The origins of the telescope - DWC - KNAW

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Fokko Jan Dijksterhuis Labour on lenses: Isaac Beeckman’s notes on lens making 257 Giuseppe Molesini Testing telescope optics of seventeenth-century Italy 271 Antoni Malet Kepler’s legacy: telescopes and geometrical optics, 1611-1669 281 Henk Zoomers The Netherlands, Siam and the telescope. The first Asian encounter with a Dutch invention 301 Albert Clement Music as a liberal art and the invention of the telescope 321 Bibliography 341 The authors 361 Index 363 vi contents
Introduction In November 1614 the Harderwijk-born Dutchman Ernst Brinck (1582-1649), former secretary of the Dutch consul in Constantinopel, visited Florence. As an educated person (Brinck spoke no less than ten languages) he collected the autographs of renowned scholars in his Album Amicorum. During his visit, Brinck introduced himself to the famous Italian scholar Galileo Galilei. In the years following the invention of the telescope, Galileo’s reputation had soared as a consequence of his observations with the newly invented instrument. Things went as Brinck desired. He received Galileo’s autographic inscription, together with a sketch of one Galileo’s telescopic discoveries: Jupiter’s four moons. 1 Galileo’s depiction of Jupiter’s moons, presented in a way resembling the Copernican representation of the solar system (ill. 1), nicely illustrates the rapid development of astronomy since the advent of the telescope, first demonstrated at the end of September during a peace conference in The Hague. In the intervening six years, the instrument not only had amazed people all over Europe by its capacity to enlarge distant objects, but the device also had quickly revealed unanticipated celestial phenomena. The heavens contained far more stars than expected, and a range of spectacular discoveries had been made: lunar mountains, moons orbiting Jupiter, the phases of Venus, spots on the Sun, to name but the most famous. These phenomena not only had been observed, but in the hands of Galileo, they had led to interpretations with farreaching cosmological implications. 2 Almost immediately after its invention, the telescope evolved from a mere optical toy into a ‘scientific instrument,’ an instrument of a new type which at the time was called ‘philosophical’: the manipulation of such instruments allowed scholars to attain natural philosophical truth. In this way, the telescope 1 Album Amicorum of Ernst Brinck (c. 1582-1649), Koninklijke Bibliotheek, The Hague. Sign. 135 K 4, fol. 63r. The transcription of Galilei’s entry in Brick’s Album Amicorum states: ‘An: 1614. D. 19 Novembris | Ut Nobili, ac generoso studio | D: Ernesti Brinckii rem grata | facerem Galileus Galileis Flo- | rentius manu propria scripti | Florentie. Cf. Thomassen, Alba Amicorum (1990), 71-72. 2 Van Helden, ‘The telescope in the seventeenth century’ (1974), 57. origins of the telescope royal netherlands academy of arts and sciences, 2010 1
Page 1 and 2: The origins of the telescope origin
Page 3 and 4: The origins of the telescope Edited
Page 5: Contents Introduction 1 Huib J. Zui
Page 9 and 10: The search for the inventor of the
Page 11 and 12: volume on The Origins of the Telesc
Page 13 and 14: Perspectivist tradition connected w
Page 15 and 16: The ‘true inventor’ of the tele
Page 17 and 18: Antonius Maria Schyrlaeus de Rheita
Page 19 and 20: Ill. 2. The Maurits Tower in The Ha
Page 21 and 22: instrument by making it suitable fo
Page 23 and 24: Ill. 4. Archduke Albertus of Austri
Page 25 and 26: II. THE PRIORITY QUESTION Lipperhey
Page 27 and 28: him by the same Winsemius, together
Page 29 and 30: shop, fitted exactly with that of t
Page 31 and 32: Ill. 5. Jansen and Lipperhey, as de
Page 33 and 34: Ill. 6. Concept for a memorial for
Page 35 and 36: In August 1818 Lambrechtsen present
Page 37 and 38: had been dug up in the Middelburg a
Page 39 and 40: Ill. 8. Façade of the Nieuwe Kerk
Page 41 and 42: Ill. 10. Zacharias Snijder’s tube
Page 43 and 44: Zacharias Jansse, the new celebrity
Page 45 and 46: Although De Waard had made exhausti
Page 47 and 48: in the French city of Caen, he reme
Page 49 and 50: Jansen Exit Today we must conclude,
Page 51 and 52: The city of Middelburg, cradle of t
Page 53 and 54: Ill. 1. View of the city of Middelb
Page 55 and 56: monopoly was effectively broken, mu
Page 57 and 58:
Ill. 3. Workers at a glass house. P
Page 59 and 60:
Ill. 4. Map of the city of Middelbu
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Rotterdam For Lipperhey and his fel
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for Greek and Hebrew (Walaeus), one
Page 65 and 66:
Ill. 6. Philip Lansbergen demonstra
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Natural history Interest in scienti
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Despite their common interests, rel
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fill the whole stage and that they
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Ill. 9. Flowers in a glass beaker.
Page 75 and 76:
These preliminary studies point to
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century, owners of cabinets of curi
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The telescope at the court of the s
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Formally, the stadtholder was just
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However, it was hardly his own cour
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Maurits had been an eager student w
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Lipperhey at The Hague The Hague at
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Still, the decisions made by the St
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father, Adriaen Anthonisz, was not
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side. As for the telescope, as stat
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patronage, as one of the main drivi
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In 1854, the historical journal De
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The long road to the invention of t
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flat rotating grinding-stone. Grind
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aging eyes. That they eventually se
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Ill. 7. Left: A portion of a mediev
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There is no doubt that roidi da ogl
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2. 3. 4. Middle Ages, namely with a
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Ill. 9. Rivet spectacles. Detail fr
Page 113 and 114:
A new lens making technique The Nur
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Ill.12. These two spectacle lenses
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The situation shortly after the inv
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Ill. 16. Test image of a mediocre l
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Suspicious spectacles. Medical pers
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the so-called modus visionis, and h
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Justus Lipsius and direct access to
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Spirits were supposed to be generat
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spirits because while they penetrat
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discussion on the presence of an in
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Conclusion The example of Mercurial
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William Bourne’s invention. Proje
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two points on which the reconstruct
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serious problem. The angle between
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eceives inverted it will show uprig
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mayor. In Gravesend Bourne had ever
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Applications for such patents of mo
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While the position of this point, w
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Ill. 3. Objective lens and aperture
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seen, because of this, practical op
Page 153 and 154:
Alhacen and Kepler and the origins
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the appearance and public dissemina
Page 157 and 158:
an obliquity of 10°.’ 10 In othe
Page 159 and 160:
as Roshdi Rashed has shown, there a
Page 161 and 162:
H L Ill. 5 T E K A G Z D B E Before
Page 163 and 164:
Ill.7a and 7b analysis in propositi
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U E T V G S M A B Z D L' H' Q L H Q
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pass. Holding a piece of paper perp
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Ill. 13 X A C E 1 a G K M K' G' X'
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to have been entirely theoretical.
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Complete inventions: The mirror and
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Ill. 1 Pierre Coton SJ (1564-1626).
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Ill. 2 Telescope, probably used by
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Linguistic inertia The retrograde a
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in 1600, 25 and more importantly, t
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Literary Lore and Dubious Devices S
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There is a sort of contagion here:
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‘spectacles!’ and the producer
Page 189 and 190:
Galileo and the telescope Albert Va
Page 191 and 192:
Ill. 2. Schematic diagram of a Dutc
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university of Bologna. Up to that p
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larger glass blanks. 20 But even so
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arranging - and his association wit
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are very bright for their size, but
Page 201 and 202:
Ill. 4. Grid used by Galilei to cha
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at all times. Some astronomical eve
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its shape was that of a half-moon.
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the phases of Venus, and spots on t
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Did Galileo copy the telescope? A
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Ill. 1. Fra Paoli Sarpi (1552 - 162
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Sarpi’s position had not changed
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made faraway things look nearby. 21
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not happened, but omitted important
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August 1609 and was rewarded with t
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Nuncius because of patronage realpo
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frequent contact). 41 Instead, Gali
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I agree with Drake that it makes se
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the telescope to the Senate. As a r
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According to Drake, 19 July is the
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had already built his telescope by
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application to favor his friend. 67
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a recipient of princely patronage,
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The world’s oldest surviving tele
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classification of unsigned telescop
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The list Our current inventory of t
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Hainhofer’s inventory of the cabi
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A small Galilean spy-glass, it is p
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6. 1609-40: Galileo (?), Padua (?),
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cribed to the circle of Philipp Hai
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The presence of a telescope in such
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12. 1625-1675 (?): unknown maker, T
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and ocular of 770 mm, the telescope
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From Professor Tsuko Nakamura, we h
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(1613-1676), who commanded the Swed
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In addition to taking basic physica
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Labour on lenses: Isaac Beeckman’
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grinding the lens. 4 Beeckman used
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In 1622 Beeckman was in Middelburg.
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Ill. 1. Sketch of Beeckman on the r
Page 271 and 272:
Ill. 2. Sketches of Beeckman relati
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expertise in lens grinding. 22 They
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summer had been in vain, because I
Page 277 and 278:
Testing telescope optics of sevente
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Ill. 1. Iron divider used to mark c
Page 281 and 282:
Ill. 5. Rough shaping of a convex s
Page 283 and 284:
Ill. 7. Implement described by Torr
Page 285 and 286:
Ill. 10. Galileo’s broken objecti
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Kepler’s legacy: telescopes and g
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Kepler’s explanation of the Dutch
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coming from the left, while it sees
Page 293 and 294:
e) concave and yet still produces t
Page 295 and 296:
Kepler in Cherubin d’Orleans’ L
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Ill. 4. Cherubin d’Orleans’s La
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For one thing, Manzini appeals to K
Page 301 and 302:
Ill.5. Manzini’s representation o
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Ill.6. Kepler’s ‘picture’: Ke
Page 305 and 306:
Ill.8. Reflected geometrical optica
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The Netherlands, Siam and the teles
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and the cartographer Willem Janszoo
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8 September 1613 at his castle at S
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presents from the VOC, amongst othe
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practical problems. The first Chine
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After the fall of the Ming dynasty,
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situated near the last royal capita
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clocks and telescopes, and his over
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Ill. 3. Contemporary map of the tow
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description of both the observation
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Music as a liberal art and the inve
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Also in his Timaeus, Plato describe
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Ill. 3. Herrad of Hohenberg, Hortus
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Boethius’ book was widely cited f
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Ill. 6. Johannes Ockeghem and his s
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took place in Bardi’s palace. Vin
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Trivium), one should not fail to no
Page 341 and 342:
Ill. 7. Athanasius Kircher, Musurgi
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Holst (1874-1934) wrote to a friend
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diameter, as well as three of its s
Page 347 and 348:
Bibliography Aa, Pieter van der, Ag
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Brenninckmeijer-De Rooy, Beatrijs,
Page 351 and 352:
Conclusions Both by Instrument and
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Folkerts, Menso, ‚Der Astronom Da
Page 355 and 356:
Heal, Felicity & Clive Holmes, ‘T
Page 357 and 358:
Lindblad, Bertil, ’Livrustkammare
Page 359 and 360:
Pelletier, Charles, Plantarum tum p
Page 361 and 362:
Sas, Niek C.F. van, ‘Vaderlandsli
Page 363 and 364:
Albumazar (Berkeley, 1944). Torrice
Page 365 and 366:
Watson, Fred, Stargazer. The Life a
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The authors Klaas van Berkel Depart
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Index Abetti, Giorgio 240 Acquapend
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Gorlaeus, David 88 Goüye, Thomas 3
Page 373 and 374:
Ptolemy, Claudius 150, 160, 162-163
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