean spy-glass, it is p
Page 247 and 248:
6. 1609-40: Galileo (?), Padua (?),
Page 249 and 250:
cribed to the circle of Philipp Hai
Page 251 and 252:
The presence of a telescope in such
Page 253 and 254:
12. 1625-1675 (?): unknown maker, T
Page 255 and 256:
and ocular of 770 mm, the telescope
Page 257 and 258:
From Professor Tsuko Nakamura, we h
Page 259 and 260:
(1613-1676), who commanded the Swed
Page 261 and 262:
In addition to taking basic physica
Page 263 and 264:
Labour on lenses: Isaac Beeckman’
Page 265 and 266:
grinding the lens. 4 Beeckman used
Page 267 and 268:
In 1622 Beeckman was in Middelburg.
Page 269 and 270:
Ill. 1. Sketch of Beeckman on the r
Page 271 and 272:
Ill. 2. Sketches of Beeckman relati
Page 273 and 274:
expertise in lens grinding. 22 They
Page 275 and 276:
summer had been in vain, because I
Page 277 and 278:
Testing telescope optics of sevente
Page 279 and 280:
Ill. 1. Iron divider used to mark c
Page 281 and 282:
Ill. 5. Rough shaping of a convex s
Page 283 and 284:
Ill. 7. Implement described by Torr
Page 285 and 286:
Ill. 10. Galileo’s broken objecti
Page 287 and 288:
Kepler’s legacy: telescopes and g
Page 289 and 290:
Kepler’s explanation of the Dutch
Page 291 and 292:
coming from the left, while it sees
Page 293 and 294:
e) concave and yet still produces t
Page 295 and 296:
Kepler in Cherubin d’Orleans’ L
Page 297 and 298:
Ill. 4. Cherubin d’Orleans’s La
Page 299 and 300:
For one thing, Manzini appeals to K
Page 301 and 302:
Ill.5. Manzini’s representation o
Page 303 and 304:
Ill.6. Kepler’s ‘picture’: Ke
Page 305 and 306:
Ill.8. Reflected geometrical optica
Page 307 and 308:
The Netherlands, Siam and the teles
Page 309 and 310:
and the cartographer Willem Janszoo
Page 311 and 312:
8 September 1613 at his castle at S
Page 313 and 314:
presents from the VOC, amongst othe
Page 315 and 316:
practical problems. The first Chine
Page 317 and 318:
After the fall of the Ming dynasty,
Page 319 and 320:
situated near the last royal capita
Page 321 and 322:
clocks and telescopes, and his over
Page 323 and 324:
Ill. 3. Contemporary map of the tow
Page 325 and 326:
description of both the observation
Page 327 and 328:
Music as a liberal art and the inve
Page 329 and 330:
Also in his Timaeus, Plato describe
Page 331 and 332:
Ill. 3. Herrad of Hohenberg, Hortus
Page 333 and 334:
Boethius’ book was widely cited f
Page 335 and 336:
Ill. 6. Johannes Ockeghem and his s
Page 337 and 338:
took place in Bardi’s palace. Vin
Page 339 and 340:
Trivium), one should not fail to no
Page 341 and 342:
Ill. 7. Athanasius Kircher, Musurgi
Page 343 and 344:
Holst (1874-1934) wrote to a friend
Page 345 and 346:
diameter, as well as three of its s
Page 347 and 348:
Bibliography Aa, Pieter van der, Ag
Page 349 and 350:
Brenninckmeijer-De Rooy, Beatrijs,
Page 351 and 352:
Conclusions Both by Instrument and
Page 353 and 354:
Folkerts, Menso, ‚Der Astronom Da
Page 355 and 356:
Heal, Felicity & Clive Holmes, ‘T
Page 357 and 358:
Lindblad, Bertil, ’Livrustkammare
Page 359 and 360:
Pelletier, Charles, Plantarum tum p
Page 361 and 362:
Sas, Niek C.F. van, ‘Vaderlandsli
Page 363 and 364:
Albumazar (Berkeley, 1944). Torrice
Page 365 and 366:
Watson, Fred, Stargazer. The Life a
Page 367 and 368:
The authors Klaas van Berkel Depart
Page 369 and 370:
Index Abetti, Giorgio 240 Acquapend
Page 371 and 372:
Gorlaeus, David 88 Goüye, Thomas 3
Page 373 and 374:
Ptolemy, Claudius 150, 160, 162-163
show all

The origins of the telescope - DWC - KNAW

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?