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ANNUAL REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION’S EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE 4.1. Food security and existing strategies In order to be effective, the fight against food insecurity must be conducted with consultation and co-ordination. It must develop opportunities of synergy and complementarity with the different Community development programmes, taking into account the action of other donors. In order to achieve this, the Commission is committed to respecting the international Food Aid Convention. INTERNATIONAL FOOD AID CONVENTION This agreement is the reference document for the main donors. It fixes the minimum annual commitments in food aid from the signatory countries* and specifies common rules in order to limit the negative side-effects. As re-negotiated in 1999, this international agreement aims at a better integration of food aid in the overall context of support for food security. * Argentina, Australia, Canada, EC and Member States, Japan, Norway, Switzerland, United States. Community Programmes The food security programme is applied in different regional areas, each of which has specific co-operation agreements with the EU, on the basis of which opportunities for synergy and co-operation are sought. These regional programmes include the EDF (Africa, Caribbean and Pacific Islands), ALA (Latin America), MED (Mediterranean area), OBNOVA (former Yugoslavia and the Balkans) and TACIS (Newly Independent States). This desire for coherence has now been formalised by the drafting of a single Community strategy for each country, which is vital in ensuring complementarity between the different programmes and co-operation with other financial backers, especially the United States. Within the Union, Member States approve the strategic guidelines of the food security programme and the funding proposals per country and per partner. There is also a code of conduct on food aid between Member States and the Commission. In practice, co-ordination is established on a case by case basis, according to the degree of commitment of the donors and the nature of the programmes being implemented. Specific Agreements Furthermore, specific co-ordination agreements exist, with a section on food security, with certain donors. Thus in the context of United States-EC dialogue, co-operation between the Commission and the USAID co-operation agency concentrates on seven pilot countries: Bangladesh, Bolivia, Ethiopia, Haiti, Kyrgyzstan, Malawi and Mozambique. © European Commission INTERVENTION COUNTRIES Concentrating the interventions of the Commission on the most vulnerable countries has been one of the priorities of the Community food security policy over the last few years. Whether direct or indirect, these interventions target 34 countries, most of which have low incomes and are not self-sufficient in food production. According to the nature of the food problems, these countries are divided into two groups: structural intervention countries and crisis or postcrisis countries. Structural Intervention Countries: Armenia – Azerbaijan – Bangladesh – Bolivia - Burkina Faso – Cape Verde Islands – Ethiopia – Georgia – Haiti – Honduras – Kyrgyzstan – Madagascar – Malawi – Mauritania – Moldavia – Mozambique – Nicaragua – Niger – Peru – Yemen. In these 20 countries, the respective governments are motivated to move towards a long term food security policy, which has already been drafted or is still being negotiated. Crisis or Post-Crisis Countries: Albania – Angola – North Korea – Ecuador – Eritrea – Liberia – Montenegro - Palestine – D.R. Congo – Rwanda – Sierra Leone – Somalia – Sudan – Tajikistan. In these 14 countries, the interventions are dictated more by the current economic situation: a supply of food aid, farming implements and seeds, combined with additional technical and financial support help avert the risk of famine or restore the social and economic fabric of countries affected by conflicts. Horizontal Issues Food aid interventions were necessary in over 34 countries this year alone. 29
Horizontal Issues Different channels are used to implement food security programmes. 30 4.2. Partnerships Direct Aid ANNUAL REPORT ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMISSION’S EXTERNAL ASSISTANCE Close to half of the food security programme funding goes to direct aid. This permits the Commission to intervene in situ, either by funding government programmes via budget support, or else by giving direct support to private or public bodies at the local level. In both cases, this aid requires a funding agreement between the beneficiary government and the European Commission, specifying the implementation arrangements as well as the conditions to which this aid is submitted. Direct aid is offered only to structural intervention countries in which there is a constructive dialogue with the government, that enables the concerted implementation of a national food security strategy. This dialogue also implies varying degrees of co-ordination with the other intervening parties (donors, international and local NGOs, civil society organisations, private sector). Partnership In 2000, direct aid amounted to €196 million. This aid is concentrated in the structural intervention countries. Examples are given in the geographical sections. Indirect Aid Indirect aid is the second pillar of the food security programme. This permits the Commission to grant financial support to international organisations and non-governmental organisations in the food security programme intervention countries. The first beneficiary of indirect aid is the World Food Programme (WFP). Here community support is focused on emergency and rehabilitation programmes – the International Emergency Food Reserve (IEFR) and the protracted Relief and Rehabilitation Programme (PRRO) – for which the WFP can contribute all its added value. Examples of this occured in North Korea and in Ethiopia. © Paul Webber In 2000, the European Commission and FAO signed a co-operation agreement covering certain areas of Africa and Central Asia. This agreement is basically concerned with two approaches: developing and extending the Global Information and Early Warning System (GIAWS) and training southern countries in sectoral policies with a view to multilateral negotiations within the WTO. The United Nations Relief and Work Agency for Palestinian refugees (UNRWA) in the Middle East is the third international organisation to benefit from indirect aid. Its remit is to guarantee access to basic social services (including health and education) for Palestinian refugees in Jordan, Syria, the Lebanon and Palestine. NGOs in turn receive a significant share of the indirect aid, PARTNERSHIP (€ million) Direct 48% Partners Value Direct 196.06 Indirect 213.65 Other 48.70 Total 458.41 INDIRECT AID (€ million) Indirect Value % WFP 90.00 43% Euronaid (NGO) 48.05 22% NGO 60 28% UNRWA 13.80 6% FAO 1.80 1% Total 213.65 Indirect 52%
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