priciples of insecticide use in rice ipm

Insecticides in Rice IPM (DRR)
Velusamy 1999 and 2000). Yoo et. al. (1984) from Korea observed that BPMC and MIPC were relatively
less toxic to spider, Pirata subpiraticus compared to BPH.
Tanaka et. al. (1990) from Japan reported that among the most commonly occurring spiders in rice
ecosystem viz., Paradosa pseudoannulata, Ummelliata insecticeps and Gnathonarium exsiccatum, all the
species were susceptible to ethofenprox, while P. pseudoannulata was more susceptible to phenthoate
and carbaryl. The other insecticides tested were diazinon and BPMC. The insecticides were tested by
dipping method to 1st instar spiderlings in the laboratory and the toxicities were expressed based on LC
50 values. However, the field trials in India and other countries clearly showed that ethofenprox is safer to
spiders but the dosage required is one tenth of other insecticides. Even, Tanaka. et al., (2000) observed
that ethofenprox was 35 times less toxic to adult spiders compared to 1st instar spiderlings.
In field trials, in India, Patel et. al. (2004) observed that endosulfan was relatively safer than other
insecticides like, dichlorvos, triazophos, cartap, carbofuran, imidacloprid and BPMC. By using dipping
method against first instars of four species of spiders, viz. Lycosa pseudoannulata, Tetragnatha maxillosa,
Ummelliata insecticeps and Gnathonarium exsiccatum with nine insecticides, Tanaka et. al. (2000) observed
that T. maxillosa was the most susceptible species. Raman and Uthamasamy (1983) observed least
mortality of L.psuedoannulata with carbosulfan (0.04%) by contact toxicity tests on rice seedlings compared
to fenthion, methamidophos, phosphamidon (all at 0.04%), deltamethrin, fenvalerate and cypermethrin
(all at 0.002%). Based on field observations, Bhavani and Rao (2005) reported that imidacloprid was
also safe to spiders.
BUPROFEZIN, A SELECTIVE INSECTICIDE TO NATURAL ENEMIES OF BPH
Buprofezin, an insect growth regulator has shown excellent toxicity to BPH and safety to almost all natural
enemies of the pest viz., Cyrtorhinus lividipennis, and the parasitoids Paracentrobia andoi and
Haplogonotopus sp. apart from spiders (Kanaoka et. al. 1994; Choi et. al. 1996)
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Haplogonotopus sp.