The SESI research draws attention to the centrality of teach<strong>in</strong>g, learn<strong>in</strong>g and classroomprocesses <strong>in</strong> determ<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g schools’ academic effectiveness (Creemers, 1994; Scheerens & Bosker,1997; Hill & Rowe, 1998; Teddlie & Reynolds, 2000).Creemers (1994) and Scheerens (1992) argue that theories of learn<strong>in</strong>g and <strong>in</strong>struction are atthe core of educational effectiveness models, with school factors seen as facilitat<strong>in</strong>g conditionsfor classroom factors. Luyten (1996; 2006) provides an overview of the size of school effectscompared to teacher effects and challenges the general consensus that teacher effects generallyoutweigh school effects. The Hay McBer (DfEE, 2000a) report Research <strong>in</strong>to Teacher <strong>Effective</strong>nessdeveloped a model of teacher effectiveness that l<strong>in</strong>ks three factors to pupil progress:professional characteristics, teach<strong>in</strong>g skills and classroom climate. The report suggests that over30 per cent of the variance <strong>in</strong> pupil progress can be predicted by these three factors, stress<strong>in</strong>gthe importance of the teacher’s role <strong>in</strong> creat<strong>in</strong>g an “excellent classroom climate”. The spotlightmoves to the classroom and the teacher’s pedagogy.There are numerous def<strong>in</strong>itions of pedagogy and much time has been devoted to debat<strong>in</strong>gtheir subtleties (Ko & Sammons, with Bakkum, 2013). Gage (1985:25) def<strong>in</strong>ed pedagogy as“the science of the art of teach<strong>in</strong>g”, a science cont<strong>in</strong>ually developed by <strong>in</strong>novative teachersand the academic researchers who study their practice. Watk<strong>in</strong>s and Mortimore (1999:3)def<strong>in</strong>ed pedagogy as “any conscious activity by one person designed to enhance the learn<strong>in</strong>g ofanother”, whilst Alexander (2001; 2008) argued that pedagogy has been def<strong>in</strong>ed too narrowly<strong>in</strong> the past and he specifically criticised Watk<strong>in</strong>s and Mortimore for a def<strong>in</strong>ition limited to the“actions” of teachers. Alexander (2000:540) dist<strong>in</strong>guishes pedagogy from teach<strong>in</strong>g; “teach<strong>in</strong>g isan act while pedagogy is both act and discourse. <strong>Pedagogy</strong> encompasses the performance ofteach<strong>in</strong>g together with the theories, beliefs, policies and controversies that <strong>in</strong>form and shape it”.What cont<strong>in</strong>ues to make pedagogy controversial is its complexity. Notions of pedagogy havechanged over time (Vygotsky, 1963; Bruner, 2006), by context (Moon & Leach, 2008), culture,(Alexander, 2000) and across nations (Reynolds & Farrell, 1996; Watk<strong>in</strong>s & Mortimore, 1999;Simon, 1999; Alexander, 2000).This report adopts Siraj-Blatchford’s perspective on pedagogy as: “the <strong>in</strong>structional techniquesand strategies which enable learn<strong>in</strong>g to take place. It refers to the <strong>in</strong>teractive process betweenteacher/practitioner and learner, and it is also applied to <strong>in</strong>clude the provision of some aspectsof the learn<strong>in</strong>g environment, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g the concrete learn<strong>in</strong>g environment, and the actions of thefamily and community” (Siraj-Blatchford et al., 2002:10).The SESI research previously mentioned enables l<strong>in</strong>ks to be made between classroom/schoolpedagogy and outcomes lead<strong>in</strong>g to the notion of “effective” teach<strong>in</strong>g. However, “effectiveness” isyet another controversial term, which is explored <strong>in</strong> the next section of this report.6 | <strong>Explor<strong>in</strong>g</strong> <strong>Effective</strong> <strong>Pedagogy</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>Primary</strong> <strong>Schools</strong>
Given that pedagogy is fundamentally important tolearn<strong>in</strong>g, how much is known about what teachers “do”<strong>in</strong> their classrooms that can lead to poor, good orexcellent outcomes for their students? The <strong>Effective</strong><strong>Primary</strong> Pedagogical Strategies <strong>in</strong> English and Maths(EPPSEM) research set out to answer this questionus<strong>in</strong>g qualitative data that were collected as part ofa larger quantitative study on pedagogy. The “mixedmethods” approach to the study of effective classroompractices (Siraj-Blatchford et al., 2006; Sammons et al., 2005) isimportant as it can reveal practices that are useful for both policy“Given thatpedagogy isfundamentally importantto learn<strong>in</strong>g, how muchis known about whatteachers ‘do’ <strong>in</strong> theirclassrooms”makers and practitioners. The EPPSEM study po<strong>in</strong>ts to the importance of what happens <strong>in</strong> theclassroom and like the work of academics such as Hattie (2012), who has collated the f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gsof dozens of studies on classroom practices, helps to make learn<strong>in</strong>g “visible” to the people whomatter – teachers.The f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> this report support other reports undertaken by <strong>Pearson</strong> such as The Learn<strong>in</strong>gCurve (The Economist Intelligence Unit, 2012; 2014) report, which expla<strong>in</strong>s what teachers canactually do to improve practice, and discusses the outcomes and the benefits of certa<strong>in</strong> systemsand policies and practices.The rest of this report describes the f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs on “effective” primary school classroom strategiesfrom a longitud<strong>in</strong>al study of <strong>in</strong>fluences on the academic atta<strong>in</strong>ment and progress andsocial-behavioural development of over 3,000 children <strong>in</strong> England who were part of the<strong>Effective</strong> Pre-School, <strong>Primary</strong> and Secondary Education study (1997-2014).Evidence from Research | 7
- Page 1 and 2: Exploring Effective Pedagogy inPrim
- Page 3 and 4: About the AuthorsProfessor Iram Sir
- Page 5 and 6: ContentsForeword - by Dylan WiliamE
- Page 7 and 8: That is why the Effective Pre-Schoo
- Page 9 and 10: Executive SummaryBackgroundThis pub
- Page 11 and 12: some there was incomplete data; onl
- Page 13 and 14: Personalised teaching and learningT
- Page 15 and 16: 1Pedagogy: TheInternational Perspec
- Page 17 and 18: The work of SER scholars provided p
- Page 19: The TIMSS study is very clear about
- Page 23 and 24: The methodsThe EPPSE study is uniqu
- Page 25 and 26: The case studies of practice were c
- Page 27 and 28: The full findings of this associate
- Page 29 and 30: Group C: Poor Schools: Low academic
- Page 31 and 32: The initial analyses of the observe
- Page 33 and 34: • Routines are very efficient - h
- Page 35 and 36: 3. HomeworkThe EPPSE 3-14 study sho
- Page 37 and 38: • Supportive approach with high e
- Page 39 and 40: • Only one very minor disagreemen
- Page 41 and 42: Children in highly effective school
- Page 43 and 44: • Teacher is very aware of childr
- Page 45 and 46: Another example demonstrates clear
- Page 47 and 48: 10. Assessment for Learning (AfL)As
- Page 49 and 50: She was able to offer a little feed
- Page 51 and 52: It is highly likely that good organ
- Page 53 and 54: Also, although the large amounts of
- Page 55 and 56: All of the above could be researche
- Page 57 and 58: Claxton, G. & Carr, M. (2004). A Fr
- Page 59 and 60: Gorard, S. (2010b). Serious doubts
- Page 61 and 62: OECD Organisation for Economic Co-o
- Page 63 and 64: Sammons, P., Sylva, K., Melhuish, E
- Page 65 and 66: Veenam, S., Denessen, E., van den A
- Page 67 and 68: Child social behaviour - Social int
- Page 69 and 70: Appendix 2: Complete List of School
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Appendix 2: Complete List of School