Annex White book.pdf

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In Western Macedonia, the bulbs are planted in a distance of 10– 15 cm and in one line.In Sardinia the planting density varies between minimum 10 bulbsper square meter to even more than 50 bulbs per square meter.A1.3.3.4Disposition of bulbsIn Castile-La Mancha, the bulbs are planted in furrows at a distanceof 50 cm among them, improving thus weed control and aeration. Thedistance between each bulb is 3,3 cm.16010030Figure 3. Planting in different soil levels (the numbers arein centimeters)A variation of the above, is planting in different levels with differentwidths that depend normally on the features of the cultivation machinery.They are usually 1,20 meters long and the distance between them is 50cm (this leads to a total length of 1,70 meters). A unified surface is createdby this way, which enables the mechanization of harvesting.In Western Macedonia, the bulbs are planted in lines (furrows). Thedistance between each bulb is 10 – 20 cm.In Sardinia, the bulbs lie in a distance of 5 – 10 cm. The distancebetween the furrows varies from a minimum of 40 - 45 cm (distance usedtraditionally) to more than 100 cm depending on the applied machinery.Many planting techniques are being used depending on the nature of thesoil, the machinery at hand and the farmer’s demands. Most cultivationis planted in simple lines, on a slightly inclined soil that is maintainedevery year by banking up the fields. Manual flower harvesting becomesthus easier and water is not stagnating during the rain period. In somecases soil level remains flat during the entire cycle of cultivation.A1.3.3.5 Planting seasonIn Spain, saffron planting may take place in two different seasons:either on the second half of June or on the first part of September. No102
eason is known for preferring the one time or the other. The only factis that planting takes place when financial means are available.In Western Macedonia, planting starts usually in May and – dependingon the weather conditions –, and lasts until July.In Sardinia, the bulbs are planted between August 15th and September15 th .Irrigation system Surface watering Sprinkler irrigation Drip irrigationSuggested for:Cool climates thatneed only supportiveirrigationLoamy soils with bad drainageIntensive or extensive cultivationswith high plant density (more than200 bulbs per m2)Counter indication:Surfaces larger than 1hectare where mechanizedtreatment is neededBad water qualityLong term cycle of cultivation withlow plant density.PlaguesBulb eradicationMechanizedflower harvestingBulb growthAfter irrigation, plaguesestimation becomesmuch easierSuitable system butdifficult to controlNot very effective.This system can notcompete with the othertwo.Very effective for colony trackingand efficient use of applied drainage.The best suggested system for thistask due to best moisture levelsachieved in every plot.In case of high density plantingand during nose cutting, frequentwatering avoids crust formation andhelp thus machinery not to stuck inthe ground.Significant improvement of growthrate compared to surface irrigation.Inferior to other irrigation systemsThis system can not be applied forthis taskThis system can not be applied forthis taskThis system maintains stable humiditylevels expanding thus the growingperiod. Improvement of bulb size.Soil treatment It creates no problems. Best assistance for ploughing.This system allows no mechanizedweed control.Table 4. Strengths and weaknesses of the irrigationsystem103
Page 1 and 2: REGIONAL SAFFRON CULTIVA-TION AND H
Page 5 and 6: ApbBMarking of two different areas
Page 7 and 8: A1.3.2 Soil preparation before plan
Page 9: Βulbs without tegumentTests in nat
Page 15 and 16: A1.3.6 EradicationWeeds cause a los
Page 17 and 18: · Putting smoke cartridges into th
Page 19 and 20: Harvesting of saffron flowers (ITAP
Page 21 and 22: A1.3.8.5 EfficiencyIn Castile-La Ma
Page 23 and 24: A1.4 MECHANIZATION OF SAFFRON CULTI
Page 25 and 26: A1.4.3.2Modifying other cultivation
Page 27 and 28: A1.5.2.2Flowering in storage roomsA
Page 29 and 30: SAFFRON TREATMENTIN SPAIN, GREECE A
Page 31 and 32: SAFFRON TREATMENTIN SPAIN, GREECE A
Page 33 and 34: Separation in Castile-La Mancha (UC
Page 35 and 36: perseverance. Afterwards, the stigm
Page 37 and 38: STORAGE AND PACKAGINGof SAFFRONin S
Page 39 and 40: STORAGE AND PACKAGINGof SAFFRONin S
Page 41 and 42: A3.2.1 Cleaning: removal of foreign
Page 43 and 44: - The packing material should be ch
Page 45 and 46: side of the package are placed by h
Page 47 and 48: QUALITY DETERMINATIONTECHNIQUES IN
Page 49 and 50: QUALITY DETERMINATIONTECHNIQUES IN
Page 51 and 52: A4.1.1.2Determination through crude
Page 53 and 54: A4.1.1.8extractsCrocine, picrocroci
Page 55 and 56: FeaturesFeaturesI II IIIFlower resi
Page 57 and 58: A4.1.2.3. Ashes non soluble in acid
Page 59 and 60: A4.1.2.7 Ethereal extractEthereal e
Page 61 and 62:
Picture 5. UV-Vis absorption spectr
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Technical specification for the use
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A4.2 ORGANOLEPTIC ANALYSISOrganolep
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The saffron is rated on a scale fro
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A4.3 ADULTERATIONSDue to its high t
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should be controlled and should be
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Phase Duration (min) Phase A Phase
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Picture 7. Chromatogram at 432 nm f
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Seasonal phaseLengthInner diameterO
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Salmonella identificationThe method
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Flowers and stigmas (UCLM)
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external cost - are not consumed in
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Cultivation activitiesSoil preparat
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Page 90 and 91:
Page 92 and 93:
Page 94 and 95:
Cultivation activitiesSurface ferti
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Cultivation activitiesWeed controlS
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Cultivation activitiesWeed controlS
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A5.1.2 FEASIBILITY STUDYDynamic inv
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A5.1.3.2ClassificationThe purchased
Page 104 and 105:
Following graphic demonstrates that
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As one can clearly see in the graph
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In Italy the total sales value in S
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A5.2.5 A5.2.5 SAFFRON SALES DEPENDI
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In Greece saffron is used as powder
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BIBLIOGRAPHYAbdullaev, F.I., Frenke
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of saffron plant (Crocus sativus L.
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sativus L.), 183-207.Negbi, M.; Dag
Page 121:
Tarantilis, P. A.; Tsoupras G. and
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