PASCAL Platinum 7th Edition

PASCAL Platinum7th Edition

IndexPageIndex and Art 2Messages from Headmistresses 3Messages from Senior Mistress andHead of YearsClubs 5 - 6Houses 74School Council, Prefects andClass Photos8 - 13English 14 - 16Natali Manoli, 5ADrama 17Greek 18 - 20Greek History 20History 21Physics 22Mathematics 23 - 24Chemistry 25Biology 26Religious Education and Knowledge 27French 28Economics and Accounting 29 - 30ICT 31Geography 32Konstantinou Andreas, 3AMusic 33Science 34Physical Education 35Art 36PASCAL English School Graduates 37-38Staff Photos 39Nikita Laura, 5APASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 2

Message: Senior MistressMs Despina MavrikiouSenior MistressIt is with great pleasure and honour that once again I am addressing the new editionof PASCAL English School Lemesos ‘Platinum Magazine’ 2011 – 2012. The amount ofhard work and effort on everyone’s behalf is evident in this magazine as well as in thegreat achievements throughout the year.This year, once again, PASCAL English School Lemesos was actively involved in numerous extracurricularactivities, challenges and competitions; European Youth Parliament, International EYPForum in Germany, Mediterranean Model United Nations, Maths Olympiads, Euromath, Science Fair,Water Competition, Conferences, Environmental Projects, Charity Events, Talent Show, Mini Football,Bowling Competitions, Parties, Euro quiz, European and Commonwealth Competitions… to name but afew. Pupils and Teachers are always very enthusiastic, committed and dedicated, having as theirultimate goal to pursue their dreams and accomplish more.The tireless and always vigorous efforts of pupils to participate and contribute to the daily operationsof the school’s activities, together with the guidance and support of teachers have resulted in thecreation of the magazine you have in your hands. I would personally like to congratulate everyoneand I sincerely hope that the experience and knowledge provided during the whole academic year willbe an additional advantage in your future decisions and endeavors.I would also like to wish our Graduates all the best, a successful and prosperous life, after the longjourney they have had to complete their secondary education. I am certain, that they will continue tobe successful and conscientious in the future that lies ahead.At this point, I would also like to take the opportunity to express my thanks and appreciation to theHeadmistresses of the School, Ms Jodi Rigas and Ms Maria Ehrhartsmann for their constant supportand guidance, the Heads of Year, Mr Marios Perdios and Mr Neofytos Matsas for the excellentcooperation, the Form Teachers and Assistants and of course the teaching staff, Parents’ Associationand parents for the continuous support and good communication with the School in general throughoutthe year. I hope that you will all enjoy reading this edition, which is a vivid reflection of the work,life and the people of the School. I wish you all have a nice and relaxing summer and I look forwardto seeing you back in September.Message: Heads of YearsMr. Neophytos MatsasLower SchoolMr. Marios PerdiosUpper SchoolWe are very proud to address the edition of PASCAL English SchoolLemesos Platinum Magazine 2011 – 2012. Another successful academicyear has come to an end. Lots of hard work, preparation and effort hasresulted in great achievements in many areas which reflects theconsiderable effort of our pupils. Pupils and teachers are always very enthusiastic and dedicated andtheir main goal is to achieve success. We would like to wish all the best to our Graduates and wehope they have a successful and prosperous life.Our thanks and appreciation goes, in particular, to the Headmistresses of the School, Ms Jodi Rigasand Ms Maria Ehrhartsmann, for their support and guidance and for always being ‘there’. We wouldalso like to thank all the Form Teachers and Assistants for their valuable help throughout the year.We hope that you all have a nice and relaxing summer and we look forward to seeing you soon.PASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 4

Clubs 2011/12Community ServiceSquash ClubSailing ClubHistory ClubScuba Diving ClubDrama ClubEnvironmental ClubPASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 5

Clubs 2011/12Tennis ClubPhotography ClubGolf ClubFirst Aid ClubCooking ClubArt ClubPASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 6

PASCAL English School - Form 1ABack: Yiallourides Panos, Chorbadjian Filip, Menelaou Nicolas, Costa Stefanos, Cant Paraschos, Rigas Alexis,Charalambous Nikolas, Caraiorgu Nicolas, Araouzos Loukas, Mohseni Erfan Middle: Athienites Anastasia,Groutides Daniella, Kairinos Nicole, Christou Panayiota, Photiou Demetriana, Vyurkova Katerina, VarnavidesRaphaella, Efstathiou Chrystalla, Loizou Michaella Front: Koulouteris George, Bronnikova Kristina, KafkaliaSonia, Ioannou Kalia-Maria, Vanezi Antonia, Nikolettos Marios, Patraman GhennadiPASCAL English School - Form 1BBack: Nikolaou Demetra, Charalambous Andrea, Angelopoulos Constantinos, Georgiou Maria, Yiannakou Achilleas, MettouriMaria, Sofokli Sotiroulla, Papadopoulou Elena. Middle: Papaioannou Stelios, Antoniou Alexandros, Georgiou Ioannis,Skannavia Marios, Kimonos Nefeli, Fragkou Francesca, Socratous Demetriana, Frantzi Maria, Kyriakou Christina, VassiliouMaria, Horaitou Andria, Thrasyvoulou Andreas. Front: Berro Moustafa, Constantinou Andreas, Georgallides Alexandros,Savva Maria, Mina Zinonas, Demetriou Michaela, Chrysostomou Kyriakos.PASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 9

PASCAL English School - Form 2ABack: Charalambous Emilios, Athanasis Athanasi, Nikolaou Andreas, Panagides Adamos, Leonidou Orestis,Skordis Christos Middle: Xenofontos Myria, Ioannou Eva, Chowaniec Sabina, Christofi Georgia, Raptis Georgios,Panayi Antonis Front: Michaelidou Hebe, Nicolaou OliviaPASCAL English School - Form 2BBack: Topouzi Charalampina, Vasileiadis Andreas, Voniati Artemis, Demetriou Charalambos, Mina Stella, Panagi Stelios,Papaioannou Christos, Avgousti Ioakim, Constantinou Philippos Middle: Theodorou Yiannis, Panayiotou Georgia, IoulianouChristiana, Papakyriakou Martinos, Kyriakou Eleni, Ioannou Anastasia, Zari Ivi, Taveli Anna, Georgiades GeorgiaFront: Ioannou Andreas, Nicolaou Christos, Chorattidou Michelle, Diakides Marylena, Petridou ElenaPASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 10

PASCAL English School - Form 3ABack: Pnevmaticos Demetris, Groutides Alexander, Mouskis Minas, Christou Georgios, Moulashis Panagiotis, KonstantinouAndreas, Matthaiou Chrysanthos, Kimonos Alexandros Middle: Kyprianou Anthi, Karantoni Antrea, Photiou Olivia, DiogenousMelina, Christodoulou Christos, Yiassoumis Zacharias, Sofocleous Ernesto, Charalampous Pampinos, Chrysostomou Nikolas,Papadopoulos Takis, Charalambous Anthony Front: Vanezi Maria, Mita Savvina, Stefani Kyriaki, Efrem Maria, ChrysafiAntrea, Voniati Georgia, Christoforou Sophie, Sitnikova OlenaPASCAL English School - Form 3BBack: Hadjisavva Iliada, Efrem Philippos, Koudounas Yiannis, Papacostas Erodotos, Panaretou Thanasis, Zenonos Marinos,Theodorou Melina, Papasavva Zoe, Telemachou Georgia, Issa Ismini Middle: Charalambous Marios, Efthyvoulou Ioulia,Georgiou Ioanna, Hadjicharalambous Christina, Mettouri Constantina, Papastylianou Rafaella, Svana Nikoletta, FrangouRafaella, Issa Stefani, Georgiou, Christoforos, Beraud Haris Front: Loizou Michalis, Korniliou Nikoletta, Loungridou Christina,Georgiou Chryso, Chorattidou Dafni, Vassiliou Menelaos, Christofi AndreaPASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 11

PASCAL English School - Form 5ABack: Kaimakkamis Christos, Antoniou Michalis, Constantinou Demetris, Spyropoulos Andreas, ElpidoforouGeorge, Efstathiou Andreas, Elpidoforou Stefanos Middle: Kokoeva Diana, Nikita Laura, Pourikkou Atalanti,Agathou Sofia, Efstathiou Georgia, Manoli Natali, Loizidou Emily, Svana Yioulia, Chatzicharalambous Maria,Constantinou Christos Front: Smirnov Ilya, Averkiou Maria, Nicolaou Andrea, Christoforou Evita, IoannidouAndrea, Kornienko IouriPASCAL English School - Form 6ABack: Khlebutin Dimitri, Zavalli Adamos, Sophocleous Christos, Theocharous Vrionis, Konstantinou George, CharalambousAndreas, Adamou George, Savva Nicolas, Kanakis Dimitris, Kanakis Yiannakis Middle: Zachariades Christos, Abi Aad Lea,Stylianou Constantina, Mela Florentina, Zachariadou Ioanna, Voniatis George, Nicolaou Katerina, Zavalli Victoria, AvraamNicole, Papadopoulos Constantinos, Petrides Constantinos, Efstathiou Rafaill Front: Patsali Elena, Sotiriou Andreas, MakrisParis, Ioannou Maria, Ioannou NeofytosPASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 13

EnglishIn many countries children are engaged in some kind of paidwork. Some people regard this as completely wrong whileothers consider it as valuable work experience, important forlearning and taking responsibility. What are youropinions on this?Internationally, there are children who are forced to work duevarious reasons. This fact can have a negative and a positive impacton the way a child’s personality is cultivated but in my opinion, onlythe very misfortunate are enforced to work at this young, tender age.Therefore, I believe that the disadvantages of working as a child outweighthe advantages.In many countries of our world, children are exploited and are forced into manual labour. For some,this is considered positive since it provides various experiences but as far as I am concerned, workingas a child has many drawbacks. To start with, children are not supposed to be working between theages of 8 and 12 because this is the time when characters are developed. They ought to be playingand spending their free time on sports and activities. The only thing work will do to them is forcethem to grow up at a greater speed than normal. They become mature very quickly and they are notgiven the chance to live these irreplaceable childhood years.In addition, jobs can be tough and very demanding. This means that some children may not be ableto cope with the job’s demands either because it demands a lot of physical strength or high mentalabilities. An example is the children in China, who are forced to do manual work in factories. Thesechildren may have to deal with heavy machinery which they may not be able to use. Thus, to thisinability, they may even get yelled at by their employer who is probably only considering his owneconomical benefits. As a result of all of the above, children may become physically disturbed andmentally challenged to such an extent that psychological and physical problems may develop.On the other hand, working at an early age can also have some advantages such as learning tobecome more responsible. Being responsible is one of the key factors that can make somebodysuccessful in their career and it is a potential and skill that not everybody can develop even in laterstages of their life, Hence, these children can learn the skill of taking responsibilities and carryingthem out correctly. As a result, when they walk into the world of adults, they will be mature enoughto take care of themselves and their own families and be responsible and strong enough to deal withdifferent issues that may appear in their way.Furthermore, work, gives children a chance to understand what life is truly about. They willappreciate the things they already have a lot more because they know that these things are therewards of their hard and exhausting work. Not only will they appreciate their life, but also theirmoney since they will comprehend that “money does not grow on trees”. They will understand thevalue of it and thus they will not waste it on trivial matters. Generally, children will become morefinancially independent and they will gain strength in order to easily overcome the obstacles in life.Although there are quite a few positive aspects of working as a child, I still strongly disagree with it.At this age children are not supposed to make money but invest money in their future careers. Theyneed to become educated properly so they can make career ambitions true and as a result feelcomplete and satisfied with themselves and with everything they have achieved.Ioanna Zachariadou, 6APASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 14

EnglishSherlock Holmes and The Mystery of the Bloodless Victim“It’s a mystery”, Sherlock said and walked into the room where the murderhad occurred, as we were walking towards the crime scene. Sherlock Holmesexplained to me, our weird case:“Dear Watson, we live on a simple planet that people tend to makecomplicated. My job is to solve mysteries and help the police make the worldsimpler, by putting criminals behind bars! I am the world’s first consultingdetective. Now, about our new case! Someone is murdering people in Londonand takes one of their socks away after he commits the crime. What’s strangeabout this case is that although the victims do not have any bruises or cutson them, their blood is strained. Someone is taking their blood, leaving noclues but a riddle and a sock! Relstrad called me because he couldn’t find asolution.”As we arrived, Sherlock took his serious look and walked into the scene of thecrime. He observed the room for a while and then sighed: “Interesting! Indeed interesting!”Afterobserving the crime scene, he walked outside the room and started observing the rest of the house, thegarden and then the street. I was waiting for Sherlock to tell me something about the case but nothing.In fact he had left the place, leaving me alone with a bunch of police-officers.I was walking back to our home, as he had taken our carriage, and thinking what a strange personSherlock is. I arrived home and waited for him many hours…Three days passed but Sherlock didn’t come home. I started worrying about him, when suddenly heappeared covered in blood. “What happened to you?” I asked in shock. “Wait, my friend wait.”Sherlock said and entered his room. The following day, Sherlock and I had breakfast together.“I am sure you have some questions about our case and what happened to me.”“Of course I do. Explain to me what happened to you and tell me, have you found the answer to themystery?”“I was very concerned about this case. As I walked into the empty house I observed some weird markson the floor, I followed them and entered a secret chamber through a hidden door on the wall of theroom. There was a surgery table, where it seems the murderer pushed a tube through the victims’mouths and took all the blood away using a very complicated machine. As I concluded, the murderertook the blood to feed a weird kind of hybrid mice, a combination of mouse and bat, which turned outto be strong and uncontrollable. The only way to control them was to keep them in socks. I then tookout of my pocket the piece of paper with the riddle I had found in the victim’s mouth. I suppose themurderer wanted to see if someone is smart enough to find him. The riddle said:“To find the solution,You have to find the hat at the end of the rainbow”I couldn’t find the answer, bus as I was walking around London a brilliant idea came into my mind. “Butof course, end of the rainbow, he wasn’t speaking literally, he was being metaphorical.” End of therainbow is a Pub in West London. I lost no time and paid it a visit. At the pub I found an old muscularman with a top-hat drinking his beer in a dark corner. I observed that he was busy writing somethingon a yellowish paper, which looked exactly like the one in the victim’s mouth. When I approached him,he turned to face me and he laughed ironically at me his smile suggesting that it took me some time tofind him. He tried to escape punching me in the face but my reflexes were unbeatable and I manage toknock him out!”“Brilliant! Brilliant!” I said as I followed Sherlock to our new case.Foivos Philitas, 2APASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 15

EnglishA Day With a MicrochipI couldn’t refuse when my boss asked me... I had to work with thismicrochip. But I didn’t even know how to use it. Would a machine nowknow what was going on in my mind? I couldn’t wait… I wanted to seehow it looked like.My life changed after that day. I actually didn’t have to do any workfrom then on! The only thing that I was supposed to do… was just to‘think’. I would ‘think’ and the computer would perform.I hadn’t slept all night. I was just thinking about the next day, the daythat my boss would give me the microchip. I didn’t know how itworked. I was thinking of how my life would be after that. So, I woke up very early in the morningand I quickly got ready to go to work. I work in a chemistry lab. I keep finding new medicine forpeople and serious illnesses. Would the microchip turn out to be useful for my work?My boss welcomed me holding the microchip in his hand. He explained to me how it worked and hejust removed the sticker at the back and he carefully placed it at the back of my neck. He told methat the microchip would not be removed from my neck. However, if I ever ‘thought’ that I wanted itto be removed… it would instantly be removed by itself.I put on my coat and I went to the lab to continue my research. But finally, I didn’t do anything. Themicrochip wouldn’t let me. As soon as I would think of something, the microchip would perform. Iwas thinking of new medicine, and I was able to see whatever I was thinking in front of my eyes.At the beginning I was excited because I didn’t do anything. I wasrelaxing on my chair and I was thinking of new ways to solve people’sproblems. I love my job. I love making people happy. I love it when Itell them that I found a solution to their problems.However, soon things changed. With the microchip, I felt that I wasdoing nothing. I felt that the microchip was doing all the work. What ifhundreds of microchips take all the jobs and people are useless? What ifpeople’s needs, depend on hundreds of microchips and hundreds ofcomputers?I didn’t even want to think about it. I wanted me, to do the research. I had the need to feel that I amthe one that helps the others.I fell asleep in front of my computer. Whatever I was dreaming though, the microchip would takenotes of. I even had the thought of having it removed. And I was glad, because this is all it took for itto be removed.Now, I am the one who writes, I am the one who performs, does research, gets tired and offerssolutions. We don’t really need microchips to lead our lives… We have the brains, we have the logic,we can use them to do whatever we want!Christina Loungridou, 3BPASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 16

DramaTask: Write a sketch using the word “Praying” as title. In your sketch you should include two people and yourdialogue should be funny. One of your characters should be a grandmother and the other a grandfather. Thefunniest part should be the ending.(An elderly couple is sitting out in their back yard saying grace before they eat when a strange noise interruptsthem)Grandfather (Mark): What’s that?Grandmother (Sue): Whatever do you mean, dear?Mark: It sounds like a cricket…Sue: Just ignore it.(They begin eating when a little green thing which looks like a twig lands on the table-top)Mark: Oh my God! What is that?!Sue: It’s a praying Mantis, it shows up when you pray, it means God has heard you.Mark: That’s just stupid. Where did you hear that?Sue: I read it, online….Mark: Ugh… Sue, I told you that the interwebz is full of non-sense. I could swear that from the moment ourgrandson taught us to go on-line, you spend too much time on the computer and less time praising the Lord! Ifyou keep this up, God might forget about us.Sue: Now you’re just being silly…Mark: Promise me that you won’t spend too much time on the interwebz.Sue: It’s called the internet.Mark: I don’t care! PROMISE! (Bangs hand on table, killing the praying mantis)Sue: OH NO! It’s a sin to kill those! They are sacred!Mark: Oh God, forgive me! Let’s pray for its soul!(They start praying when another mantis lands on the table)Sue: I told you…Elena Petridou, 2B“Praying”Write a sketch using the word ‘’Praying’’ as the title. In your sketch you should include two people and yourdialogue should be funny. One of your characters should be a mother and the other should be a grandfather.The funniest part should be the ending.Grandmother: Why? Why, God? He was so kind and I will miss him so much! He was my man! Oh Lord! Ipromise that if you make a miracle I will pray to you every day!Grandfather: Oh! No! Maria please don’t! The only reason why I woke up from my grave was to shout at youmadam! You are the one that drove me to death with your moaning and always arguing! You are a fat oldwoman!Grandmother: Ohh! Lord takes me now!Grandfather: Why? Do you want to come with me? Please don’t! I’ll have a much better time up there withoutyou!Grandmother: Really? Who will wash and clean for you?Grandfather: Well, of course not you! You didn’t even do that when I was around you ugly miserable granny!Grandmother: OK! That’s enough! Go back to your grave and I shall be better on without you!Grandfather: Maria! Maria! What has happened to you!? Stop and get up from the floor! Are praying orsleeping?? Oh! Are you dead?Grandmother: Shut up old man! I was praying to God? I mean…. Actually I wished you were dead!!Grandfather: Are you kidding me? Are my hearing aids blocked or what?!Grandmother: No, Honey! I wish you were dead so I could live my love with you brother! Sorry baby! Iimagined you woke up and put me down!Grandfather: Well, that is it. I am no longer your sugar-sugar!!! It is better for us to break up! I will be closedinto my world with my only company to be Facebook!Grandmother: As you wish! That is my pray!Georgia Georgiades 2BPASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 17

GreekΝανούρισμαΈλα μικρούλη μου στην αγκαλιά της μανούλαςνανούρισμα γλυκό να σου τραγουδήσει.Έλα μικρούλη μου στην αγκαλιά του Ορφέαύπνο γλυκό να σου χαρίσειΝάνι, νάνι το αγγελούδι μουνάνι νάνι το μικρούλη μουΌνειρα γλυκά να αντικρίσειςσαν τα μάτια σου να κλείσεις.Νάνι, νάνι το μωράκι μου,ύπνο γλυκό ο Χριστούλης να σου δώσειΝάνι, νάνι το αγγελούδι μουγερό και δυνατό να είσαι σαν ξυπνήσεις.Έλα μικρούλη μου στην αγκαλιά της μανούλας,νανούρισμα γλυκό να σου τραγουδήσειΈλα μικρούλη μου στην αγκαλιά του Ορφέαύπνο γλυκό να σου χαρίσει.Θεόνη Παπαστυλιανού 2ΑΗ μάνα μουΗ μάνα μου η καλόκαρδηη μάνα μου η ψυχή μουη μάνα μου που έλεγεμάνα μου το παιδί μου.Αν δεν είχα τέτοια μάναέτοιμη ν' αντέξειπου μόνο για τη δική μου ασφάλειαμε όλους θα παλέψει.Όταν τη δω να έρχεταιμου φτιάχνεται το κέφικι απ' τη χαρά μου την πολλήθέλω να παίξω ντέφι.Όταν έρθει πιο κοντάθέλω να τη φιλήσωκαι να της πω ότι για πολλάέχω να της μιλήσω.Στέφανος Κώστα, 1Α«Απολείπειν ο Θεός Αντώνιον»«Το ποίημα μας διδάσκει ότι πρέπει να αντικρύζωμεν τη συμφοράν με αξιοπρέπεια», όπως χαρακτηριστικάαναφέρουν αυτοσχόλια του Καβάφη. Το στοιχείο της απόλυτης απόγνωσης, της τραγικής αποτυχίας, τηςσυντριβής κάθε ελπίδας και της αξιοπρέπειας κυριαρχεί στο ποίημα «Απολείπειν ο Θεός Αντώνιον».Είναι γεγονός ότι το ποίημα αναφέρεται στην αξιοπρεπή αντιμετώπιση των συμφορών και στηνυπομονετική στάση απέναντι στο αναπόφευκτο τέλος. Επίσης, αναφέρεται στην κατανόηση τηςματαιότητας των μεγαλείων τη στιγμή της αναπότρεπτης καταστροφής και την αντιμετώπισή της μεστωικότητα και θάρρος. Ο Κ. Π. Καβάφης παραινεί να αντιμετωπίζουμε τη συμφορά με αξιοπρέπεια «Σανέτοιμος από καιρό, σα θαρραλέος αποχαιρέτα την, την Αλεξάνδρεια που φεύγει». Αναμφίβολα, ο κάθεάνθρωπος πρέπει να είναι προετοιμασμένος και να δέχεται και τα καλά και τα κακά με την ίδιασοβαρότητα, υπευθυνότητα και αξιοπρέπεια και να μην απογοητεύεται όταν δει να χάνεται κάτι ωραίο, γιατο οποίο κουράστηκε να αποκτήσει.Παράλληλα, το στοιχείο της τραγικής αποτυχίας, της απόλυτης απόγνωσης και της συντριβής κάθεελπίδας φαίνονται μέσα από το ποίημα του προτείνοντας ένα modus Vivendi: Κάθε Αντώνιος, κάθεάνθρωπος δεν πρέπει να καταφεύγει σε φλούδες ελπίδες, όταν αντικρίζει την καταστροφή, ούτεπροσπαθεί να πείσει τον εαυτό του ότι δεν κατάλαβε καλά τι συνέβη, γιατί αυτό ταιριάζει σε ασήμαντουςανθρώπους που μειώνουν έτσι την αξιοπρέπειά τους. Επίσης, ο Κ.Π. Καβάφης χρησιμοποιεί β’ ενικούπρόσωπο υποδεικνύοντας μια στάση ζωής απευθυνόμενος στον αναγνώστη ή στον ίδιο του τον εαυτόπετυχαίνοντας τη δραματικότητα, την αμεσότητα, τη διαχρονικότητα και το διδακτικό χαρακτήρα. ΟΑντώνιος αντιλαμβάνεται πως τα όνειρά του και οι επιδιώξεις του γκρεμίζονται, πως η ζωή του σβήνει.Είναι η ώρα της αποτυχίας και της τελικής πτώσης.Αναντίρρητα, τα εξαιρετικά άτομα πρέπει να δέχονται τη συμφορά και την ολοκληρωτική καταστροφή μεαξιοπρέπεια, με στωικότητα, με γενναιότητα και χωρίς οδυρμούς. Ο καθένας μας πρέπει να βρίσκει απόμέσα του τα αποθέματα δυνάμεων, για να αντιμετωπίσει το «θάνατο» σαν να είναι προετοιμασμένος απόκαιρό για ένα τέτοιο κτύπημα. Να φερθεί με αποφασιστικότητα και θάρρος, χωρίς θρήνους και παρακάλια.Όπως χαρακτηριστικά αναφέρει ο Παπανούτσος «Όσο πιο ψηλά στέκεται κανείς τόσο περισσότερογελοιοποιείται, όταν φέρεται χωρίς αξιοπρέπεια. Εδώ το μέγεθος μεταπίπτει εύκολα στη μικρότητα. Οκίνδυνος του ευτελισμού παραμονεύει σε κάθε βήμα και κάθε στιγμή ο άνθρωπος κρίνεται αμείλικτα».Λώρα Νικήτα 5ΑPASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 18

Greek6 ος Ετήσιος Διαγωνισμός Διαλογικών Συζητήσεων στην Ελληνική ΓλώσσαΣυμμετοχή PES Λεμεσού (Απόσπασμα)Θέμα: Τα πλεονεκτήματα της χρήσης σελίδων κοινωνικής δικτύωσης[...] Είμαστε ΥΠΕΡ γιατί η σημερινή νεολαία το έχει ανάγκη! Σε μια εποχήόπου η παγκοσμιοποίηση αυξάνεται ραγδαία, οι σελίδες κοινωνικήςδικτύωσης καθιστούν απαραίτητες τόσο για την κοινωνικοποίηση όσο γιατις πρακτικές ανάγκες. Η εκτόξευση της παγκοσμιοποίησης έχει ανοίξειδιάπλατες πόρτες για μετάβαση στο εξωτερικό για τους νέους είτεπροσωρινή είτε μόνιμη. Η ακμάζουσα συμμετοχή νέων από όλο τον κόσμοσε Ευρωπαϊκά και Διεθνή προγράμματα, διαγωνισμούς, προγράμματαανταλλαγής μαθητών, συνέδρια φέρνει σε πιο κοντινή επαφή τις διάφορεςκουλτούρες, σχεδόν καταργώντας τα γεωγραφικά σύνορα τουλάχιστον γιατη διάρκεια αυτών των οργανώσεων. Οι σελίδες κοινωνικής δικτύωσηςεπιτρέπουν την παράταση και τη διατήρηση των σχέσεων έτσι ώστε ηδουλειά και τα ωφελήματα αυτών των συνεδρίων να συνεχίζεται και ναενδυναμώνεται ακόμη και μετά τη λήξη τους. Όλες αυτές οι πολύτιμες ευκαιρίες ανοίγουν νέους δρόμους γιασυζήτηση, εργασία και ανταλλαγή απόψεων και οι σελίδες κοινωνικής δικτύωσης είναι σε μεγάλο βαθμόυπεύθυνες για τη διατήρηση αυτών των δρόμων.Παράλληλα, η σωστή και ηθική χρήση των διαφόρων σελίδων κοινωνικής δικτύωσης αποτελεί έναν δραστικό καιαποτελεσματικό τρόπο για σπάσιμο της ρουτίνας και χαλάρωσης. Η πλοήγηση στους ιστοχώρους τέτοιου είδουςεπιτρέπουν στους νέους να ξεφεύγουν για λίγο από την πίεση και την απαιτητικότητα της εποχής μας. Η φύσηαυτών των δικτύων έχει γίνει πολύ προσιτή, εύκολη στη χρήση και στις διαπροσωπικές επικοινωνίες έχει ναεπιδείξει νέες ελκυστικότερες μορφές πιο κοντά στη φυσική κατά πρόσωπο επικοινωνία. Οι υπηρεσίες άμεσηςανταλλαγής μηνυμάτων σε αληθινό χρόνο κάνει τον τρόπο γραφής πιο φιλικό και προσωπικό, δίνοντας τηδυνατότητα καλλιέργειας της αμφίδρομης επικοινωνίας. Είναι λοιπόν αυτά τα δίκτυα ένας ανέξοδος τρόποςεπικοινωνίας και ενημέρωσης.Στο ίδιο πλαίσιο, τα blogs αποτελούν έναν αναμφισβήτητα δυναμικό νέο τρόπο έκφρασης και ένα καινούριοπεδίο επικοινωνίας. Η μαζική επικοινωνία μετατρέπεται σε αμφίδρομη χάρη στην αλληλεπίδραση των χρηστών.Είναι μείζονος σημασίας να αναφέρουμε πως πολλά σύγχρονα παραδείγματα έχουν γίνει η απόδειξη πως οισελίδες κοινωνικής δικτύωσης έχουν την δυνατότητα να συσπειρώσουν τον κόσμο γύρω από ένα κοινό ζήτημα.Προσφέρουν στο μέγιστο στην κινητοποίηση της μάζας, δίνοντας την αίσθηση της ενότητας, ενός κοινούσκοπού καθώς και της δικαιοσύνης. Μέσα απ’ αυτά τα δίκτυα έχουν πολλές φορές οργανωθεί μαζικές ειρηνικέςπορείες, δίνοντας τη δυνατότητα στο λαό να λειτουργήσει ως μια ενιαία δύναμη και δίνοντας την αίσθηση τηςκοινωνικής υποστήριξης και αλληλεγγύης.Μάγια Αθάνατου, Μαρία Ιωάννου, Νικόλ Αβραάμ 6ΑΕνώ όλοι παραδέχονται ότι ο άνθρωπος δεν είναι παρά μόνο ένα κομμάτι της φύσης, εντούτοις οσημερινός άνθρωπος επεμβαίνει σε τέτοιο βαθμό στη λειτουργία της, ώστε να δημιουργήσεισοβαρό οικολογικό πρόβλημα. Ποιες αιτίες θεωρείται σημαντικότερες στη δημιουργία τουπροβλήματος; Ποιες συνέπειες διαπιστώνετε από την αλόγιστη επέμβαση του ανθρώπου στη φύση;Δώστε μερικές προτάσεις αποτελεσματικής αντιμετώπισης του προβλήματος αυτού.(Απόσπασμα)«Η φύση είναι το πιο τέλειο ον και το καθετί που υπάρχει στον κόσμο εξαρτάται από τη σχέση του με αυτή ησυμφωνία με τη φύση είναι καλό, η εναντίωση κακό.» Καθημερινά γινόμαστε μάρτυρες της ολέθριες επέμβασηςτου ανθρώπου στην φύση και της καταστροφής που συντελείται. Οι αιτίες πολλές και οι συνέπειες ακόμηπαραπάνω. Οι αιτίες πολλές και οι συνέπειες ακόμα παραπάνω. Το έδαφος ρυπαίνεται, τα δάση καταστρέφονται,τα ζώα εξαφανίζονται. Θα ήταν ουτοπία η πραγμάτωση του ισχυρισμού ότι θα μπορέσουμε να επαναφέρουμε τηφύση στην πρωταρχική της κατάστασης. Δυστυχώς η φθορά στην πρωταρχική της καταστροφή με διάφορουςτρόπους αντιμετώπισης, λαμβάνοντας ουσιαστικά μέτρα.PASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 19

Αυτό αποτελεί μεγάλο πλεονέκτημα των κοινωνικών δικτύων καθώς καλύπτει και ενθαρρύνει την ανάγκη γιαέκφραση. [...]Βασική αιτία αποτελεί η οικονομική ανάπτυξη βασίζεται στην παραγωγή και κατανάλωση άφθονων αγαθών.Προέχει η μεγιστοποίηση του ατομικού κέρδους με τη μεγαλύτερη δυνατό αυξημένη παραγωγή. Η επιδίωξηαυτή όμως επιφέρει ολέθριες επιπτώσεις που συντελούν στην καταστροφή του περιβάλλοντας: Λεηλασία τουφυτικού πλούτου, μόλυνση και ρύπανση των φυσικών στοιχείων, καταστροφή της χλωρίδας και της πανίδας.Εφόσον, λοιπόν, ο καταναλωτισμός αποτελεί κυρίαρχο σκοπό στη ζωή του σύγχρονου ανθρώπου, το περιβάλλοναποτελεί το μέσο με το οποίο ο άνθρωπος μπορεί να εκπληρώσει τον στόχο του, γι’ αυτό και καταστρέφεται.Παράλληλα η απόκτηση πλούτου και δύναμης και η επιρροή προς τους άλλουςαποτελούν κυρίαρχες αξίες του πολιτισμού μας, Αυτές οι συνθήκες όμωςπολιτιστικής ανάπτυξης καθορίζουν και τις σχέσεις του ανθρώπου με την φύσηπου αναπόφευκτα οδηγούν στη καταστροφή της. Επομένως, λοιπόν, αν οισυνθήκες αυτές παραμείνουν αμετάβλητες τότε το πρόβλημα θα διαιωνίζεται καιθα επιδεινώνεται. Συμπερασματικά, ο άνθρωπος οφείλει να αποβάλει τημονοδιάστατη αντίληψη της κερδοσκοπίας ώστε να καταφέρει να αλλάξει τιςσυνθήκες αυτές που επικρατούν, να σταματήσει το πρόβλημα και να μηνσυμβάλλει στην καταστροφή του περιβάλλοντος.Αξίζει επίσης να σημειωθεί πως η βιομηχανική ανάπτυξη και η τεχνολογική πρόοδος αποτελούν κάποιες από τιςβασικότερες αιτίες της καταστροφής του περιβάλλοντος. Το πρόβλημα γίνεται ακόμη χειρότερο αφού πολλέςβιομηχανικές μονάδες δεν λαμβάνουν ουσιαστικά προστατευτικά μέτρα, παραδείγματος χάρη: φίλτρα. Ηεγκληματική αυτή ενέργεια των μονάδων αυτών που παραμένει ατιμώρητη, οφείλεται στην αισχροκέρδεια τουςαφού τα φίλτρα αυτά κοστίζουν ακριβά καθώς επίσης μειώνουν την παραγωγή. Επιπρόσθετα βιομηχανικήαπόβλητα και λύματα διοχετεύονται αυτούσια στο περιβάλλον χωρίς να έχουν υποστεί βιολογικό καθαρισμό.Σημαντικό είναι και το ότι πολλά χημικά και συνθετικές ουσίες που είναι καταστροφικά για το περιβάλλονελευθερώνονται συνεχώς και συμβάλλουν στη καταστροφή αφού δεν αποδομούνται από τη φύση.Έλενα Πατσαλή, 6ΒΘέμα: Η προσφορά της Ελλάδας στον κόσμοGreek HistoryH βάση, πάνω στην οποία αναπτύσσεται ο σύγχρονος κόσμος, είναι ο Ευρωπαϊκός Πολιτισμός. Όμως είναιευρύτατα εδραιωμένη η άποψη ότι η Αρχαία Ελλάδα και ο αρχαίος ελληνικός πολιτισμός αποτελεί την μήτραόλου αυτού του οικοδομήματος που όλοι αναγνωρίζουμε ως Ευρωπαϊκό πολιτισμό.Η Ελλάδα συνείσφερε στο κόσμο μέσα από πολλούς τομείς. Στην Ελλάδα είναι που για πρώτη φορά ο άνθρωποςξέφυγε από τον μύθο και οδηγήθηκε στην πραγματικότητα και στη λογική ανάλυση των γεγονότων. Επίσης, το«ήθος» και η «ηθική» οριοθετήθηκαν και συγκεκριμενοποιήθηκαν στη Αρχαία Ελλάδα. Επιπλέον, εδώ οάνθρωπος αντιμετωπίσθηκε ως αξία και όχι σαν μέσο για επίτευξη σκοπών και στόχων. Η πραγματική σημασίατων λέξεων «κακό», «κακό», «δίκαιο» και «άδικο» δόθηκε στη πατρίδα μας.«ΜΕΤΡΟΝ ΑΡΙΣΤΟΝ», έλεγαν οι πρόγονοί μας και πραγματικά στο κόσμο που ζούμε εμείς σήμερα, τηςυπερκατανάλωσης, παίρνει πραγματική αξία. Οι Έλληνες θεωρούνταν και θεωρούνται ως πολιτισμένος και όχιβάρβαρος λαός αφού ο διάλογος γεννήθηκε από αυτούς. Η φράση του Αριστοτέλη πως «όταν ευτυχεί το όλονευτυχεί και το μέρος» έγινε ιδανικός τρόπος ζωής για τους Έλληνες και παράδειγμα για τους υπόλοιπους λαούς.Τα περίφημα γλυπτά και δημιουργήματα των Αρχαίων Ελλήνων, δημιουργούνταν απλά και λιτά χωρίς υπερβολή,αλλά με κομψότητα και λεπτομέρεια. Η πνοή των Ελλήνων ήταν μέσα σε αυτά τα δημιουργήματα. Είναιακατόρθωτο να μην αναφερθούμε στον Παρθενώνα, ένα από τα σπουδαιότερα έργα σε ολόκληρο τον κόσμο. Ηγλώσσα ίσως να είναι το βασικό και κυριότερο στοιχείο για την πολιτιστική ανάπτυξη. Η ελληνική γλώσσα έτσικαι αλλιώς αποτέλεσε την βάση για την ανάπτυξη των Επιστημών και με αυτή την γλώσσα μέχρι σήμερααποδίδουμε μεγάλο μέρος εννοιών ή επιστημονικών όρων παγκοσμίωςΈτσι λοιπόν, κατανοούμε ότι η Ελλάδα προσέφερε πολλά στο ευρωπαϊκό πολιτισμό. Όλοι θαυμάζουμε τονπολιτισμό αυτό , που πίσω του κρύβεται ολόκληρη η Ελλάδα. Οι πρόγονοί μας ήταν παράδειγμα για τονπαγκόσμιο πολιτισμό, ένα παράδειγμα που όλοι σήμερα πρέπει να προσπαθούμε να το μιμηθούμε. Οι Έλληνεςαποτέλεσαν την αρχή στο αξιοθαύμαστο αυτό οικοδόμημα. Ας μην τους απογοητεύσουμε λοιπόν, και νακαταφέρουμε να συνεχίσουμε αυτό που εκείνοι άρχισαν.Χριστίνα Λουγκρίδου, 3ΒPASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 20

HistoryEdward The ConfessorEdward was the son of Ethelred II 'the Unready' and Emma, the daughter ofRichard I of Normandy. The family was exiled in Normandy after the Danishinvasion of 1013, but returned the following year and negotiated Ethelred'sreinstatement. After Ethelred's death in 1016 the Danes again took control ofEngland. Edward lived in exile until 1041, when he returned to theLondon court of his half brother, Hardecanute. He became king in 1042.Much of his reign was peaceful and prosperous. Skirmishes with the Scotsand Welsh were only occasional and internal administration was maintained.The financial and judicial systems were efficient and trade was good. However, Edward's introductionto court of some Norman friends prompted resentment, particularly in the houses of Mercia andWessex, which both held considerable power.For the first 11 years of Edward's reign the real ruler of England was Godwine, Earl of Wessex.Edward married Godwine's daughter Edith in 1045, but this could not prevent a breach between thetwo men in 1049. Two years later, with the support of Leofric of Mercia, Edward outlawed Godwineand his family. However, Edward's continued favoritism caused problems with his nobles and in 1052Godwine and his sons returned. The magnates were not prepared to engage them in civil war andforced the king to make terms. Godwine's lands were returned to him and many of Edward's Normanfavourites were exiled.When Godwine died in 1053, his son Harold took over. It was he, rather than Edward, whosubjugated Wales in 1063 and negotiated with the rebellious Northumbrians in 1065. Consequently,shortly before his death, Edward named Harold as his successor even though he may already havepromised the crown to a distant cousin, William, Duke of Normandy. He died on 4 January 1066 andwas buried in the abbey he had constructed at Westminster.Andreas Nikolaou, 2AI Miss YouI was living in such a selfish worldI couldn’t trust anyone, I couldn’t say a wordBut you came in my life and made it happier thanbeforeYou became my best friend my sweet, little dog.When I miss you and I feel sad,When I want to hug you and listen to your bark,I remind myself how lucky I amTo have someone so special to miss, just like youare!When I miss you during the day,I don’t need to go far away.I just have to look in my heart and soul,Because there is the place where you will alwaysbelongMy pain and suffering can not come to an end.I can’t stop crying for you my little dog, my friendDistance will NEVER break me apart from youBecause a part of my heart will always belong toyou.I miss you so much and nothing seems the same,But it becomes easier everydayBecause when God calls us one by oneOur family chain will link againYou were, are, and will be an important part ofmy lifeI will always love you and this is not a lieI will never forget you, my little friendUntil the day we will meet again…Foteini Angelopoulou, 4APASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 21

How Bats Navigate and HuntPhysicsBats like many other species of animals use ultrasound to hunt their prey aswell as to navigate.Ultrasounds are mechanical longitudinal waves like sounds, but they areinaudible to humans because their frequency is bigger than 20000 cycles persecond. Humans can hear sounds from 20 cycles per second to 20000 cyclesper second.Bats emit short pulses of ultrasound instead of a continuous wave beam, inorder to be able to distinguish the echo from the wave they emit. They emit up to 200 pulses per second.These pulses are reflected by the prey and the echo is detected by the bat. A large number of pulses persecond is important for the bat to detect the exact position of the prey and succeed in hunting.When the prey is stationary the prey receives the same number of pulses per second as the number ofpulses emitted by the wave source.When the prey is moving away from the bat, the number of pulses returning to the bat per second is lessthan the number of pulses emitted by the bat per second.When the prey approaches the bat, the number of pulses returning to the bat per second is bigger thanthe number of pulses emitted by the bat per second.Bats can detect any object whose size is at least as large as the wavelength of the ultrasound emitted(approximately 5mm).Andreas Spyropoulos, George Elpidoforou 5AHow do Dung Beetles Navigate?When a stone is thrown on the surface of a pond, waves spread out on thesurface of the pond. In this case, the molecules of the surface of water vibrateup and down (vertically) while the wave is spreading horizontally. Wavestransferring energy away from the source through vibrations perpendicular to thedirection of propagation are called transverse waves.Ordinary light consists of transverse wave pulses of a very small duration calledphotons. Photons are emitted by excited atoms randomly and rapidly. Regularsunlight vibrates in all directions. Some of this light interacts with particles in the atmosphere and becomespolarised. That is its photons vibrate in one plane only.Polarized light patterns cast directly by the sun and indirectly from the sun's reflection off the moon areinvisible to the human eye, but can be seen by a host of others in the animal kingdom. Many insectsdetect polarised skylight and use it as a compass. When used together with one other parameter, such asmemory of the distance travelled, this compass is sufficient to enable return journeys over considerabledistances. This discovery surely shows that nature still hides a lot of information for us to discover.An example of such a creature is the dung beetle. Dung beetles can navigate using polarised moonlight.Most dung beetles search for dung using their sensitive sense of smell. After capturing the dung, a dungbeetle will roll it, following a straight line despite all obstacles. Sometimes dung beetles will try to steal thedung ball from another beetle, so the dung beetles have to move rapidly away from a dung pile once theyhave rolled their ball to prevent it from being stolen. So, correct navigation is very important.The beetles have sensors in their eyes which act as polarising filters. Recently, researchers found that aspecie of dung beetle (the African ‘’Scarabaeus zambesianus’’) navigates by using polarization patterns inmoonlight. Using the plane of the polarised moonlight as a guide lets the beetle run away in a straightline.Christos Kaimakkamis 5APASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 22

MathematicsPANCYPRIAN MATHEMATICS CONFERENCE 2012Mathematics and LiteratureA possible connection of two different areas such as literature and mathematics seemsincomprehensible and complex. However, there are people that were inspired by Mathematics andwrote several literary works.The widespread view, considers mathematics and literature astwo completely different fields of human activity. The world is mostlydetached from the mathematical culture, due to "traumatic" experiencesfrom the school mathematical education. Many believe that mathematics is acompulsive game of symbols, which cannot express feelings. However, itseems that there are not only negative behaviors on the fact thatMathematics and Literature are related. In recent years, efforts have been made to overcome thiscultural gap resulting in the creation of works of art, visual and narrative, with themes taken from theworld of mathematics. The connection of literature to mathematics is integrated in this effort, which isindeed impressive for the past decades.Based on Greek and foreign literature, mathematics and literature seem to sharecommon characteristics and similarities in their structure, their aesthetics andtheir contribution to human thought and imagination.Initially, an important element of similarity is the structure of amathematical proof and a literary story. The writing of a storyand the process of a mathematical proof are based on the samestructure. They both have a beginning, a plot and an ending. Themathematical concepts correspond to the heroes of the story, the relationships thatconnect them to the axiom system, the mathematical identities to the flashbacks, them a t h e m a t i c a l r e a s o n i n g t o t h enarrative logic and the mathematical consistency to the narrative. The commonfeatures of the mathematician and the author of a story is the "discovery" of the end, their intuition,their creativity, their imagination and their consistency towards mathematics or the storyline.Mathematics and Literature also appear similar in what they offer. Both Mathematics and Literatureoffer development of imagination.In poetry and mathematics one is needed to penetrate more deeply and understand what otherscannot. Also, Mathematics and literature help in the process of reaching fair and reasonableconclusions.The relationship between Literature and Mathematics is also evidenced by the large volume of booksthat were written at various times around the world.Two major categories of these books are:a) Literary books with references to mathematicsb) Mathematics books with plot or structure of literary books.PASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 23

MathematicsA group of such literary works is the mathematical literature for children, which supports the teachingof mathematics. Examples are the well known tales of Evgenios Trivizas for elementary school, fromthe series "THE TALES WITH THE NUMBERS".In Triviza’s tale "Aris, the shoemaker," children are engaged in operations of addition and subtraction.Also, in Mantouvalou` s book "The Magic Mirror", the children discover the meaning of symmetry.Similarly, in the book "Welcome Susana" the children learn the multiples of two, while in "Liza'sJourney" the geometric solids.Another group of literary works belonging to the same category are the scientific writings, such as:The "Chou Pei Tsouagk Shiga" (300 BC) an ancient Chinese mathematical text.The "Surya Sintchanta" (500 AD), an Indian epic poem with astronomical observations andmathematical implications.All the works of Galileo, and the “Somnium” of Kepler.In addition to the above, in our time we have a great variety of books from the group of the"mathematical literature". Examples of such books are:“Uncle Petros and the Goldbach conjecture" of the Greek author Apostolos Doxiadis,Many works of Deni Guedj such as the famous “Parrot` s theorem”, “The stars of Berenice”,“Explaining Mathematics to my daughters”, “One Zero show” and many more.It is also worth mentioning: “The last story of Miguel Torres da Silva" by Thomas Vogel.On the other hand, Mathematics, as a human expression, not only inspired theauthors to the content and plot of their works, but also in the form of prose andrhyme.The following examples show very clearly the above terms. Initially, the bookMathematics and prose literature is the historical description of how prosewriting was affected from the development of mathematics. It states that in the17th and 18th century, English men of letters (Thomas, Sprat, Robert Hooke)scientists and mathematicians agreed against the ornate prose and supported a deep mathematicalway of writing. The literature has not only adopted the mathematical concepts but the methods aswell. The Euclidean geometry was considered an example of human knowledge and thus, moralists,philosophers such as Henry More and Spinoza, the political theorists quickly adapted the technique ofwriting in an inductive method.Furthermore, another example showing the relationship between rhyme and mathematics is the oneof Ouvroir de Littérature Queneau (Oulipo). The “Oulipo” is translated as a workshop of alternativeliterature. The Oulipo reconstructed poems using mathematical tricks. For example, in a book with tenpages there were 10 poems written that contained 10 lyrics each in the ratio of one poem per page.Then, they would cut each page in ten rows, so that each row contained a verse. With the help ofcombinations each time and by selecting a number of verses from ten different pages, a new poemwas constructed.After our thorough study and examination of the various sources we had at our disposal we couldconclude that literature and mathematics, are not only not two completely disparate and foreignobjects between them, but eventually their relationship is complementary and interactive.Georgia Efstathiou, Konstantina Neokleous, Laura Nikita, Yioulia Svana 5APASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 24

ChemistryAlternative FuelsThe use of fossil fuels has a great impact on the environment. The carbon footprints in theatmosphere tend to increase mainly because of human actions such as the burning of fossil fuels inpower stations, in aviation, in industries, in our homes and in our vehicles. Carbon dioxide producedby these actions cause the so-called greenhouse effect which leads to global warming and climatechanges. A more sustainable lifestyle can be reached by attempting to reduce the CO 2 emissions.That’s why industries are turning increasingly to plants to find new sources of fuels like bioethanoland biodiesel.In countries like Brazil and the USA there’s a rapid progress on the production of bioethanol. In theUSA crops grown to make ethanol, grow due to photosynthesis, a process where carbon dioxide istaken in from the air. As the bioethanol burns the same quantity of carbon dioxide is given out to theair. The advantage of bioethanol is that is “carbon neutral” which means that the carbon dioxideadded to the atmosphere is balanced by the carbon dioxide eliminated. The disadvantage ofbioethanol is that its production uses a lot of energy from oil. Therefore, the fuel to run farmmachinery, to harvest the crop, to process the crop and make ethanol and to manufacture fertilizersused to grow the crop, release carbon dioxide.In Brazil, the production of bioethanol seems to be more favorable since ethanol is produced byfermenting sugars from sugar canes. Fermentation is the process by which starch is converted intoglucose and then glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide in the presence of yeast as a catalyst. Theadvantage of this process is that the refineries can burn the sugar-cane waste in order to meet alltheir energy needs. The deforestation, that had been carried out to make way for sugar-caneplantations is considered a disadvantage. The chemical equation for making ethanol is:C6H 12 O 6 (aq) → 2CO 2 (g) + 2C 2 H 5 OH (aq)Apart from bioethanol, biodiesel is also used for the reduction of CO 2 emissions. Biodiesel fromvegetable oil, soya beans or rapeseed can reduce emissions 41% in comparison with conventionaldiesel fuel. This is due to the fact that energy is not needed for distillation during the production ofthe fuel. Moreover, fewer fertilizers are used in growing soya beans.Georgia Efstathiou 5APASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 25

BiologyFoodFood is essential for life because it supplies us with energy, it providesus with materials for growth and repair of tissues and it helps us tofight disease and keep our body healthy. The food is our diet and thisdiet must include five basic nutrients: carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins,proteins, minerals and also water and fibre. All these substances mustbe included in our diet but in the right amounts. All the food we eatcan be divided into five groups which are: fruits and vegetables,starchy foods, such as rice, pasta, bread and potatoes, meat, fish,eggs and beans, milk and dairy foods and foods containing fat andsugar. A healthy diet is one that helps maintain or improve generalhealth. It is important for lowering many chronic health risks, such asobesity, heart disease, diabetes, hypertension and cancer. A balanceddiet can be achieved if your diet provides you with enough ofnutrients and in the correct proportions to keep you healthy. Each oneof these substances has a unique role in our diet.One example of healthy and high nutrient-dense lunch would look like this:2 slices whole wheat breadDeli turkey1 slice roasted red pepperromaine lettuce1 tsp mayonnaisebaby carrotshummus8 oz non-fat milkAntigoni Papaioannou, 4AGiving Up SmokingMost smokers admit that they would like to give up the habit. But they are looking for an effective way, becausegiving up smoking is not that easy, but not that difficult.The trouble quitting smoking: Nicotine is an addictive drug and when you stop smoking, it causes somesymptoms like a desire for a cigarette, restlessness and a tendency to put on weight (nicotine depresses theappetite)Ways to stop the habit of smoking: Nicotine patches, Nicotine chewing gumThe smoker receives a dose of nicotine, without getting the harmful tar of cigarettes.The nicotine is absorbed through the skin (for patches) and through the mouth (for chewing gum) and reducesthe desire for a cigarette. Finally, the ex-smoker reduces the dose of nicotine until he quits the habit.Other ways to wean off the habit: Use of drugs that reduce withdrawal symptoms, acupuncture, hypnotismTimothea Demetriou, 4BPASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 26

Religious Education & KnowledgeThe Issue of Death in ReligionA person should consider death an important matter and not go towards it. From a religious point of view,you do not choose when you are ready to die; only God does. We are all his creation and life must betreated as a gift and not torture, since it is said that life only prepares you for what is to come after thesoul leaves the body. It should be kept in mind, however, that different religions have their own view onthis matter and that point of view should also be treated with respect.But should you think about it? If a person keeps thinking about the negatives in this world, his actions willbecome negative; he won’t have any determination or intention to achieve something. Having that inmind, it is best to think about all the positive moments in this life and instead of thinking about death,think about how you are going to live each day.Dimitri Khlebutin, 6ATο Μυστήριο του χρίσματοςΤο μυστήριο του χρίσματος είναι ενσωματωμένο στην ακολουθία του βαπτίσματος. Η πράξη της χρίσηςείναι γνωστή από την Παλαιά Διαθήκη όπου βασιλείς, ιερείς και προφήτες χρίονται πριν αναλάβουν το έργοτους. Ο Κύριος είναι ο Μεσσίας γιατί ως άνθρωπος χρίστηκε με το Άγιο Πνεύμα κατά την βάπτιση του.Επιπρόσθετα, στην Καινή Διαθήκη βλέπουμε τους αποστόλους να θέτουν τα χέρια τους στουςβαπτιζόμενους οι οποίοι λάμβαναν το Άγιο Πνεύμα.Ο ιερέας, μετά από κατάλληλη ευχή, χρίει το νεοφώτιστο σ’ όλα τα μέρη του σώματος του με Άγιο Μύροκάνοντας το σημείο του σταυρού και λέγοντας "Σφαγίς δωρεάς Πνεύματος Αγιου, Αμήν". Η συμβολικήαυτή πράξη βεβαιώνει τη δωρεά των χαρισμάτων του Αγίου Πνεύματος. Με το μυστήριο τους βαπτίσματοςγίναμε νεοσύλλεκτοι στρατιώτες του Χριστού. Με αυτό το χάρισμα γινόμαστε κοινωνικοί και μέτοχοι τηςζωής του Χριστού.Ακόμα προοδεύουμε πνευματικά και ο καθένας μας ως μέλος της εκκλησίας είναι βασιλείας που κυριαρχείτα πάθη του, ιερέας που προσφέρει στον Κύριο θυσίες και προφήτης που διδάσκει τους συνανθρώπουςτου. Γιατί είναι μεγάλη τιμή το να είσαι χριστιανός. Ας διδαχτούμε λοιπόν από το παράδειγμα τωνχριστιανών που όταν σύρονταν στα δικαστήρια απαντούσαν με περηφάνια ότι το όνομα τους ήτανχριστιανοί.Αντιγόνη Παπαϊωάννου, 4ΑΤο μυστήριο του βαπτίσματοςΤο βάπτισμα ενός παιδιού είναι σημαντικό γεγονός της ζωής του και μια ωραία οικογενειακή γιορτή. Για τηνΕκκλησία όμως έχει ευρύτερες διαστάσεις: πολιτογραφεί και εγγράφει στα μητρώα της ένα ακόμη μέλοςτης. Ένα νέο λιθαράκι μπαίνει στην οικοδομή της.Όταν ο ιερέας, ο ανάδοχος και το παιδί περιφέρονται γύρω από την κολυμβήθρα, ψάλλετε ο στοίχος «Όσοιεις Χριστόν εβαπτισθητε, Χριστό ενεδύσασθε». Τα λόγια αυτά σημαίνουν πως αυτός που βαπτίστηκεαπαλλάχτηκε από την προπατορική αμαρτία. Αν είναι μεγάλος, απαλλάχτηκε από όλες του τις αμαρτίες.Ακόμη περισσότερο: απέβαλε τη θνητή του φύση και ντύθηκε το άφθαρτο και αθάνατο ένδυμα τουΧριστού. Έτσι το Βάπτισμα δεν είναι μόνο λουτρό που καθαρίζει, αλλά «λουτρό παλιγγενεσίας», δηλαδήαναγέννησης, νέας δημιουργίας. «Είναι λύτρο για αιχμαλώτους. Συγχώρεση για τα αμαρτήματα. Θάνατοςτης αμαρτίας. Αναγέννηση για την ψυχή. Ένδυμα φωτεινό. Άγια και ανεξίτηλη σφραγίδα. Όχημα πουφέρνει στον ουρανό. Πραγματική απόλαυση της μακαριότητας του Παραδείσου. Χάρισμα υιοθεσίας.Εγκαθιστά στην ψυχή μας την Βασιλεία των ουρανών».Ελευθερία Νικολαΐδου, 4ΑPASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 27

FrenchDécris ton collège« Pascal English School » est une école mixte pour les élèves de douze à dix-huit ans à Limassol. Il ya environ 200 élèves. Nous portons un uniforme scolaire : pour les filles, c’est un t-shirt et une jupe.Pour les garçons, c’est un t-shirt et un pantalon. À l’école, il y a une bibliothèque, un laboratoire dessciences, une salle de technologie et une cantine.Georgia Voniati, 3AUne journée typiqueLe matin, je me lève à sept heures moins le quart. Je prends mon petit déjeuner à sept heures. J’arriveau collège à sept heures et demie. Les cours commencent à huit heures moins vingt. À midi, jemange à la cantine. Puis, je rentre à la maison à deux heures. Je fais mes devoirs à quatre heuresmoins le quart. Quelquefois, je joue sur l’ordinateur. Le soir, je mange avec ma famille. Puis, jeregarde la télé ou j’écoute de la musique. Je me couche à onze heures du soir.Georgette Panagiotou, 2BPrésente-toi!Salut! Je suis ta correspondante et je m’appelle Francesca Frangou. J’ai douze ans. J’habite àLimassol et je suis chypriote. Je parle français, anglais et grec. J’ai une sœur et un frère. Ma sœurs’appelle Raphaella et mon frère s’appelle André. Et toi, as-tu des frères et sœurs? Moi, je suis trèssportive et j’adore la musique. Mon amie, Michelle est aussi très sportive. Elle écoute de la musique.Elle a douze ans et elle habite à Limassol.Réponds viteFrancesca!Francesca Fragkou, 1BMa maisonJ’habite à Limassol. Dans ma maison, il y a sept pièces : unsalon, une cuisine, une salle à manger, une salle de bains ettrois chambres : la chambre de mes parents, la chambre demon frère et ma chambre. Dans la cuisine, il y a une table etsix chaises. Dans le salon, il y a une télévision et deuxcanapés. Dans ma chambre, il y a un ordinateur, un lit, untéléphone et une télévision. J’adore ma maison.Marios Nikolletos, 1APASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 28

Economics & AccountingAssess the Case For Privatisation: Privatisation involves thetransferring of public sector organisations and companiesownership to the private sector.Privatisation can take the following forms: To sell offnationalised industries to the private sector. To sell land andproperty. Contracting out some products and services to theprivate sector (the main core of the operations remains with thestate)Privatisation takes place for the following reasons: Togenerate revenue for the government. this revenue can be usedto cover a deficit in the government budget, to repay part of the national dept, and to finance othermore important state expenditure. The nationalised industries were inefficient because they did not haveincentives to make a profit and very often made losses. The lack of competition made state companiesallocative and productive inefficient, as well as bureaucratic.The following arguments support privatisation:Cost: Industries which belong to the government are likely to be X-Inefficiency because they have noincentives to become more efficient (MC = AC) and productive. If they make a loss the government willcover it. State companies are not innovative and do not try to be dynamic efficient and produce whatthe consumers want. On the other hand if the company was in the hands of private individuals then thecompany will become a locative and productive efficient,Choice and Quality: Public sector companies have little incentives to produce what consumers want(productive efficiency MC = AR). They are bureaucratic and slow in decision making. In contrast privatesector has incentives to produce a wide range of products at an excellent quality. The competition isfierce which means companies which are not productive and allocative efficient will fail.Innovation: Private sector companies are more able to be more innovative than public sectorcompanies because they need to persuade consumers to buy more of their products. This is calleddynamic efficiency.The invisible hand of the market system: This theory suggest that market forces because of thecompetition and other reasons are more able to produce what consumers want at the right price at theright quantity. Only the operation of free market forces will ensure the optimal allocation of recourses inthe long run. The invisible hand to will “fix the market” in the long run.Arguments against privatisation: Some private companies are legal (more than 25% of the marketshare) or dominant (above 60%) or natural monopolies (100%) and therefore they can easily exercisemonopoly power against the consumer. If they don’t face any competition consumers will be abused andexploited.Externalities: Most private companies aim to maximise their profit (MC = MR) and do not care thatmuch for the external cost they cause e.g. Destruction of the environment, noise and air pollution,deforestation.The issue of privatisation is very complicated. Consumers can benefit through a wider range of productsat lower prices but on the other hand workers may lose their job at the privatisation because companieswant to reduce their cost. In addition consumers can be abused if competition is low and the there ishigh market concentration ratios.In the past, some privatisations were very successful from the consumer’s point of view, but in somecases the consumer and the society in general have paid a higher price.Rafail Efstathiou, 6APASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 29

The Ηistory of ΑccountingAccounting is very important in our lives. Many things are depending onaccounting. Most of the formal modern day accounting started at the endof the Crusades.The double entry system was first used in Genoa, Italy around the 13 thcentury and then it was published in Venice. Luca Pacioli wrote about the“Method of Venice” in his book in 1494 the summa and this made him tobe called the “Father of accounting” and he published the method ofVenice. This method was used for three books recording transactions, amemorandum book, a journal and a ledger. Entries where posted from thememorandum book to the journal with debits on the left and credits to theright. A trail balance was required at the end of a financial period. Moreover, accounting hasn’t changedsince Pacioli wrote the first textbook in 1494. Furthermore, the history of accounting it is important foreconomic and cultural development. It took archeologists to dig up the early history and scholars frommany fields to demonstrate the importance of accounting to so many aspects of economies and culture.Accounting history is summarized in seven chapters.Fra Luca PacioliFra Luca Pacioli was born during 1445 in Sansepolcro, Tuscany. He was a mathematician and friend ofLeonardo da Vinci. He wrote in many fields including mathematics, theology, architecture, games, militarystrategy and commerce. In 1494 Pacioli published his famous book “Summa de Arithmetica, Geometria,Proportioni et Proportionalita”. One section of this book was dedicated to the description of double entryaccounting. The Summa was one of the first books published on the Gutenberg press, became a successand was translated into German, Russian, Dutch, and English. The Summa made him very important in thehistory he was like “The Father of Accounting”Polyxeni Menelaou, 4BEconomics & AccountingGlobalisationGlobalisation from an economic prospective can be defined as the ever increasing integration of theworld’s local, regional and national economies into a single international market. There are several effect,benefits and causes of globalisation.First of all a cause of globalisation is trade in goods. For rich developed countries, goods are increasinglybeing manufactured abroad, many for the first time in developing countries such as China and India. Thiswill lead to a decrease in cost of production as in China and India the labour payment is extremely cheaperthan the country of the producer. However through Globalisation there are winners and losers. If amultination company such as Panasonic moves its factory from UK to China in order to decrease cost ofproduction the losers will be the unemployment as this will increase structural unemployment as so badconsequences for the government as it must pay unemployment benefits. On the other hand the winnerwill be Panasonic as it will achieve to minimise even more its cost of production while on the same lineachieving competiveness and increasing market share.Another benefit of Globalisation is that Globalisation enables greater trade and competition betweendifferent economies, leading to lower prices, greater efficiency and higher economic growth and it has alsoenabled increased levels of investment. It has made it easier for people to attract short term and longterm investment (investment by multinational companies can play a big role in improving the economies ofdeveloping countries).Georgios Konstantinou 6APASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 30

ICTEvolution of the MouseMouse, is an input pointer device used on most computers, thatfunctions by detecting 2Dimensional movement from the surface itstands. Modern day mice consist of two buttons and one scroll wheel.Before the actual mouse was invented, computers used tracker ball aspointing devices. However, Douglas Engelbart in 1963 built theprototype of the mouse we know today, which had one button, awooden structure that moved on an X and Y axis only.In 1972, Bill English, invented the first ball mouse, which used a similartechnology to tracker balls. They had a ball on the bottom of the mouse,which would move with movement and the mechanisms inside woulddetect which way the ball is turning and move the pointer on the screen.Optical Mice were invented by Steve Kirsch of MIT and Mouse SystemsCorporation. The ball on the bottom was replaced by an infrared LEDand a four-quadrant infrared sensor to detect grid lines printed with infrared absorbing ink on aspecial metallic surface. However, Richard Francis Lyon invented a similar technology using a 16-pixelvisible-light image sensor, which could move on between the X, Y axis and therefore, stronger thanSteve Kirschs’.After technological progress, the old technology for opticalmice was replaced by an optoelectronic sensor (essentially,a tiny low-resolution video camera) to take successiveimages of the surface on which the mouse operates. Thistechnology increased as computing became cheaper andthe chips of optical Mice could be upgraded and making itpossible to detect movement on many surfaces.Via using infrared radiation, mice transfer the data to the computer, often using a USB Port, however,Bluetooth transmits have been invented to save the limited USB Ports and the mouse will still beusable after receiver is damaged.Nowadays, many Mice are specifically developed for games.Mostly developed for FPS games and famous MMORPG like Worldof Warcraft. Razor is one of the most successful gaming mice todate.Apple is has developed mice, with no buttons, but with touchsensors, that through the number of fingers and movements youuse, it makes the same and more functions than regular mice.Michalis Antoniou, 5APASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 31

GeographyThe Giant PandaThe Giant Panda lives in the ranges of the mountains mostly in Central China.Although due to farming, deforestation and other kinds of development, theGiant Panda was forced to leave the lowland areas that it used to live. Theyspend their live feeding in the bamboo forests of the Qinling Mountains. SincePandas live high in the mountains they have a thick fur covering their bodies inorder to be protected from low temperatures. In the summer, though theymight go higher to get cool and go to lower elevations again in winter. TheGiant Panda is classified as a carnivore although its diet is herbivorous. It haslived for millions of years in bamboo forests as it is the main food of its diet. Apanda can eat between 9-14 kg of bamboo shoots a day. Pandas can eat any ofthe species of bamboos and they need to have at least two species available to the area they stay. That’sbecause bamboos have synchronous flowering, death, and regeneration so pandas would not starve.Scientist are not sure about Giant Panda’s Lifespan, although they have reported zoo pandas as old as 35.90% of bamboos is water although pandas do not get enough so they drink even more. Pandas spendtheir day resting, feeding and seeking food. Unlike other bears Pandas to not hibernate.Christoforos GeorgiouWhat to do when flooding starts?Did you know that six inches of fast-flowing water can knock over an adult and two feet of water canmove a car? Are you prepared to protect yourself, your family and your property, when a flood suddenlyappears? This leaflet contains useful information to help you reduce the effects of flooding on you, yourfamily and your property.What to do to stay safe in flood: Be prepared to act quickly. Focus on the safety of you and your family. Contact with other people in your household. Move your family and pets upstairs, or to a high place,with a means of escape. If they are not at home make sure they are somewhere safe. Gather essential items (mobile telephones etc) and papers (passports, certificates etc) together eitherupstairs or in a high place. Do not touch sources of electricity when standing in flood water. Turn off gas, electricity and water supplies when flood water isabout to enter your home, if it is safe to do so. Fill bottles and saucepans with clean water. Keep listening to local radio for updates or call flood line 700085432.Cooperate with the emergency services if they tell you to evacuateduring flooding. Call 999 if you are in danger. Flood water can rise quickly. Avoid walking of driving through it. Stay calm and reassure those around you. Leave your home if the emergency services say so. Refusing to do so will put you, your family andthose trying to help you at risk.Stefanos Costa 1APASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 32

MusicSonata Form— A Basic OverviewIn Sonata Form we start with Exposition (Nice music which includes twocontrasting melodies or subjects. Then we continue with theDevelopment (the composer plays the main subjects but in lots ofdifferent ways). At the end in a Sonata Form composition, we finish withthe Recapitulation (something like a repeat performance of the firstsection)Sonata Form was used excessively by composers in the Classical Period.Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756-1791) was one of the greatest childstars who ever lived. He travelled all over Europe playing music when hewas only 5 and as a result learned over 24 languages.He came from Salzburg which is just on the border between Germany and Austria.Mozart composed a piano sonata before his 5 th birthday and was composing complete operas whenhe turned 12. This was done without recording equipment, computers and even pencils and rubbers!One of his most famous compositions is the Variations on Twinkle Twinkle Little Star. One night amysterious stranger came to his door dressed in gray to hire Mozart to write a requiem mass (a kindof music that choirs perform at funerals). Mozart who was very afraid of ghosts and extremelysuperstitious, was terrified of the stranger who kept nagging him to finish the piece. He was alreadyill, and in his state of mind he became convinced that he was writing music for his own funeral.During his lifetime, Mozart was very well-known but spent moneyfaster than he could earn it. He was poor and in debt when he diedof kidney failure at the age of 35 and was buried in a commongrave.Another great composer of the Classical Period is Ludwig Van Beethoven(1770 – 1827).He lived his first two parts of his life during the Classical Period andthe third part of his life in the Romantic Period. He was one of theworld's greatest composers. He wrote many pieces for piano and other instruments. He startedstudying the piano and violin when he was 4 years old. His father, a singer, was his first teacher. Buthe was not a good teacher. He beat his son and locked him in a basement to make him practice.When he was 22, he moved to Vienna and studied with Joseph Haydn.Most composers at this time were hired by people to write music, and they were told what kind ofmusic to write. Beethoven, however, was treated as a friend, not an employee. He wrote the kind ofmusic he wanted to write. He liked taking long walks during the day. During these walks he plannedhis music. He would make notes in a notebook. Then in the evening after dinner, he would writemusic from about 7:30 to 10:00 p.m. Beethoven began to lose his hearing when he was in his 20's.He became very suspicious of people and hard to get along with. But he was still able to hear thesongs in his mind and write them down.In 1826 he caught a cold. It developed into pneumonia and he died. The world lost a great composer,but his music lives on today. You will enjoy listening to themes from some of his works.Year 2 A/BPASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 33

ScienceCells—DiscussionAnimal cells have got cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane andvacuole. Nucleus is the brain of the cell and it controls the activitiesof the cell. Cytoplasm is a watery fluid that fills the cell. Most of thechemical reactions take place in there. Cell membrane is a thin skinthat surrounds the cell. It controls what enters and leaves the cell.Vacuole is filled with cell sap and it stores important chemicals.Plant cells have got cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane and vacuole which are the same with theanimal cell. They also have got cell wall and chloroplasts. Cell wall supports and strengthens the celland gives it shape. It also stops it popping if it becomes too full of sell sap. Chloroplasts absorblight energy and use it to make food. This action is called photosynthesis.Different kind of cellsRed blood cell: carry oxygen around bodyEgg cell: female sex cell in humansPollen cell: male sex cell in plantsEpithelial cell: covers the body and protectsour organsPalisade cell: found in plantsSperm cell: male sex cell in humansNerve cell: sends signals around our bodyNefeli Kimonos, 1BREACTION OF MAGNESIUM WITH ACIDSHere we have Magnesium reacting with an acid. Equation:Metal + Acid à Salt + HydrogenEvery time a metal reacts with an acidwe have 4 remarks:1. Bubbles (Hydrogen Gas)2. Heat given out3. Formation of a saltThe metal gets smallerMETAL MAGNE-THE ‘‘POP’’ TESTIf we want to check if we have hydrogen in our reaction we do the POP test. In order to do the POP test wehave a reaction. Then we light a match above the tube the reaction took place and if we hear a POP sound itmeans that we have Hydrogen.Iliada Hadjisavva, 3BPASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 34

Physical EducationBiathlonBiathlon in Cyprus is a sport includes swimming and running and it is anopportunity to find out talent .Biathlon or Modern biathlon is a sub-sport of modernpentathlon invented to create opportunities for training the run and swimparts of pentathlon in real race conditions. It can also be seen as a sportin its own right. It bears close resemblance to aquathlon which alsocontains swimming and running but comes from triathlon sport. Itshould not be confused with biathlon.Biathlon is an event that involves a run, swim, and run. It is a world class sport but not an Olympicone.Demetriana Photiou, 1ADrugs in SportsDrugs used in sports (performance-enhancing substances) are anysubstances taken in specifically for the purposes of improving sportsperformance by increasing strength, power, speed by altering body weightor body composition. Very generally, we can initially group them asfollows. Stimulants (increase alertness, attention, heart rate andrespiration). Steroids (synthetic derivatives of a male sex hormone,testosterone, which increases the protein production for building ofmuscles). Human growth hormone (helps in growth of heart and muscles).Erythropoietin (stimulates production of red blood cells which carry oxygento the organs and muscles)Consuming so-called 'energy enhancers' will never make up for propertraining, diet, rest and commitment. Performance results from intense training and the propercombination of dietary strategies with adequate rest and recovery. Optimal energy stores areobtained by consuming the right diet, staying hydrated, and allowing enough time for recovery.'The Spirit of Sport'The 'Spirit of Sport' means competing fairly and performing to the best of your ability. It is the pursuitof excellence with honour. The spirit of sport is the celebration of the human spirit, body and mind,and is characterized by the following values: Ethics, honesty, health, character and education, funand joy, team work, dedication and commitment, respect for rules and laws, respect for self andother participants, courage.While almost every athlete competes with the hope of winning, the powerful message of the ‘Thespirit of sport’ is the declaration that the essential thing is to have fought well. It is this basic humanvalue that is at the heart of the effort to achieve clean sport. The use of performance-enhancingsubstances is cheating and contrary to the 'Spirit of Sport'. The use of drugs violates all notions ofequality. The drug taker starts with an unfair advantage. Success becomes the product of the testtube, not the training track. The interests of innocent athletes need protection by punishment of theguilty.Georgia Efstathiou, 5APASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 35

ArtZoe Papasavva, 3BRaphaella Varnavides, 1AParaschos Cant, 1AFoivos Philitas, 2AAlexandros Kimonos, 3AMaria Mettouri, 1BPASCAL Platinum 7th Edition 36

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