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About the AuthorIan Wing is a Visiting Military Fellow at the Land Warfare Studies Centre and a SeniorVisiting Fellow at the School of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of NewSouth Wales, at the Australian Defence Force Academy. He has held previous academicappointments as an Associate Professor at Charles Sturt University and an AdjunctProfessor at Macquarie University. He has over twenty years’ experience in intelligence,security and counter-terrorism within the military, national security, private enterpriseand academic sectors. His service with the Australian Regular Army included postingswith the 3rd Battalion, the Royal Australian Regiment, the United States (US) Armyand the Special Air Service Regiment. He deployed operationally to Timor-Leste andIraq, and was awarded the US Bronze Star for meritorious achievement in combat. Heserved eight years in strategic intelligence with the Defence Intelligence Organisationand seven consecutive terms as the President of Australia’s Intelligence Institute. Heis a graduate of the Royal Military College, Australian Command and Staff College, theAustralian Defence Force Academy and the University of New South Wales. His careerhas included work in the security industry and he has extensive experience working inAustralia and overseas with personnel from private military companies (PMC). Whileon active service in Timor-Leste and Iraq, he served alongside PMC personnel andcoordinated the operations of national armed forces and PMC.AcknowledgmentsThe author gratefully acknowledges the assistance of Lieutenant Colonel MalcolmMcGregor, Director of LWSC; Mr Christopher Dawkins of the Australian Defence ForceAcademy Library; Cathy McCullagh, for her editing assistance; several military andacademic colleagues who provided peer reviews; and an anonymous academic peerreviewer.
IntroductionPrivate military companies (PMC) form an increasingly prominent element of militaryoperations. PMC provide a range of services including catering, logistics, administration,training, intelligence, aviation, close personal protection, keypoint security andconvoy security. Some PMC also possess the capability to undertake offensive combatoperations.Like other Coalition forces engaged in the Global War on Terrorism, the AustralianDefence Force (ADF) is increasingly reliant on PMC for support during operations. Yetthe employment of PMC raises important questions relating to the status of nationalarmed forces; the reputation and reliability of PMC; applicability of the laws of armedconflict; national laws and accountability; and command, control and interoperability.The management of these and other challenges contingent on the use of PMC formsthe central focus of this working paper.This paper is presented in four parts. The first part traces the development ofPMC from their mercenary antecedents through to today’s corporate businesses. Thesecond part examines contemporary PMC in military operations, focusing on the issuesthey generate. The third part provides the paper’s conclusion and offers a number ofrecommendations. The fourth and final part comprises an extensive bibliography, withannotations alongside selected recent references to assist further research.
Page 1 and 2: Land Warfare Studies CentreWorking
Page 3: Land Warfare Studies CentreThe Aust
Page 8 and 9: 4financial reward. Thus, mercenaris
Page 10 and 11: 6were widely respected for their mi
Page 12 and 13: 8The Industrial Revolution allowed
Page 14 and 15: 10The post-colonial struggles of Af
Page 16 and 17: 12only the standard pay rates to th
Page 18 and 19: 14Under pressure from the South Afr
Page 20 and 21: 16in Iraq outnumbered US troops on
Page 22 and 23: 18mercenaries was arrested by Zimba
Page 24 and 25: 20children are actually sent into p
Page 27 and 28: Part Two - IssuesThe use of PMC in
Page 29 and 30: 25of Western nations rely heavily o
Page 31 and 32: 27use of mercenaries to fight movem
Page 33 and 34: 29(b) Is motivated to take part the
Page 35 and 36: 31National laws and accountabilityA
Page 37 and 38: 33The recruitment of personnel in A
Page 39 and 40: 35Command and control are problemat
Page 42 and 43: 381. International Register of PMC.
Page 45: 41March 1987,SydneyMay 1988,SydneyM
Page 49 and 50: 45Dinnen, S, May, R and Regan, A J,
Page 51: 47Military Professional Resources I
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PMC references published during the
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52Hider, J, ‘Private guards to lo
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54Republic of South Africa, ‘The
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Land Warfare Studies CentrePublicat
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59107 de Somer, Greg and David Schm
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61BooksWahlert, G (ed.), Australian
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