PASCAL Platinum 6th Edition

PASCAL Platinum6th Edition

IndexPageIndex and Art 2Messages from Senior Mistress 3Activities and Events 4 - 5Houses 6Clubs 7Messages, School Council Photos 8Class Photos and Prefects’ Photo 9 - 13English 14 - 15Timothea Demetriou, 3BDrama 16 –17Greek 18 - 19Classical Appreciation 20History 21Physics 22Mathematics 23Chemistry 24Biology 25Religious Education and Knowledge 26Stephanie Yioupi, 6AFrench 27Economics and Accounting 28 - 29ICT 30 - 31Science 32Music 33Physical Education 34 - 35Art 36 - 37Pascal English School Graduates 38Staff Photos 39Emili Loizidou, 4A2PASCAL Platinum6th Edition

Message: Senior MistressesMs Maria EhrhartsmannHead of Lower SchoolMs Jodi Niki RigasHead of Upper SchoolAs we approach the end of the 2010-11 academic year and prepare the graduation for our 6 th Formpupils, we wish to express appreciation, on behalf of PASCAL Education Management and its pupils,to our staff for their outstanding work. We will be conferring Apolyterion on Monday 27 th June totwenty one graduates, at our 4 th graduation ceremony at the Four Seasons Hotel. These pupils cannow confidently embark on further academic pursuits with the knowledge that they have anApolyterion and an excellent educational foundation from a first class school which strives towardseducational excellence.Eight of our twenty one graduates will be fulfilling their military obligation while the remaining pupilswill be embarking on tertiary education in various fields and at different universities such asAccounting and Finance at Glasgow University, Law at Reading, Interior Design at De Montfort,Management at Leister University and Physics at Durham UniversityWe are extremely proud of what our cohort of pupils have accomplished this year, both sporting andacademic achievements. Considering we are a small school, we have excelled in many aspects namely,Ministry of Education Competitions, activities like the Mediterranean Model United Nations,European Youth Parliament, Stockholm Junior Water Competition, Commonwealth EssayCompetition, Rotary Public Speaking Competition, Euro Maths, Maths Olympiads, AccountingOlympiads, Science Fair, Talent Show, to name but a few.The key to our aforementioned success is the collaboration of pupils, parents and teachers; threeessential ingredients required to equip pupils with the necessary skills, motivation and drive. Theultimate objective being to arm them with the necessary leadership skills, life skills and essential toolsrequired to enter tertiary education and the workforce eventually.In addition, we would like to pay tribute to: our Management team, namely Despina Mavrikiou andMarios Perdios; our ever efficient school secretary Yoda Telemachou; our Careers’ Adviser EleniZanti; Heads of Department; Form Teachers and their assistants; the House Coordinator, NikolettaKynigou; House Mistresses / Masters with their assistants; Teachers; Elena Potamou, ourreprographics expert; the Parents’ Association; the School Council; Prefects and finally Ms Sotiroullaand Ms Lenia. As you can see the success of our school is dependant upon many individuals whowork consistently throughout the year to ensure that the school maintains its reputable status.Finally, our sincere appreciation must be bestowed on Mr Lazaros Lironis for compiling andformatting this magazine. We truly applaud you.We hope our pupils will be able to look back on 2010-11 as a year during which they reached theirgoals for academic and personal success by rising to the challenges that always accompany importantachievements.The summer vacation is traditionally a time in education for people to re-energize and renewthemselves, as well as prepare for the new academic year. With this in mind, we wish each of you arelaxing and personally fulfilling summer.PASCAL Platinum 6th Edition 3

Activities and EventsInduction DaySeptember 2010New pupils enjoy a day of funand games to get to know eachother.EuropeanYouth ParliamentSeptember 2010A simulation of an EUparliamentary session.Artemis’ Halloween PartyOctober 2010Annual Halloween partyorganized by Artemis.CyprusIndependence Day1st of October 2010School Trip to EleouthkiaOne of the two school tripswe go on every year, theday is fun and educational.Sports DayTrack and Field events heldat Tsirion Stadium.4PASCAL Platinum6th Edition

Activities and EventsParade28 th October 2010PES Lemesos proudlyparticipates in this celebrationevery year.MEDI.M.U.N. 2011January 2011MEDI.M.U.N delegates aregiven the opportunitypractice their debating skillsApollo’sMini FootballTournamentFebruary2011CommonwealthPupils receive bronze awardsfor their CommonwealthsubmissionsA Day at the MuseumPupils were afforded theopportunity to visit the newAcropolis Museum in Athens.EYP Pre-Selection Day17 of April 2011PASCAL English SchoolLemesos delegation wereselected to participate in theSeptember 2011 SessionPASCAL Platinum 6th Edition 5

HousesPoseidonHouse Captains: Tsouloupa Tara andBerdanis ChristoforosEvent: Hidden Talents’ EveningArtemisHouse Captains: Sialouna Christina andPetrou NicolasEvent: Halloween PartyApolloHouse Captains: Fikardos Joby andYioupi StephanieEvent: Mini Football TournamentDemetraHouse Captains: Tambouri Elena andConstantinou AlexandrosEvent: Bowling Tournament6PASCAL Platinum6th Edition

ClubsPASCAL, Lemesos upgraded the School’s Clubs for 2010/11, both in number and content. The reason for this isto help pupils develop into healthy, inquiring, knowledgeable and caring young adults and enhance theiruniversity applications.ART: Pupils worked together in small groups under the supervision and help of our expert teachersto discover their artistic talents while enjoying themselves in various projects. Activities includedrawing, painting, photoshop and photography.International Culinary Skills: This Club prepared delicious food from around the globe. Our pupils had theopportunity to learn culinary skills from renown chef Roddy who also owns the successful Piatakia restaurant inLemesos.Environmental Club: PASCAL English School is proud to be an Eco School; we meet the criteria set throughthe hard work and dedication of the Environmental Club. The club focused on creating and reinforcingenvironmental consciousness and awareness amongst pupils through seminars, lectures, visits and the use ofaudiovisual resources.First Aid: A First Aid course was presented by “EMP Medic First Aid”. First Aid, the care given beforeemergency medical help arrives, could literally mean the difference between life and deathCommunity Services: This Club was responsible for all fund raising in bothPES and ΕΣΠ. They embarked on projects to raise money for the anti-cancerorganization, radio-marathon, and during Club Days volunteered their servicesat various institutions such as Agios Stephanos.History: This club enriched our pupils’ knowledge of European historyfocusing on Cypriot history. Pupils were afforded the opportunity to visit various historical and archaeologicalsites as well as research various historical periods.Drama Club: This club participated in various drama workshops which enhanced pupils’drama skills ranging from vocal lessons to acting and dancing.Photography Club: Pupils were taught the skills required to take a good photograph. Pupils had the opportunityto test their newly acquired skills by taking photos at various locations. In addition, selected photos wereentered into various photography competitions that are run by the Ministry of Education and Cyprus PhotographicSociety.Scuba Diving: We are very excited to have been able to offer the Scuba Diving Club this year. Aloha Divingconducted the training which consisted of theoretical sessions as well as four sea dives. Pupils who successfullycompleted their training are now registered with PADI.Horse Riding, Wall Climbing and Archery: Interesting activities which took place at Santa Marina Retreat.The International Award: This is an internationally recognized self-developmentprogramme for young people aged 14 – 25. At PASCAL, Interaxion offers the Award to ouryoung people; it is very popular, enjoyable, yet demanding activity which is highly recognized byUK universities. The Award presents a challenge to young people in four main areas: skills,community service, physical recreation and expedition. Participants in the programme worktowards reaching the required standards in the above areas in order to achieve the Bronze,Silver and Gold Awards.Golf Club: Pupils learned the rules of golf and skills required to play golf at Aphrodite HillsResort.Squash: Pupils were bused to the Spyrou Kyprianou Stadium where Vassos Karassava coachedour pupils.PASCAL Platinum 6th Edition 7

MESSAGE: HEADS OF YEARSMs Despina MavrikiouLower SchoolMr Marios PerdiosUpper SchoolIt is our pleasure and honour to address the latest edition of PASCAL English School LemesosPlatinum Magazine 2010 – 2011. Another successful academic year has come to an end. Lots of hardwork, preparation and effort has resulted in great achievements in many areas and great effort has alsogone into the creation of the magazine, which reflects the considerable effort of our pupils.PASCAL English School, Lemesos, is always actively involved in competitions and challenges likeEYP, MEDI.M.U.N., Royal Commonwealth Essay Writing, Public Speaking, Maths Olympiads, Conferences,Euromath and many others. Pupils and Teachers are always very enthusiastic and dedicated;their main goal to achieve success. We would like to wish all the best to our Graduates and we hopethey have a successful and prosperous life.Our thanks and appreciation goes, in particular, to the Senior Mistresses of the School, Ms Jodi Rigasand Ms Maria Ehrhartsmann, for their support and guidance and for always being ‘there’. We wouldalso like to thank all the Form Teachers and Assistants for their valuable help throughout the year. Wehope that you all have a nice and relaxing summer and we look forward to seeing you back inSeptember.PASCAL English School, School Council 2010/11Back: Tambouri Elena, Zachariades Christos, William Ehrhartsmann, Nicolaou Charalampos, Zachariadou IoannaFront: Dafni Chorattidou, Nicolaou Andrea, Panayiotou Georgia8PASCAL Platinum6th Edition

PASCAL English School - Form 1ABack: Nicolaou Andreas, Panagithis Adamos, Sofocleous Andrea, Loizou Meropi, Caraiorgu Eva, Chowaniec SabinaMiddle: Athanasis Athanasi, Charalambous Aimilios, Philitas Phoivos, Vasileiadis Andreas, Petridou Elena, Diakides Marylena,Skordis Christos, Leonidou OrestisFront: Ms Vassiliou Vassiliki, Christofi Georgia, Theodorou Yiannis, Athanatos Orestis, Iosif Ioannis, Nicolaou Olivia,Panayiotou Georgia, Zari Ivi, Tavelli Anna, Ms Mavrikiou DespinaPASCAL English School - Form 1BBack: Stelios Panagi, Charalambos Demetriou, Ioakim Avgousti, Stella Mina, Christina Christodoulou, Charalampina Topouzi,Christos Papaioannou, Philippos Constantinou Middle: Artemis Voniati, Eleni Kyriakou, Martinos Papakyriakou, ChristosDalmiras, Christiana Ioulianou, Anastasia Ioannou, Myria Xenofontos, Michelle Ioanna Chorattidou, Theoni PapastylianouFront: Georgia Georgiades, Hebe Michaelidou, Eva Ioannou, George Christodoulides, Christos Nicolaou, George Raptis,Antonis Panagi, Andreas IoannouPASCAL Platinum6th Edition9

PASCAL English School - Form 2ABack: Nicolas Chrysostomou, Pampinos Charalampous, Chrysanthos Matthaiou, Minas Mouskis, Panagiotis Moulashis,George Christou, Andreas Konstantinou, Zak Yiasoumis, Anthony Charalambous, Ernesto Sofocleous, Christoforos GeorgiouMiddle: Maria Vanezi, Savvina Mita, Ioulia Efthyvoulou, Anthy Kyprianou, Melina Diogenous, Olivia Photiou, MelinaTheodorou, Antrea Karantoni Front: Nikoletta Korniliou, Georgia Voniati, Christina Loungridou, Ms Effie Theodosiou, MsEleni Zanti, Maria Efrem, Ioanna Georgiou, Kyriaki StefaniPASCAL English School - Form 2BBack: Michalis Loizou, Irodotos Papakostas, Philippos Efrem, Demos Paliosofidis, Dimitris Pnevmaticos, Thanasis Panaretou,Alexander Groutides, Marinos Zinonos, Alexandros Kimonos, Marios Charalambous, Haris Beraud Middle: Menelaos Vassiliou,Andrea Christofi, Georgia Tilemachou, Iliada Hadjisavva, Andrea Chrysafi, Ismini Issa, Stefani Issa, Dafni Chorattidou,Raphaela Frangou Front: Nikoletta Svana, Chryso Georgiou, Constantina Mettouri, Mr. Neophytos Matsas, Ms. Maria Mora,Dimitra Efstathiou, Rafaela Papastylianou, Christina Chatzicharalambous10PASCAL Platinum6th Edition

PASCAL English School - Form 3ABack: Vasileiadis Constantinos, Karamallis Alexandros, Ioannou Yiorgos, Virardi Rolando, Araouzos Konstantinos, SocratousCleopas, Elpidoforou Antreas Middle: Markitanis Sotiris, Dimitriadis Christos, Soteriou Chrysanthos, Patsalis Nikolas, PieridiXenia, Michaelides Daniel, Tilemachou Charalambos, Maratheftis Georgios Front: Papaioannou Antigoni, AngelopoulouFoteini, Antoniou Maria, Kitsiou Angela, Nicolaidou Eleftheria, Constantinou AsteroPASCAL English School - Form 3BBack: Marios Konnaris, Christos Markantoni, Angelos Savva, Alexandros Elpidoforou, Petros Avgousti, Panagiotis Efstathiou,Andreas Sazos, Andreas Orfanide Middle: Avgoustinos Papakyriacou, Louis Leonidas, Georgiana Theodorou, MichaelKazoulis, Marilena Antoniou, Constantinos Antoniou, Aristi Philippou, Angelos Nicolaides, Stefanos Sofokleous Front: XeniaMenelaou, Maria Zinonos, Timothea Demetriou, Georgia Virardi, Xenia Menelaou, Androniki ElpidoforouPASCAL Platinum 6th Edition 11

PASCAL English School - Form 4ABack: Iouri Kornienko, Christos Constantinou, Stefanos Elpidoforou, Demetris Constantinou, Michalis Antoniou, ChristosKaimakkami, Andreas Efstathiou, George Elpidoforou Middle: Stephen Eric Cook, Antigone Papadopoulou, AndriaIoannidou, Evita Christoforou, Andrea Nicolaou, Maria Averkiou, Yioulia Svana, Ilya Smirnov Front: Atalanti Pourikkou, EmilyLoizidou, Georgia Efstathiou, Ms Panny Martidou, Ms Rodoula Michaelidou, Diana Kokoeva, Nataly Manoli, MariaChatzicharalambousPASCAL English School - Form 5ABack: Zachariades Christos, Constantinou George, Soteriou Andreas, Kanakis Demetris, Theocharous Vrionis, CharalambousAndreas, Kanakis Yiannakis, Savva Nicos, Makris Paris, Efstathiou Rafael, Voniates George, Petrides Constantinos Middle:Adamou George, Abi Aad Lea, Stylianou Constantina, Mela Florentina, Ioannou Neophytos, Ioannou Maria, Avraam Nicol,Christoforou Marilena, Yioupi Diana, Papadopoullos Constantinos Front: Nicoalaou Persia, Nicolaou Katerina, ZachariadouIoanna, Mr. Lazaros Lironis, Ms Andria Ioannou, Zavou Elina, Athanatou Maya, Patsali Elena.12PASCAL Platinum6th Edition

PASCAL English School - Form 6ABack: Aristotelis Marcou, Leonida Michalakis, Constantinos Christodoulou, Nikitas Alexandros,Berdanis Christoforos, WilliamEhrhartsmann, Nicolaou Charalampos Middle: Lily Abiaad, Raftis Panayiota, Fikardos Joby, Vafeas Timothy, Petrou Nicolas,Constantinou Alexandros, Loizidou Christiana, Nicolaou Stephanie. Front: Pinzari Anastasia, Tambouri Elena, DimosthenousStavrina, Mr. Perdios Marios, Ms. Kynigou Nicoletta, Sialouna Christina, Yioupi Stephanie, Tsouloupa TaraPascal English School - Prefects 2010-2011Back: William Ehrhartsmann, Leonida Michalakis, Constantinos Christodoulou, Nicolaou CharalamposMiddle: Ms Jodi Niki Rigas, Dimosthenous Stavrina, Loizidou Christiana, Ms Maria EhrhartsmannFront: Nicolaou Stephanie, Raftis Panayiota, Sialouna Christina, Yioupi StephaniePASCAL Platinum 6th Edition 13

EnglishA Report on Pupils’ AmbitionsTo: Mr John SmithFrom: Maria AntoniouSubject: Pupils’ AmbitionsINTRODUCTION : As requested, I have prepared a report on the ambitions of pupils of 3A in PASCAL EnglishSchool, Lemesos. I spoke to 21 pupils and the results are presented below.PROFESSIONAL POSITIONS: The majority of pupils stated that they intend to study at a University to becomedoctors, lawyers and architects. All pupils in this category seem to be aware of the need of a University Degree.SERVICE POSITIONS: Around 30% of the pupils would like to acquire jobs as waiters in hotels and restaurants,work in shops as sales assistants and other services. Very few pupils in this category really know what job theywould like to do after they finish school.OTHER PUPILS : 7% of the pupils have still not decided on a career and another 7% are planning on becomingscientists and hoping to invent something and become famous.CONCLUSION : To sum up, some pupils seem well informed, while others need more advice on their chosen career.I would recommend inviting someone to speak to them or visit a hotel to help pupils have a better idea of work inthe Service Industry.Maria Antoniou, 3AThe DreamOne night, ten year old Tom Miker had a strange dream. In the dream, hisgrandmother had been dead for two years, but appeared to see him. ‘Tom…’,she whispered…’ I am alive. Give this message to your Mum and Dad’.Grandma explained that she had a twin sister that looked exactly like her, butwas unfortunately dead. Grandma herself was well and alive and would comehome soon. Grandma also told Tom not to worry and asked him to give themessage to his parents so that they would be waiting for her. The next day,while Tom was having breakfast with his family, someone knocked on thedoor. It was his grandmother’s friend, Ms Sophie. She said that Louise (thiswas Grandma’s name) was alive and would soon be in town. Tom and hisfamily waited anxiously. Mum and dad were quite upset. Tom kept telling hisparents that everything would be great and told them about his dream. While they were having dinner, someoneknocked on the door. Tom’s mum went to open the door. She saw Louise. Everyone was amazed. ‘I knew it!’ Tomscreamed, and he always believed in his dreams from that day on.Maria Vanezi , 2ASomeone I AdmireEveryone has someone they look up to. Most of my friends and generally people I know,admire famous people. The person I admire the most is not famous at all, but she is a trueheroine. A true heroine for me is my loving mother. She has raised me to become a goodand decent person and never give up, no matter what. My mother always teaches me rightfrom wrong. I admire her for her morals and for all she has done for me and generally myfamily. I know that I can definitely depend on her, as she has always been and will be bymy side. Even at times when I have an argument with my father, she is the one who willbe next to me, make me feel better and understand if I am mistaken. I know that even ifeveryone else abandons me, she is the one who will stay next to me forever. Peopleusually comment that I look like her; I take this as a compliment! She is an angelic-lookingwoman, with sky-blue eyes that make her look dreamy and peaceful. Her shiny, coal blackhair makes her look like a dynamic and powerful woman, even though I can’t say that shereally is. Her hair used to be naturally blonde until the age of 20. She has been and will always be the best motherin the world for me. Looking back, my mother is the most positive and importance influence I’ve had in my life. Iam proud to see myself always following her beliefs and perfect character and personality.Emily Loizidou, 4A14PASCAL Platinum6th Edition

EnglishHow did the Headmaster Influence Krishna’s Life?The headmaster is a significant character in the novel, who isdisappointed with his way of life, he searched for a way out where heforgot about all of his problems through the children at his school andlearnt how to adopt the innocence and purity of children. Using what hehad learnt from children the headmaster had an impact on Krishna’s lifehelping him go one step closer to becoming a ‘master of his own destiny’.He was an extraordinary and eccentric man with unusual views aboutchildren, a different lifestyle and of course an influence on Krishna.The headmaster didn’t have a good relationship with his family due to thefact that he was forced by his father to marry a woman he did not reallylove and even have children. What is ironic about the headmaster wasthat he was a ‘father figure’. Because he didn’t use a towel and meditatedfor fifteen minutes before dinner he didn’t have a good relationship withhis wife. He thought that he ‘could have managed well as a bachelor’ andeven Krishna thought that ‘he spoke as if he were someone else’. Theheadmaster loved children, however, he didn’t love his own and theydidn’t go to his school. This is evident from the quote ‘My school is for allthe children in the world except my own’. Due to his wife and childrenthe headmaster felt more at home in Krishna’s house rather than his. Theheadmaster always refers to his wife and children in a negative way, ashe says that ‘there are people in this world who have rough tongues butwho are soft at heart-but this lady!”. This is the reason the headmaster is always distant from his family andalways ignores them.The headmaster thought that children were the “real gods on Earth” as even though he faced many problemswith his family relationships he managed to find refuge and shelter from the children’s pure and sinless souls. Hewas “a most eccentric man” who had unusual views about children. Children have managed to teach theheadmaster “the simplicity to which all human conduct must be reduced”, how to become pure and innocent andalso how “to speak plainly without the varnish of the adult world.” The headmaster has become so accustomedto children that he even copies their language so his language is always plain and honest. The headmasterdisagreed with the western education and supported that the only way children would learn was by the “LeaveAlone System” in which children are left alone to discover the unknown wonders of the world and work off ‘thecurse of adulthood.”The headmaster is the true character who brought about the turning point in Krishna’s life after Susila’s death.Krishna and the headmaster have both similarities and differences. Both Krishna and the headmaster disagreewith the Western education as sport is given more importance that academic worth as people who play sports“are even made to pass examinations”. According to the headmaster “you can’t have a school unless you haveinvested a few thousands in building and furniture” as luxuries are not needed for proper education. In addition,the headmaster criticizes the Western education system for copying as he says ironically that “we could as wellbeen born monkeys to justify our powers of imitation”. He believed that “you may like what you may like” andsupported the democratic style education. The headmaster was also predictable as he had an astrologer predictthe future of his life. Krishna in contrast with the headmaster was honest straight-forward and loved his job.Also, it is sarcastic when the headmaster helps Krishna to communicate with his wife while the headmasterhimself doesn’t have a good relationship with his own wife and doesn’t communicate with her. When Krishna wastaught about the purity, innocence and honesty of children Krishna became independent spoke in a straightforwardway, he became less materialistic and more spiritual. As a result of the headmaster’s influence, Krishnaresigned his job at Albert Mission College and achieved the highest level in spirituality and thus becoming amaster of his own destiny as he is reunited with his beloved Susila in which he had initially lost but recentlyfound once again.The author of the novel R.K. Narayan used the headmaster’s character in order to portray one of the mostimportant themes in the book which is Purity of childhood versus adulthood. This theme which actually symbolizesthe headmaster was the cause of Krishna’s turning point in his life. If it hadn’t been for the headmaster,Krishna would have never have fulfilled his goals in life and reach the spiritual level required to meet Susilaagain.Christos Zachariades 5BPASCAL Platinum 6th Edition 15

DramaWhat do You Like Most About Drama and What Have You Learnt From Feather Boy?I like drama because it is very interesting and we hear a lot of stories. We have learnt lots ofmessages from the book and learnt about bullying. Maria Efrem 2AYou can never get bored in Drama. I like using my creativity and designing scenes. Acting ismy favourite part. Feather Boy helped me understand how serious bullying is and how otherkids feel when bullied. Demetris Pnevmaticos, 2BI like drama because you can express yourself and show your personality. The book showedus that even a boy, who was bullied, can achieve a lot in life. Maria Vanezi, 2ASomeone may think drama is all about acting, and I don’t disagree. It’s exciting to act and sometimes it’s funnyand sensitive. But in Feather Boy, you can learn about life. Everyone finds a way to get love, luck and courage ifthey want to. Christina Hadjicharalambous, 2BThe most exciting thing about drama is that we learnt things that can help us in life. Drama is a relaxing lessonand we have fun when we are acting. Feather Boy has a very good aim that we have to be brave and thatbullying each other is cruel because we may hurt someone either physically or with actions.Christina Loungridou, 2AThe book helps you to find your inner strength and to believe in yourself. It also helps you to ignore bullies andthat in reality you can take them on easily and you must never accept it when people tell you who you arebecause the only one who really knows is you. Daphne Chorattidou , 2BWhat I like about drama is the fact that you can express yourself and do many things. Acting is fun and I enjoyit very much because I feel confident in myself. Feather Boy taught us to have confidence and be strong.Melina Theodorou, 2ADescribe Your Favourite GiantMy favourite giant is Bloodbottler. He likes playing football and he likes eating human bodies. He is calledBloodbottler because of the blood on his teeth.Christos Papaioannou, 1BRomeo’s Diary Entry (after the famous Balcony Scene)Dear Diary,I can’t wait till tomorrow. I can’t sleep in the thought of my love. Oh, she’s so gorgeous, so beautiful. I can’t gether off my mind.Friar Laurence has accepted to marry us. Thank God! I can’t spend even one more minute without her. I loveher so much. She’s taken my mind. I want to spend the rest of my life with her.As from tomorrow, she’ll be wife forever. I can’t wait. I haven’t met a morebeautiful woman in my whole life. I thought that Rosaline was beautiful. Butcompared to Juliet, she’s an ugly crow! Juliet is so beautiful – she can’t becompared toanother woman. Each and every woman in this world looks so ugly in front ofmy Juliet.That’s all for tonight dear diary. Tomorrow looks like 20 years away… RomeoRolando Virardi, 3A16PASCAL Platinum6th Edition

DramaWhat do You Think Will Happen Next?The BFG will visit Sophie. He will play with Sophie’s games, they will eat together and after dinner they will goto the park. At the park they will go for a walk, they will see children and sit on the grass. They will eat icecream and in the afternoon they will go back home.Yiannis Iosif, 1AWhat Dream Should we Give the Queen?A dream with castles and slaves to kiss her hands, birds flying around her andhorses running behind her. After that she will see her husband that is dead nowand she will start screaming and shouting. Also the BFG and Sophie will bewatching her and all the people flying. At last she will have no money or rights asa Queen. She will then go away and die in a beautiful green palace.Eva Ioannou, 1BDescribe Your Favourite GiantThe Bloodbottler is the big, evil giant. He likes killingpeople and taking their blood. When he takes it, he putsit in the bottle and then puts it in the fridge. When theblood becomes cold he drinks it. The giant is calledBloodbottler because he puts the blood in the bottle anddrinks it.Thea Papastylianou, 1BDescribe One of the Giants From ‘The BFG’.I think that the Fleshlumpeater likes seeing lumps,he likes eating flesh and he has that name becauseevery time he gobbles flesh, he says ‘FLESH’ andalso because he thinks that the lumps look likeJupiter so…… Fleshlumpeater!Olivia Nicolaou, 1ARomeo’s Love Letter to RosalineMy beloved Rosaline,How can I escape the captivity your love has put me in? You should be in jail because you have stolen myheart. Every time I see you, I have so many things to tell you, but I cannot find the words to describe thefeelings and passion I have for you.Day and night, I think of you. I think of the perfect life we could have together. I would treat you with respectand dignity. I would cherish you as a rose among garbage. My love for you could eliminate any obstacle onEarth. You are the most beautiful thing I’ve ever seen in my life. You are an angel, and I have probably diedand gone to heaven…With all my love, Romeo…Daniel Michaelides, 3ADescribe One of the Giants in the ‘BFG’His name is Bloodbottler because he likes drinking blood. His favourite thing to do is to kill humans and thendrink their blood. That’s the reason he wants to find Sophie! His best friend is Fleshlumpeater. Bloodbottler’sfavourite clothes are: simple jeans and a dark T-Shirt. He also wears a half-mask.Georgia Panayiotou, 1APASCAL Platinum 6th Edition 17

Η θρησκευτικότητα στην καβαφική ποίησηGreekΟ Καβάφης, ο πιο αναγνωρισμένος νεοέλληνας ποιητής, συχνά αφορμίζεται και δημιουργείαπό περιόδους πτώσεις και παρακμής, όχι μόνο ιστορικές αλλά και θρησκευτικές. Όπως καιστα ιστορικά του ποιήματα ο ποιητής - με σκοπό να διδάξει, εστιάζει περισσότερο και επηρεάζεταιαπό ελληνιστικές περιόδους πτώσης και παρακμής. Το ίδιο συμβαίνει και με τα θρησκευτικάτου ποιήματα αφού επικεντρώνεται και αναφέρεται συνήθως στις δύο αντίπαλεςθρησκείες, τον Παγανισμό και το Χριστιανισμό. Στηριζόμενοι στα ποιήματα "Ο Μύρης Αλεξάνδρεια,340 μ.Χ" και «Η αρρώστια του Κλείτου», ο Καβάφης πράγματι ορμώμενος από τηνπερίοδο της θρησκευτικής ταραχής του 4 ου αιώνα μ.Χ. εξομολογεί τις θρησκευτικές του ανησυχίες,θίγει το θέμα της επιφανειακής πίστης με βάση τη σύγκρουση των δύο θρησκειών.Στο ποίημα ο Μύρης Αλεξάνδρεια 340 μ.Χ, ο Καβάφης εισέρχεται σε ένα χριστιανικό σπίτι ώστε να θρηνήσει για τοναγαπημένο του σύντροφο. Οι συγγενείς του Μύρη και οι παρευρισκόμενοι αντιμετωπίζουν τον Καβάφη με απάθειακαι απέχθεια λόγω της άσεμνης ζωής του και τον θεωρούν υπαίτιο για τις άσεμνες πράξεις του νεκρού Μύρη, ο ο-ποίος σύμφωνα με αυτούς ξεψύχησε έχοντας στο στόμα του το όνομα του Χριστού. Ο Καβάφης αισθάνεται προδομένοςαπό το σύντροφό του αφού παρόλο που δήλωνε χριστιανός, ο άσεμνος βίος του δεν του επέτρεπε με βάσητην καβαφική θεωρία να τον ασπάζεται τόσο φανατικά. Ο ποιητής απογοητεύεται τόσο από τη στάση των συγγενώντου Μύρη αλλά και από τον ίδιο τον Μύρη αφού θεωρεί ότι δεν υπήρξε ειλικρινής μαζί του. Το ποίημα λαμβάνει μέροςστην Αλεξάνδρεια του 340 μ.Χ. μια εποχή όπου χριστιανισμός και ειδωλολατρισμός βρίσκονται σε αντιπαράθεση.Ο Καβάφης στο συγκεκριμένο ποίημα ομολογεί την πίστη του στον ειδωλολατρισμό λόγω της άσεμνης και γεμάτηςπάθη στάση ζωής του, κατακρίνει την επιφανειακή χριστιανική πίστη που δείχνουν οι συγγενείς του Μύρη, οι οποίοισυμπεριφέρονται κάθε άλλο παρά χριστιανικά αλλά και ο Μύρης, ο οποίος παρά το γεγονός ότι ήταν από όλους πιοέκδοτος στις ηδονές ασπαζόταν φανατικά τη χριστιανική θρησκεία η οποία επικεντρώνεται στην πνευματική καλλιέργειακαι σωματική άσκηση και όχι στη λατρεία υλικών αγαθών ή στην απόλαυση και υπόκυψη των σωματικών ηδονών.Γι’ αυτό το λόγο το ποιητικό υποκείμενο εξέρχεται του οίκου νιώθοντας ξένος από τον ίδιο τον άντρα που αγάπησεκαι αγαπήθηκε παράφορα ώστε να μην αλλοιώσει την εικόνα του. Οι δύο θρησκείες στο ποίημα αυτό αντί ναενώνουν τις ανθρώπινες υπάρξεις με αγάπη και αλληλεγγύη τις αποξενώνουν και τις φθείρουν.Νικόλ Αβραάμ, 5ΑΑδόλφος Χίτλερ (20 Απριλίου 1889 - 30 Απριλίου 1945)Ο Αδόλφος Χίτλερ ήταν Γερμανός πολιτικός ηγέτης του Εργατικού ΕθνικοσοσιαλιστικούΚόμματος (NSDAP) και δικτάτορας της Ναζιστικής Γερμανίας. Ο Χίτλερ και οι οπαδοί τουεφάρμοσαν τη συστηματική στέρηση δικαιωμάτων, την εξόντωση των Εβραίων της Ευρώπης,καθώς και άλλων θρησκευτικών, εθνικών, ή κοινωνικών ομάδων.Μέχρι την ηλικία των 30 ετών ήταν σύμφωνα με τα αστικά μέτρα της εποχής του, έναςάνθρωπος χωρίς επαγγελματική καριέρα και χωρίς αξιόλογες σχέσεις. Ήταν επίσης έναςστρατιωτικός χωρίς προοπτικές και κυρίως χωρίς αναγνωρίσιμες ικανότητες που θα μπορούσαννα εξηγήσουν εύλογα την άνοδο που επακολούθησε. Παρ' όλα αυτά, αυτός οάνθρωπος αναρριχήθηκε, μέσα σε λίγα χρόνια, στην Καγκελαρία του Γερμανικού Ράιχ καιτελικά έγινε δικτάτορας κυρίαρχος του μεγαλύτερου μέρους της Ευρώπης.Η οικογένεια και τα παιδικά χρόνια του ΧίτλερΟ Χίτλερ φρόντισε να μείνουν μέχρι σήμερα πολλά αναπάντητα ερωτήματα σχετικά με την καταγωγή και τη ζωήτου πριν την ανάμιξή του στην πολιτική. Το 1930 είπε για τους πολιτικούς του αντίπαλους: «Ποτέ δεν κάνει ναμάθουν για τις ρίζες μου και για την οικογένειά μου.» Στο «Mein Kampf» ο Χίτλερ περιγράφει τον πατέρα του ωςαυστηρό, αυταρχικό και, καμιά φορά, ακόμα και οξύθυμο και βίαιο. Ο Αδόλφος έμεινε στην ίδια τάξη, λόγω«έλλειψης φιλοπονίας», όπως σημείωσαν οι καθηγητές του. Στην τρίτη σχολική χρονιά, οι βαθμοί του ήταν τόσοκακοί, που φαινόταν πως θα απορριφθεί ξανά. Επειδή όμως είχε πεθάνει ο πατέρας του, κατόπιν παράκλησης τηςμητέρας του το σχολείο δέχτηκε να τον προβιβάσει, αλλά με τον όρο ότι θα άλλαζε σχολείο. Ο Χίτλερ γράφτηκε στοσχολείο του Στέιρ, που ήταν λιγότερο απαιτητικό, αλλά ούτε εκεί οι επιδόσεις του βελτιώθηκαν. Τελικά, το φθινόπωροτου 1905 εγκατέλειψε το σχολείο σε ηλικία 16 ετών χωρίς να πάρει απολυτήριο.Ντιάνα Κοκοέβα, Άντρεα Ιωαννίδου, 4Α18PASCAL Platinum6th Edition

GreekΕυθύνη και αλληλεγγύηΗ ευθύνη είναι ένα σημαντικό πλεονέκτημα ή προτέρημα στον άνθρωπο που τον κάνειυπεύθυνο και ώριμο δηλαδή να προστατεύει τον εαυτό του αλλά και τους γύρω του.Έχεις σκεφτεί ποτέ πόσοι ανεύθυνοι υπάρχουν που στέρησαν υλικά αγαθά στον συνάνθρωποτους ακόμη και την ζωή τους; Για παράδειγμα, πολλοί έχασαν την ζωή τουςστην άσφαλτο γιατί κάποιος ανεύθυνος δεν έλεγξε την ταχύτητα του ή δεν τον είδεκαι άθελα του, του στέρησε την ζωή του. Κανένας δεν μπορεί να είναι υπεύθυνος γιαεσένα παρά μόνο εσύ. Οι ευθύνες σου ξεκινούν από τα όνειρα σου. Η ευθύνη δενχαρίζετε ούτε δωρίζετε, εσύ την κτίζεις με ηρεμία αλλά και θέληση. Τις πράξεις σου τιςκάνεις με σιγουριά και είσαι βέβαιος ότι θα υποστείς και τις συνέπειες αν κάτι έκανεςλάθος. Όταν είσαι υπεύθυνος δεν τρομάζεις, γιατί δεν μπορείς πια να βρεις δικαιολογίεςγια τις ασήμαντες ή άνανδρες πράξεις σου ρίχνοντας το φταίξιμο στους άλλους. Ξέρεις πως εσύ, όχι η μοίρα σου,όχι η τύχη σου, μήτε ο άνθρωπος γύρω σου, εσύ μονάχα έχεις, ότι κι αν γίνεις, ακέραιη την ευθύνη για τις πράξειςσου. Ξεπερνάς τα προβλήματα χωρίς να ζητάς ελεημοσύνη και παλεύεις για αυτά έτσι ώστε να έχεις ένα καλύτεροαύριο. Μόνο η αίσθηση της ευθύνης θα μπορέσει να εξοβελίσει τον ατομικισμό και να προαγάγει την αλληλεγγύηκαι την αρμονική και κοινωνική συμβίωση.Η κοινωνική αλληλεγγύη είναι προσφορά ψυχής. Πρέπει να παλεύουμε μέχρι θανάτου ώστε να λέει ο κάθε συνάνθρωποςτην άποψή του και να συνεχίσουμε αυτό το έργο ζωής. Στις μέρες μας, η αλληλεγγύη είναι απαραίτητηπρος τον συνάνθρωπό μας. Πολλά σπίτια κινδυνεύουν να κλείσουν, οι συμπολίτες μας δυσκολεύονται να διεκπεραιώσουντις άμεσες καθημερινές ανάγκες τους. Ένα χαμόγελο έστω και μέσα από σφικτά χείλη, μια ζεστή καλημέρα,έστω και μέσα από την κρυάδα της απελπισίας. Μια μικρή βοήθεια στους ανήμπορους, έστω και μέσα από τις τεράστιεςδυσκολίες μας. Και κυρίως μην ξεχνάμε τους μοναχούς συνανθρώπους μας, μας έχουν ανάγκη. Όλα αυτά είναιαρκετά για μερικούς συνανθρώπους μας που βιώνουν δύσκολες στιγμές. Ας δείξουμε όλοι μας, πως η ελπίδα υπάρχειμέσα στην ψυχή μας. «Αγαπάτε αλλήλους», είπε ο Χριστός, αυτές οι δύο λέξεις αποτελούν μια παροιμιώδη χριστιανικήφράση την οποία χρησιμοποιούν πολλοί για να μας αποδείξουν ότι το μήνυμα του χριστιανισμού είναι ηαγάπη.Χριστίνα Λουγκρίδου, 2Α, Κωνσταντίνα Μεττούρη, Γεωργία Τηλεμάχου, Χρύσω Γεωργίου, 2ΒΑ΄ ΠΑΓΚΟΣΜΙΟΣ ΠΟΛΕΜΟΣO Α' Παγκόσμιος Πόλεμος, επίσης γνωστός ως ο Μεγάλος Πόλεμος(αγγλ. Great War, γαλλ. Grande Guerre), έλαβε χώρα τον Αύγουστοτου 1914 ως την 11η Νοεμβρίου 1918. Οι Ενωμένες Δυνάμεις(κυρίως οι Μεγάλη Βρετανία, Γαλλία, ως τις αρχές του 1918 η Ρωσίακαι, από το 1917, οι Η.Π.Α.) νίκησαν τις Κεντρικές Δυνάμεις(Γερμανία, Αυστροουγγαρία, Οθωμανική Αυτοκρατορία και Βουλγαρία)και οδήγησαν στην κατάρρευση τεσσάρων αυτοκρατοριών και σεριζικές αλλαγές στον χάρτη της Ευρώπης. Οι Ενωμένες Δυνάμεις συχνάονομάζονται οι Δυνάμεις της Αντάντ, ενώ οι Κεντρικές Δυνάμειςαναφέρονται και ως η Τριπλή Συμμαχία. Τα θύματα του Α'Παγκοσμίου Πολέμου ανέρχονται σε 9 εκατομμύρια.Νέα τεχνολογία στον πόλεμο για μεγαλύτερη καταστροφή: Από τις αρχές του αιώνα όλες οι Μεγάλες Δυνάμειςρίχτηκαν σε έναν ξέφρενο αγώνα δρόμου ενίσχυσης και εκσυγχρονισμού των ενόπλων τους δυνάμεων. ΣτηΒρετανία οι στρατιωτικές δαπάνες αυξήθηκαν σχεδόν κατά 30% μέσα στη δεκαετία 1890-1900. Το 1913 ήταν 140%υψηλότερες από ότι το 1887. Η Γερμανία στα μέσα της δεκαετίας του 1890 δαπανούσε 90 περίπου εκατομμύριαΜάρκα κάθε χρόνο για το πολεμικό της ναυτικό. Το 1913 είχαν ξεπεράσει τα 400 εκατομμύρια Μάρκα! Και οι άλλεςΜεγάλες Δυνάμεις δεν πήγαιναν πίσω.Η ζωή στα χαρακώματα: Μέσα σ’ αυτούς τους τάφους που τους ονόμαζαν χαρακώματα, με τα συστήματα τωνυπογείων διαβάσεων και διόδων, μας έλειπαν σχεδόν τα πάντα. Έμαθα γρήγορα ... να κρεμάω το ψωμί σ’ ένα σύρμαστη μέση του ορύγματος για να μην το φτάνουν τα ποντίκια, να κοιμάμαι με βρεγμένες αρβύλες, γιατί το ναπροσπαθήσεις να τις ξαναβάλεις, αφού τις είχες βγάλει, θα ήταν μάταιο, να κοιμάμαι τυλιγμένος σε μια μουσκεμένηχλαίνη, να κοιμάμαι τέσσερις ώρες ανάμεσα σε θορύβους, σε φωνές ανθρώπων, σε βρωμερές αναθυμιάσεις.Αλέξανδρος Κωνσταντίνου, 6ΑPASCAL Platinum 6th Edition 19

Ομήρου ΟδύσσειαClassical AppreciationΟ Όμηρος φέρεται ως ο συγγραφέας των ποιητικώνκειμένων της Ιλιάδας και της Οδύσσειας, απότα πρώτα κείμενα της Ιστορικής περιόδου τηςαρχαίας Ελλάδας, γνωστά ως «Ομηρικά Έπη».H Οδύσσεια είναι το δεύτερο μεγάλο έπος τηςαρχαίας ελληνικής γραμματείας μετά την Ιλιάδα.Πραγματεύεται τον περιπετειώδη νόστο(επαναπατρισμό) του ήρωα του Τρωικού πολέμουκαι βασιλιά της Ιθάκης Οδυσσέα και το φόνο τωνμνηστήρων, που είχαν καταλάβει το παλάτι του και διεκδικούσαν τη γυναίκα του Πηνελόπη.Χωρίστηκε από τους Αλεξανδρινούς Γραμματικούς σε 24 ραψωδίες, που αριθμήθηκαν με τα μικρά γράμματα τουελληνικού αλφαβήτου. Κατά ομάδες οι ραψωδίες συναπαρτίζουν την Τηλεμάχεια (α-δ), όπου βλέπουμε το γιοτου Οδυσσέα Τηλέμαχο να αναζητά τον πατέρα του, τη Φαιακίδα (ζ-ν), όπου ακούμε τον ίδιο τον ήρωα να αφηγείταιστους Φαίακες τις προηγούμενες περιπέτειές του και να φτάνει στην Ιθάκη και τέλος τη Μνηστηροφονία(ξ-ω), την ιστορία της τιμωρίας των μνηστήρων.Χριστίνα Χριστοδούλου , 1BΕλένηΗ Ελένη, ενσάρκωση της γυναικείας - ιδανικής ομορφιάς αλλά ταυτόχρονα καισύμβολο απιστίας, κέντρισε το ενδιαφέρον και ενέπνευσε όσο καμιά άλλη γυναικείαμορφή της μυθολογίας τον τραγικό ποιητή Ευριπίδη.Η «Ελένη» του Ευριπίδη δεν ακολούθησε τον Πάρη, αλλά βρισκόταν στην Αίγυπτοστο παλάτι του βασιλιά Πρωτέα, ενώ στην Τροία βρισκόταν μόνο το είδωλότης. Ο Ευριπίδης χρησιμοποιεί στην τραγωδία του την ιδέα του ειδώλου, για νααναδείξει πως ο πόλεμος κάποιες φορές μπορεί να χαρακτηριστεί ως μάταιος καιανούσιος και ταυτόχρονα για να δηλώσει πως πολλές φορές υπάρχει μια έντονηδιάσταση ανάμεσα στο φαίνεσθαι και στο είναι. Ο μακροχρόνιος Τρωικός πόλεμοςέγινε στην ουσία για ένα τίποτα και η Ελένη κατηγορήθηκε και καταράστηκε από τους Έλληνες χωρίς η ίδιανα φταίει.Αστέρω Κωνσταντίνου , 3AΧορός στην αρχαία ελληνική τραγωδίαΟ χορός στο αρχαίο δράμα αποτελείτο από ερασιτέχνες και η επιλογή του θεωρείτομεγάλη τιμή. Η συμμετοχή των μελών του χορού ήταν ισότιμη με τηστρατιωτική θητεία. Στην αρχή τα μέλη του χορού ήταν δώδεκα. Από τονΣοφοκλή και έπειτα έγιναν δεκαπέντε. Το χορό απαρτίζουν συνήθως γυναίκεςή γέροντες, άνθρωποι δηλαδή αδύναμοι να επέμβουν δραστικά στην εξέλιξητου δράματος. Συμμετέχουν συναισθηματικά, παρακολουθώντας την πορείατου τραγικού ήρωα και συμπάσχουν μαζί του. Ο χορός δίνει στη τραγωδίαλυρική διάσταση με το τραγούδι του, πάντοτε μιλάει σε ενικό αριθμό και εκφράζειτη δράση και τα συναισθήματα όλων των μελών του.Κατά κανόνα ο χορός έμπαινε στην ορχήστρα από την δεξιά ως προς τον θεατή πάροδο, σε ένα παραλληλόγραμμοσχηματισμό, έχοντας μπροστά του τον αυλητή. Συνήθως παρέμενε στην ορχήστρα σε όλη τη διάρκειατου έργου. Οι μεταστάσεις, δηλαδή οι αποχωρήσεις του χορού από την ορχήστρα κατά τη διάρκεια της δράσης,είναι ελάχιστες στα έργα που σώζονται και γίνονται για δραματικούς λόγους.Ξένια Μενελάου, 3B20PASCAL Platinum6th Edition

HistoryWhy did Nazi Germany Lose the Second World War?Hitler’s decision to invade the USSR was one of the main reasons Germany lost the Second World War. NaziGermany was winning the war up until 1941 but the invasion of the Soviet Union was a turning point in the war.The invasion of the USSR turned out to be a mistake as Hitler had overstretched his army and the war went into along drawn out struggle, which Germany lost. Hitler had underestimated the USSR army, climate and economicability.The second reason why Germany lost the Second World War was the USA. The United States joined the Allies in1941 which proved to be another decisive turning point. The men, machines and munitions available to the Alliesfar outweighed Germany’s once USA had joined the war. It became a war of attrition and Germany quickly lost thewar of production, due to Allied bombing and US war materials.In conclusion Germany lost the war because Hitler’s decision to invade the USSR meant that he needed moreweapons which Germany could not produce enough of due to Allied bombing and the United States war productionability.Atalanti Pourikkou, 4AThe Life of Boys and Girls in Ancient AthensThe boys in Ancient Athens had a much better way ofliving in their early years of life and later as adults,when they could vote as free citizens and enjoyfreedom and the culture of Ancient Athens.Boys were preferred at birth by the family rather thangirls, because girls required a dowry when they gotmarried. After a boy’s or a girl’s birth, the father put anolive branch outside his door to announce the birth.That only happened when the child was wanted. If itwas not wanted, its parents would leave it in the streetto die. If another family, that could not have children,wanted to take it and raise it as their own they couldtake it from the street. Ten days after the birth, thefamily had a celebratory meal.The life of boys and girls was pretty much the sameuntil they turned 7 years old. Before that they used tospend their time playing with toys such as balls, dollsand toy chariots. Their mother used to read stories andnursery rhymes to them. Well known ones are “Aesop’sFables”.When the boys turned 7, they attended school andlearnt how to read, write, and in later years, evenlearned how to play the flute and lyre. Their mainsubjects were arithmetic and history. Additionally, eachboy had a slave called the “paidotrides” who took careof him and made sure he did his homework andbehaved. Also there were no school buildings soeveryday lessons took place at the teachers’ house.On the other hand, girls did not attend school and wereexpected to stay at home and help their mothers withchores around the house, unless the family was poorand could not afford to bring a teacher home to teachtheir daughters different things, as rich people did.Later, as women, they were not able to vote and werenot even allowed to go to different events like theOlympic Games. A women’s place was at home raisingher children and seeing to her family’s needs.Georgia Georgiades, 1BPrimary and Secondary EvidencePrimary evidence is the evidence that was written ormade at the actual time in the past that you arestudying.Secondary Evidence is the evidence that was writtenor made after the time in the past that you arestudying.Ivi Zari, 1APASCAL Platinum 6th Edition 21

PhysicsHow Microwave Ovens WorkIf you place an apple, or any other fruit, on the disc of a microwave oven, for 30 seconds, youwill observe that the apple gets warm while the disc remains cool. Likewise, if you place a mugcontaining water or any aqueous solution in the microwave oven for the same amount of time,once you take it out you may come to the conclusion that the liquid was not heated becausethe mug is still quite cool, but if you place your finger in the liquid you will see that the liquid is,in fact, warm.So, how do microwave ovens heat food without directly heating the food containing vessel? The answer is thatmicrowave ovens do not actually heat the food but the water molecules inside the food. This is due to thestructure of the water molecules.Structure of a water moleculeWell, why are water molecules so special? Water molecules are dipolar; they have apositive and a negative pole, much like a magnet. For this reason the vibrating andalternating electric field of the microwaves sets the water molecules into a forcedvibration, having a frequency of several billions of cycles per second. The moleculesstretch, bend and rub against each other very rapidly, creating friction between them.This friction is what converts the kinetic energy of the water molecules into thermalenergy very fast.How a water molecule responds when the direction of the electric field ofmicrowaves is reversed.However, water vapour inside the microwave oven does not get warm. This canbe explained very simply. Water vapour molecules are set into a forcedvibration by the microwaves like any other water molecule would be. Nevertheless, since water molecules arespread out, far away from each other, there is no friction between them, hence no warming.In the case of ice the crystalline structure of solid water (ice) locks the molecules. So, they can’t changeorientation. No motion means no friction and no friction means no warming. The defrost setting of the microwaveoven is specifically designed for its purpose. It pulses the microwaves on and off. Since, there is always someliquid water on the surface of ice the first pulse of microwaves heats this water. Then time is allowed for the heatto spread throughout and produce more liquid water before the next heating pulse comes and so on.Stavrina Demosthenous, 6AElectrostatic Paint SprayThe arrows show how theelectric field strength changeswith time at a point inside themicrowave oven.As you may know, millions of cars are made each year. The metallic car bodies needto be painted and this is a difficult task. Can you imagine painting such a complicatedsurface full of irregularities with a brush? How can this be done in an efficient way?The solution to this problem is to make use of the properties of electrostatic charges.The paint spray goes past the positive terminal of a high voltage so that when thepaint leaves the spray all the tiny drops are positively charged. This happens becausethe atoms lose some of their electrons. Respectively, the metallic car body is given anegative charge via the high voltage. This way, the paint droplets are repelled formeach other and attracted to the car body making the painting procedure much faster and efficient:The area covered by the spray is bigger because the droplets are more spread out.Less paint will be spilled on the floor because the paint is attracted towards the car.The paint will be going to every nook and cranny of the shape making the procedure faster.Emily Loizidou, 4A22PASCAL Platinum6th Edition

MathematicsSchool BookIn real life we found data all around us. Data can be collected on almost allaspects of life. Data can be collected concerning the height of people, thegrades obtained by students in a school, the temperatures of cities in the world,the number of tickets sold at the box office of a cinema theater etc. The dataused in this presentation were provided from Alpine Cinemas which are locatedin New York. These data consist of number of tickets sold per day along withnumber of popcorn packs. Data were also found online from the websiteweather underground. These data consist of average monthly temperatures inVienna Austria. Scatter plots are used to identify the relationship between twovariables. In scatter plots each value of one variable is plotted against therespective value of the other variable. A scatter plot is a visual representation of pairs of observations. If twovariables have some kind of association a scatter plot will show this. The scatter plot with all the pairs ofobservations from 1 st of June 2007 until 13 th of September 2007 is nowData Set 3:presented. As it can be seen there appears to be a positive correlation betweenAverage monthly temperatures in Austria Vienna from1997 to 2009the number of tickets sold at the box office and the number of popcorn packssold. This means that the greater the number of tickets sold at the box officeof the cinema the greater the number of popcorn packs is expected to be sold.The relationship between two variables can also be assessed in theoccasion where one variable is time. Time series is the result of recording a• The complete time series plot is now presented.variable against time. For better understanding successive data values are• An annual seasonal behaviour is clear and isconnected with a straight line. The average temperatures in Vienna Austria areassociated with the seasons.• No obvious upward or downward trend.36shown from 1997 until 2009. From the graph it is clear that there is an annualseasonal behavior that is associated with the seasons. This is reasonable in thesense that it is expected that the colder months will be the winter months and the warmer months will be the summermonths. It can also be said that there is no obvious upward or downwardtrend.Another data set that is going to be considered is that of the number oftickets sold at Alpine Cinemas. As it can be seen clearly there appears to be aweekly seasonal behavior that is associated with the weeks. It can also be saidthat there appears to be an upward trend during the first 8 – 9 weeks and thena downward trend. The reason that there was an upward trend in the numberof tickets sold during the first weeks is because during this period two verypopular movies were released. “The Transformers” and “Harry Potter and theOrder of the Phoenix”. Afterwards the movies released where not so popularand so there was a downward trend. It can further be noted from the time series plot that the number of tickets soldduring Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays is much higher compared to the number of tickets sold during the other fourdays. As indicated by the time series plot the number of tickets sold during Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays andThursdays are clearly lower. The only dates that are an exception to this were Tuesday the 3 rd of July andWednesday the 4 th of July. The number of tickets sold these two days was exceptionally high compared to Tuesdaysand Wednesdays of other weeks. These exceptionally high values are probably due to the independence day of theUSA on the 4 th of July. After carrying out some further research in the internet it was found that another reason thatthe number of tickets sold during these two particular days was high because of the premiere of “The Transformers”on the 3 rd of July.It was interesting to investigate if individual movies have the same patterns. The time series plot of thenumber of tickets sold for “Bourne Ultimatum” show that there appears to be a weekly seasonal behavior that isassociated with the weeks, on the other hand the number of tickets sold for each movie separately had always adownward trend. Of course this is something that is reasonable because movies are more popular when they are firstreleased and slowly their popularity falls down as new movies are released.The time series plot for the number of tickets sold for “Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix” shows thesame pattern with “Bourne Ultimatum”. The only difference is that the number of tickets sold for the first Thursdaywas very high. Again the reason was that the movie was released on Thursday the 12 th of July instead of Friday.The final thing that is going to be presented is a comparison of the number of tickets sold for the threemovies. The three movies were drawn on the same scale so that it is easier to compare the number of tickets sold ineach of them. It was then very clear from the comparison that “The Transformers” was indeed a very popular moviewhile “Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix” was also a popular movie.Nicolaou Katerina, Zachariades Christos, Zachariadou Joanna, 5AData Set 1:Number of Tickets sold at the Box office of a cinemaagainst the number of Popcorn packs sold• As expected thegreater the numberof tickets sold at thebox office of thecinema the greaterthe number ofpopcorn packs sold.Data Set 4:Number of Tickets sold at the Box office of AlpineCinemas from 01-Jun-2007 until 13-Sep-2007• The number of tickets sold during Fridays, Saturdaysand Sundays are notably higher compared to thenumber of tickets sold during the other days.1838PASCAL Platinum6th Edition23

ChemistryMakeupHow many women would take out their chemistry set and whipup their own make up? Well the answer is none. Most womendo not know the chemistry behind all that stuff they put ontheir face, called ‘make up’.Have women ever wondered what goes into the most populartype of makeup, lipstick? Half the weight of the product isaccounted for by a thick, insoluble mixture of waxes and castorbean oil that will not dissolve when a woman licks her lips ordrinks a beverage. A lipstick base must balance the propertiesof the oil ingredients with those of wax. The oil in the lipstickmakes it thick and sticky, so that the colour sticks to the lips.The waxes become fluid only when stirred, so that the lipstick retains its shape and doesn't smear or melt inheat. Another key ingredient to lipstick is esters which are formed when reacting alcohols with acids. Esters areadded to make the dull colour of the lipstick shine and appear more attractive also the addition of esters helpthe lipstick be applied on the lips with more ease.Also mascara relies on relatively heavy bases in particular paraffin and carnauba palm wax, not only to keeplash-darkening pigments stuck to the eyelashes through water and tears, but also to thicken and separate thelashes.On the contrary makeup products such as eye shadow, blush, and other powdery products are made by usinglighter bases like; mineral oil, because they aren't constantly under attacked by makeup-dissolving liquids.William Ehrhartsmann, 6AWhy is Organic Chemistry Important in Our Life?Organic chemistry is the study of compounds of carbon. The nameorganic goes back to a much earlier time in history when chemiststhought that chemical compounds in living organisms werefundamentally different from those that occur in non-living things.The belief was that the chemicals that could be extracted from orthat were produced by living organisms had a special “breath oflife” given to them by some supernatural being. Therefore, thechemical compounds associated with living organisms were giventhe name organic to emphasize their connection with life.Beyond our bodies’ DNA, peptides, proteins and enzymes, organic compounds areall around us. They are found in the clothes we wear (wool, cotton, leather,synthetics), the commodities we use (wood, plastics) and the sources of energywe use everyday (petroleum, natural gas, coal). Moreover they are used inindustries such as the rubber, plastics, fuel, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, detergent,coatings, dyestuffs and agrichemicals industries. In fact, the very foundations ofbiochemistry, biotechnology and medicine are built on organic compounds andtheir role is in life processes while most of all of the modern, high tech materialsare composed of organic compounds.Andreas Soteriou & Ioanna Zachariadou, 5A24PASCAL Platinum6th Edition

BiologyEscherichia Coli (E. Coli) 0157: H7What is Escherichia coli (E. coli) 0157:H7 infection? : E. Coli are bacteria that normallylive in the intestines of humans and animals. Although most strains of this bacteria areharmless, several are known to produce toxins that can cause diarrhea. One particular E. colistrain called 0157:H7 can cause severe diarrhea and kidney damage.Who gets E. coli 0157:H7 infection? : Anyone of any age can become infected with E. coli0157:H7, but children and the elderly are more likely to develop serious complications.How does one get infected with E. coli 0157:H7? : The bacteria are acquired by eatingfood containing the bacteria. The bacteria live in the intestines of some healthy cattle, and contamination of themeat may occur in the slaughtering process. Eating meat that is rare or inadequately cooked is the most commonway of getting the infection. Infection can also occur after consuming foods such as lettuce, alfalfa sprouts,salami, and unpasteurized milk, juice or cider. Person-to-person transmission can occur if infected people do notwash their hands after using the toilet.What are the symptoms of E. coli 0157:H7 infection? : People infected by E. coli 0157:H7 can develop arange of symptoms. Some infected people may have mild diarrhea or no symptoms at all. Most identified casesdevelop severe diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Blood is often seen in the stool. Usually little or no fever ispresent.How soon after exposure do symptoms appear? :The symptoms usually appear about threedays after exposure, with a range of one to nine days.How is infection with E. coli 0157:H7 diagnosed? : Infection with E. coli 0157:H7 can onlybe diagnosed by a special stool culture that is not performed in many laboratories. Public healthauthorities have advised doctors and laboratories to consider performing a special stool culturetest for E. coli 0157:H7 particularly in people with bloody diarrhea. Most people recover withoutspecific treatment in five to 10 days. Antibiotics should not be used for the treatment of E. coli 0157:H7 infection.Studies have shown that some antibiotics may increase the risk of complications.How can infection with E. coli 0157:H7 be prevented? : Do not eat undercooked hamburger or otherground beef products. Cook all ground beef and hamburger thoroughly. Make sure the cooked meat is brownthroughout (not pink), and the juices run clear. Drink only pasteurized milk, juice or cider. Wash fruits andvegetables thoroughly, especially those that will not be cooked. Children under five years, immunocompromisedpersons, and the elderly should avoid eating alfalfa sprouts. Make sure infected people, especially children, washtheir hands carefully with soap after using the toilet to reduce the risk of spreading the disease!!!.Lily Abi Aad, 6ACellsThe cell is the functional basic unit of life. It was discovered byRobert Hooke. It is the smallest unit of life that is classified as aliving thing. It is often called the building block of life. Someorganisms, such as most bacteria, are unicellular (consist of asingle cell). Other organisms, such as humans and plants aremulticellular (consist of multiple cells). There are many types ofcells. Some types of animal cells are epithelial cells, nerve cells,sperm cells (found in male), egg cells (found in female) and redblood cells. Some types of plants cells are root hair cells, pollencells (found on the anther) and palisade cells (found in the leaf). Below are an animal and plant cell and theirfunctions.Cell membrane: a thin skin that surrounds the cell and controls what goes in and out of the cell. Cytoplasm: a wateryfluid that fills the cell where chemical reactions occur. Nucleus: contains chromosomes and controls what celldoes. Chloroplast: contains chlorophyll that traps light energy from sun to make food this is called photosynthesis.Vacuole: filled with cell sap and stores important chemicals. Cell wall: supports the cell and gives it shape.Topouzi Charis, 1BPASCAL Platinum 6th Edition 25

Religious Education & KnowledgeΟ Άγιος θεωρείται πρότυπο του αληθινού ανθρώπουΟ Άγιος θωρείται πρότυπο του αληθινού ανθρώπου, γιατί οι Άγιοι ήταν αγωνιστές οι οποίοιπαραμέρισαν το εγώ τους, ώστε να φανερωθεί μέσα τους η χάρη του Θεού. Στα πρόσωπατων Αγίων βλέπουμε τον αληθινό άνθρωπο, Εκείνον που έπλασε ο Θεός με προοπτική τηθέωση, αντίθετα με τον άνθρωπο ο οποίος απομακρύνθηκε από το δημιουργό του λόγωτης εγωιστικής τάσης του για ισοθεΐα. Η απολυτοποίηση του εγώ επέφερε την αλλοτρίωσητου ανθρώπου, δηλαδή την αποκοπή του από την πηγή της ζωής και τη διατάραξη τωνσχέσεων του με την υπόλοιπη δημιουργία. Η εικόνα του Θεού στον άνθρωπο αμαυρώθηκε.Ο Άγιος αποδέχεται πλήρως τον συνάνθρωπο του, χωρίς να προσμετρά την ομορφιά ή τηνασχήμια του, τον πλούτο ή τη φτώχια του, τη σοφία ή την άγνοια του. Αγκαλιάζει ολόκληρητη δημιουργία με τρόπο αφανή, μυστικό.Η μίμηση των αγίων είναι μίμηση του χριστου. Η «καταλλαγή» με το Θεό, τον συνάνθρωπο και τη φύση είναι τοζητούμενο στο σύγχρονο ανθρωπολογικό προβληματισμό. Οι γιορτές στις μνήμες των αγίων δεν είναι, επομένως,αφορμές μόνο για πανηγύρεις αλλά και για ανακάλυψη της αλήθειας ότι το μοναδικό στοιχείο που αξίζει στην ανθρώπινηζωή είναι ο αγώνας για την αγιότητα.Natali Manoli, 4AHoly BibleThere was a wild man who hated priests and bishops because he thought that theywere only spreading lies and complete gibberish. One day, when he passed by a church(the house of God) he saw a priest. He always used to think that the only reason thatbishops and priests do mass is that they wanted attention and wanted to get paid. Healso thought that their hymns had no meaning. He glared angrily at the people therewho by his perspective were wasting time on fake stories.He himself had no beliefs and did not belong to any religion but also never knew whohis parents were. That sad man looked at the paintings of God as if he was looking athis arch enemy. All of it meant nothing to him. “Why, this is complete slacking andbeing late for work” he said to himself. “Why believe in a religion when you can believein the future and work hard for it? Why slack on life just because all of these hooligans do?” he shouted to thefollowers aggressively. All of the followers looked at the man appalled by his awful behaviour. The aggravatedman walked away. He thought tonight after the last mass he would vandalize the church. So he did but withunseen consequences, a priest walked up to him while he was vandalizing the church. “You have done a sin myson!” he said. The bewildered farmer took his shovel and knocked the priest unconscious. He was being watchedby the town sheriff and was soon sent in exile. Deserted from the village, he hungrily searched for food andshelter. He came up to a river where he speared a fish. On the fish, there was blood symbolizing that ’Jesus diedto save the world from sin’. He threw the fish back in the river and started searching for something else. While hewas walking he tripped over a book. “It is a bible!” he said surprised. He started reading it and decided to becomea priest!Anthony Charalambous, 2AΑγάπηΑγάπη είναι να βοηθάς τον πλησίον σου, να τον σέβεσαι και να τονέχεις φίλο σου. Να του δείχνεις όση αγάπη μπορείς, όνο τότε κοντάστο Θεό θα βρεθείς. Αγάπη είναι μεγάλη λέξη, που μόνο ένας σπλαχνικόςμπορεί να την αντέξει. Αν δεν αγαπάς η καρδιά σου είναισκληρή και έτσι δεν είσαι αγαπητή. Έστω και λίγη αγάπη αξίζει, τότεμια καλοσύνη ανθίζει. Θα προσέξεις μια μεγάλη διαφορά, που θαυπάρχει παντοτινά.Angela Kitsiou, 3A26PASCAL Platinum6th Edition

FrenchDialogueCarlos – Bonjour!Houancho – Bonjour!Carlos – Comment ça va?Houancho – Ça va bien, merci. Et toi?Carlos – Ça va bien.Houancho – Comment tu t’appelles?Carlos – Je m’appelle Carlos. Et toi?Houancho – Moi, je m’appelle Houancho.Carlos – Tu as quel âge?Houancho – J’ai douze ans. Et toi?Carlos – J’ai onze ans.Houancho – Qui est-ce?Carlos – C’est Ashley.Houancho – Bonjour!Ashley – Bonjour!Houancho – Comment ça va?Ashley – Ça va bien, merci. Et toi?Houancho – Ça va bien! Au revoir!Carlos – Au revoir!Ashley – Au revoir!Une Journée TypiqueLe matin, je me lève à six heures et demie. Je prends mon petitdéjeuner à sept heures. Je mange du pain avec du beurre et dujambon et je bois du jus d’orange. Je quitte la maison à septheures cinq et j’arrive au collège à sept heures vingt. Les courscommencent à sept heures et demie. À neuf heures, il y a larécréation du matin.Ça dure vingt minutes. Je quitte le collège à deux heures moinsle quart et je rentre chez moi à deux heures dix. À midi, on déjeuneet puis je commence mes devoirs à trois heures vingt.Pour mon goûter, je mange des fruits. L’après-midi, je fais de lanatation. Je rentre à la maison à neuf heures. Et à onze heures,je me couche.Andrea Christophi, 2BAnna Tavelli, 1AMa MaisonDans ma maison, il y a sept pièces : le salon, la salle à manger, la cuisine, la sallede bains et trois chambres. Dans le salon, il y a une télévision, deux téléphones,une radio et un lecteur de CD. Dans la cuisine, il y a un téléphone et une télévision.Dans la salle à manger, il y a une table et six chaises. Dans la chambre dema sœur, il y a un lit, une radio, une télévision et un ordinateur. Dans la chambrede mes parents, il y a un lit, un magnétophone et une télévision. Dans machambre, il y a un lit, une télévision, un magnétophone, une radio et un ordinateur.Thea Papastylianou, 1BTu as un nouveau correspondant . Tu lui envoies une lettrepour te présenter.Cher Jenathan,Limassol, le 1 er décembre 2010Je m’appelle Marilena. J’ai 14 ans et je suis chypriote. J’ai troisgrandes sœurs et un grand frère. Mon père est acteur et ma mèreest chanteuse. Moi, je suis assez grande et mince. J’ai les cheveuxlongs et noirs et j’ai les yeux marron. Je suis trop sympa et agréable.À bientôt, j’espère!Marilena Antoniou, 3BLes LoisirsJ’aime beaucouple sport.Je joue autennis et je faisde l’équitation,mais je n’aimepas beaucoupla natation. J’aime la musique. J’écoutela radio et je joue du violon. En plus, jejoue sur l’ordinateur et je joue auxéchecs avec mon frère. J’adore le dessinet je fais du théâtre.Christina Loungridou, 2APASCAL Platinum 6th Edition 27

Economics & AccountingAccountancyAccountancy is the process of communicating financial information about abusiness entity to users such as shareholders and managers. The communicationis generally in the form of financial statements that show in money termsthe economic resources under the control of management; the art lies in selectingthe information that is relevant to the user and is reliable.Accountancy is a branch of mathematical science that is useful in discoveringthe causes of success and failure in business. The principles of accountancyare applied to business entities in three divisions of practical art, named accounting,bookkeeping, and auditing.Accounting is defined by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants as "the art of recording, classifying,and summarizing in a significant manner and in terms of money, transactions and events which are, in partat least, of financial character, and interpreting the results thereof.Accounting is thousands of years old; the earliest accounting records, which date back more than 7,000 years,were found in the Middle East. The people of that time relied on primitive accounting methods to record thegrowth of crops and herds. Accounting evolved, improving over the years and advancing as business advanced.Elena Tambouri & Alexandros Nikitas 6AComplements:Some goods, known as complements, are in joint demand. This means that, in demanding one good, a consumerwill also be likely to demand another good. Examples of complements are: Tennis rackets and tennis balls Washing machines and soap powder Strawberries and cream DVD disks and DVD recordersSubstitutes:A substitute is a good which can be replaced by another good. If two goods are substitutes for each other, theyare said to be in competitive demand. Examples of substitutes are: Beef and pork Coca-cola and Pepsi-cola Fountain pens and biros Gas and oilChristiana Loizidou, 6A28PASCAL Platinum6th Edition

Economics & AccountingDefinitions of market structuresPerfect competitionPerfect competition describes markets such that no participants are largeenough to have the market power to dominate the market.A good example may be fruit vendors; there is a large number of buyers andsellers, no barriers to entry or exit, there’s perfect mobility of factors andproducts are homogenous.MonopolyWhen a single supplier has exclusive control (or over 25%) of the marketsupply of a product or service.For instance, AHK, Cyprus’ main and only electric supplier clearly dominatesthe market.MonopsonyA situation in which the entire market demand for a product or serviceconsists of only one buyer.In Australia, the Pharmaceutical Industry can be viewed as a kind ofmonopsony, as the Commonwealth government is the principal buyer of products through the PharmaceuticalBenefits SchemeMonopolistic competitionMonopolistic competition is a form of imperfect competition where many competing producers sell products thatare differentiated from one another. It is a type of competition within an industry where all firms producesimilar yet not perfectly substitutable products, are able to enter the industry if the profits are attractive, areprofit maximizers and have some market power.Producers practice product differentiation by altering the physical composition, using special packaging, orsimply claiming to have superior products based on brand images and/or advertising. Toothpastes and toiletpapers are examples.OligopolyAn oligopoly is a market form in which a market or industry is dominated by a small number of sellers.Examples includeThe accountancy market, controlled by Price Waterhouse Coopers, KPMG, Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu, and Ernst& Young.Nicolaou Charis, 6ATermsProfit Maximization: MC=MRRevenue Maximization: MR=0Economic Efficiency P=MCTR: Total quantity sold x Average priceAR: TR divide by Quantity soldMR: difference between TRWhen MR=0, TR is maximisedTC= FC+VCAC= TC divided by quantityAVC= TVC divided by quantityMC= the change in TC divided by the change in quantityAFC= TFC divided by quantityProfit = TR-TCAlexandros Nikitas, 6APASCAL Platinum6th Edition29

ICTThe History of E-CommerceThe term e-commerce was originally conceived to describe the process of conductingbusiness transactions electronically using technology from the ElectronicData Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). Thesetechnologies, which first appeared in the late 1970’s, allowed for the exchangeof information and the execution of electronic transactions between businesses,typically in the form of electronic purchase orders and invoices. EDI and EFTwere the enabling technologies that laid the groundwork for what we now knowas e-commerce. The Boston Computer Exchange, a marketplace for usedcomputer equipment started in 1982, was one of the first known examples ofe-commerce. Throughout the 1980’s, the proliferation of credit cards, ATMmachines and telephone banking was the next step in the evolution of electronic commerce. Starting in the early90’s, e-commerce would also include things such as enterprise resource planning (ERP), data warehousing anddata mining.It wasn’t until 1994 that e-commerce (as we know it today) really began to accelerate with the introduction ofsecurity protocols and high speed internet connections such as DSL, allowing for much faster connection speedsand faster online transaction capability. Industry “experts” predicted explosive growth in e-commerce relatedbusinesses.Between 1998 and 2000, a substantial number of businesses in Western Europe and the United States built outtheir first rudimentary e-commerce websites.The definition of e-commerce began to change in 2000 though, the year of the dot-com collapse when thousandsof internet businesses folded. Despite the epic collapse, many of the worlds’ most established traditionalbrick-and-mortar businesses were emboldened with the promise of e-commerce and the prospect of serving aglobal customer base electronically. The very next year, business to business transactions online became one ofthe largest forms of e-commerce with over $700 billion dollars in sales.Two of the most known E-commerce nowadays is Amazon and E-Bay that both began in 1994. According to thelocal post office, the number of packages coming wrapped in boxes from Amazon has increased in Cyprus andGreece tremendously the last two years, especially in Christmas.Michalis Antoniou, 4A5A Photoshop Contest Results1st PlacePersia Nicolaou, 5A2nd PlaceIoanna Zachariadou, 5A3rd PlaceVoniatis George, 5A30PASCAL Platinum6th Edition

ICTThe History of EmailEmail is by far and away the most popular application on the internet. Just about everyone uses email, andgenerally people use it all of the time.It all began in 1968 with a company called Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN). This firm was hired by the UnitedStates Defense Department to create something called the ARPANET, which later became the internet.ARPANET stands for Advanced Research Projects Agency Network, and its purpose was to create a method thatmilitary and educational institutions could communicate with each other.In 1971, an engineer named RayTomlinson was assigned to aproject called SNDMSG. Thisprogram was not new; in fact ithad existed for a number of years.By today's standards it was morethan primitive. All it did was allowusers on the same machine tosend messages to each other.Users could create text files whichwould then be delivered tomailboxes on the same machine.A mailbox was simply a text filewhich could have additional textadded to the end. Data could beadded, but not deleted or changed. The name of the mailbox was the name of the text file.Ray was assigned to make this simple application do little bit more. As it turned out, he had been working onsomething called CYPNET, which was intended to transfer files between computers within the ARPANET. "Theidea occurred to me that CYPNET could append material to a mailbox file as readily as SNDMSG could," saidRay. So he modified CYPNET to perform one additional task -to append to a file. This was pretty simple and thechange was quickly made.After that, Ray made a decision which changed history. He created the format of the email address. He definedit as a mailbox name, the @ sign, and the machine's node name. He used the @ sign because "it seemed tomake sense. I used the @ sign to indicate that the user was 'at' some other host rather than being local."He sent himself a message, the contents of which have been lost in time. The first email message wasunceremoniously sent between two PDP-10 nodes of the ARPANET network. History had been made.Email usage grew quickly. In fact, a study two years later found that 75% of all ARPANET traffic was email.One of the first big email programs available to the general public (at least the first major one to catch on) isEudora. This email client was first written in1988 by Steve Dorner. At the time he was an employee at theUniversity of Illinois.Eudora was named for the now deceased Eudora Welty, an author from America. Eudora was the first emailclient which provided a graphic interface. It was free when it first came out; although once it was purchased byQualcomm in 1994 it became a professional product.Like most applications on the web, Eudora was king for a few years, then quickly supplanted by the emailclients that came with Netscape and Internet Explorer. Both email clients became popular not because theywere better than Eudora, but because they were provided for free with the web browser.Rafael Efstathiou, 5APASCAL Platinum 6th Edition 31

ScienceFractals in NatureA fractal is a geometric figure, just like the rectangles or triangles, but with special properties that make thenbeautiful, useful and fun!To make a fractal we need to have a pattern of one shape and repeat it within itself many, many times. Thatmakes each inside repetition smaller than the outer repetition before it. Because of it, fractals are self-similar:there is a repetition of the same shape at all the levels of magnification.Before fractals were studied by mathematicians they were used by Nature all the time: The clouds, themountain ranges, coats lines, snow fakes, growing ferns and broccoli plants, lightning bolts… fractals are allover!In the science lesson we have studied the branching shape of the human lung. Lungs are nothing else thantubes that branch and branch many times. From one tube (the trachea) more and more tubes appear (thebrochi and bronchiole) so the tubes get more numerous but smaller. This property of self-repetition makesthe surface area of the lung very big and a lot of gas exchange can happen in a limited volume, our rib cage.Xenia Menelaou, 3BMicro-OrganismsMicro-organisms are very tiny organisms so they cannot be seen with naked eye. Micro-organisms areeverywhere, in every place and in every organism There are more micro-organisms on and inside your bodythan there are cells that make up your entire body!Micro-organisms can live in air, on land and in fresh or salt water. Some of them can be harmful and causediseases, but some of them are needed for other animals to survive.There are three types of micro-organisms: viruses, fungi and bacteria.BacteriaBacteria are microscopic living things that have only one cell. They can have multiple shapeslike rods, balls or spirals. Some bacteria cells exist as individuals while others cluster togetherto form pairs, chains, squares or other groupings. Vast numbers of bacteria live in and onour body. Some are beneficial. For example, some bacteria help us digest food, destroydiseases-causing cells and give the body needed vitamins. However, some types of infectiousbacteria can make you ill and even kill you.VirusesViruses are the most primitive of micro-organisms and are much smaller than bacteria. Avirus is basically a tiny bundle of genetic material carried in a shell. Viruses only exist toreproduce. To do that, they have to take over other cells. They invade the cells and onceinside, they multiply, killing the host cells in the process. This is what makes you sick.Viruses are easily destroyed by disinfectants outside the body, but can be difficult to kill oncethere are inside our body.FungiA fungus is actually a primitive plant that can be found everywhere. There are manydifferent kinds of fungi: mushrooms, yeast, mold and mildew. But only a small number ofthem make us sick. The body normally has many types of fungi. Some of these are useful tothe body, but others may give us infections. A fungi infection of humans is called a mycosis.Mycoses can affect skin, nails, hair and even internal organs.Nikoletta Svana, 2B32PASCAL Platinum6th Edition

MusicBluesBlues Music’s origin is located in the African-American communities in the Deep Southof the United States of America, near the end of the nineteenth century and at thebeginning of the twentieth century. The songs that are categorized in blues music havemostly a spiritual meaning. At its earliest stage, blues music was originally sung byslaves and later it was sung in the memory of slavery. It is named blues, because theword “blue” is associated by a lot of people to melancholy and depression, somethingthat we can get out of the songs that are located in the blues category. There aretraces of blues music located as back in history as in 1860. After the civil war inAmerica (1861-1865), blues music started expanding across America.In the 1960s, white bands like Rolling Stones, Canned Heat and Fleetwood Macbrought Blues music closer to young white people, something that the black Blues’singers were unable to do. Since then, another type of music has emerged, having its foundation based onblues music. That type of music is Rock music. Many great Rock guitarists and singers such as Eric Clapton andJimmy Hendrix have used Blues music as their starting point, in order of composing and creating music. Someblues singers of the latest generation like Robert Cray combining their music with their amazing techniques,have managed to draw the attention of young listeners. Some of the greatest blues musicians ever, areconsidered to be Eric Clapton, Louis Armstrong, Robert Johnson and W.C Handy.The most popular and yet still known way of composing the blues is using the twelve-bar blues. In melody theblues are recognized by the use of the flattened third, fifth and seventh of the linked major scale. Thesespecialized notes are called the blue or bent notes. To sum up the blues has developed and influenced mostgenres we listen today as a result it is now commonly listened to by everyone although the blues having a tragicorigin and how it ended up in the world today!Rolando Virardi, Michael Kazoulis, 3AJAZZ In Our LivesJazz was born in the city of New Orleans back in the 19 th century, wherepeople started mixing up and slowly they developed the music making a newstyle of it, Jazz. The most important instruments used in jazz are clarinet,piano, saxophone, trumpet, trombone, drums and the modern double bass.Most of the jazz ARTISTS are doing the so now known method improvising.They do not write down the music neither do they follow a sheet of musicthat someone else wrote. They improvise on the stage. The Jazz has a lottypes of music. Jazz is made up of African music and Western Europeanmusic. Then they changed the name Jazz and they decided to call the Jazzmusic New Orleans. The Creoles were from the West Indies and the poorAmericans were from the West side of New Orleans. The music of the poor Americans had blue notes. I meanthat they had sad music. Their music was only with memory and not formal. Then the Creoles and the poorAmericans decided to live together. Then these two types of music the poor American and the Creoles createdthe Jazz music. The Jazz music had the appearance of Ragtime, and Blues which were the two first styles ofJazz music. Also the Jazz music made in a style that it can be dance too. There are a lot types of Jazz musicsome of them are Dixieland, hot Jazz, Swig, Bebop, Cool, Hard Bop, Third Stream, Progressive Swing, Modal,Free Jazz, Bossa Nova, Fusion and Neo-Classical. Also some singers that sing Jazz music are Louis Armstrong,Johnny Hartman, Frank Sinatra, Ella Fitzgerald, Lena Horne, Sarah Vangham and Nancy Wilson. Some Jazzsongs are What a wonderful World, Don’t know why, Come away with me, L-O-V-E, Feeling Good, Georgia Onmy mind, These are the days, Turn me on, La vie en rose, Sing Sing Sing. A long drink of the Blues, Places andSpaces and other songs.Attempts have been made to define jazz from the perspective of other musical traditions—using the point ofview of European music history or African music for example—but jazz critic Joachim Berendt argues that allsuch attempts are unsatisfactory. One way to get around the definitional problems is to define the term "jazz"more broadly. Berendt defines jazz as a "form of art music which originated in the United States through theconfrontation of blacks with European music".Xenia Menelaou, Andreas Sazos, Alexandros Karamallis, Alexandros Avraam, Pampos Telemachou,Marilena Antoniou, 3BPASCAL Platinum 6th Edition 33

Ancient Olympic GamesPhysical EducationThe first Olympic runners leapt from the blocks at Olympia in 776 BCE. The winnerof the stadion race was a true amateur athlete. His name was Koroibos. He was acook from Elis. Hippias of Elis recorded Koroibos’ victory, along with the names ofthe other victors at the first Olympic games. Aristotle, Eratosthenes, Phlegon ofTralleis, and Julius Africanus continued to record the names of Olympic victors overthe years. Ancient texts, coupled with archaeological evidence, provide a clearunderstanding of the ancient Olympic games, including the origin and nature ofeach event, and the rules and regulations that governed it. Most of the events thatchallenged ancient Olympic athletes no longer exist. Yet, the competitive spirit,tradition, and honor in athletic achievement resounds from ancient times to presenttoday.Following the initial games in 776 BCE, the ancient Olympics were contested every four years until the Romansintroduced the gladiatorial games. The Romans replaced the Olympic games with gladiatorial contests whenathleticism went out of vogue among the Roman elite. No longer could a simple cook compete in the gamesbecause, in Roman times, competitors were professional athletes. In 393 CE, the Emperor Theodosius Iabolished the ancient games. More than 1,500 years passed before the modern era of Olympic competition wasinaugurated in Athens in 1896.Pentathlon: Origin: According to myth, Jason, the leader of the Argonauts, invented the pentathlon. Jasoncombined five events, jumping, running, discus, javelin, and wrestling, into a single event in which he competedagainst his friend, Peleus. Despite coming in second in all events except wrestling, in which he took first, Peleuswas awarded the victory by Jason. According to myth, Peleus did lose to the mythical huntress Atalanta atwrestling, but that is another story. The pentathlon became an Olympic event in 708 BCE.Equipment: Pentathlon equipment included the discus, javelin, and halteres for jumping.Rules: The order of events is unknown. It is not known whether a contestant had to win all events or just threeout of five to win the pentathlon.Modern Athlete Jim Thorpe was one of America’s greatest all-around athletes. Born in Indian Territory inOklahoma in 1888, Thorpe proved his athletic prowess in a number of sports including track and field, baseball,football, lacrosse, basketball, hockey, swimming, boxing, archery, and tennis. At the 1912 Olympics games,Thorpe won both the decathlon and the pentathlon but the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) learned that he hadplayed semiprofessional baseball and disallowed his victories. The International Olympic Committee (IOC)posthumously restored his Olympic medals in 1982.Running: Origin : One of the most significant and ancient of all sports, runningheld an important place in Greek society. Numerous myths describe the running ofgreat distances by heroes such as Herakles. The origin of the sport is unknown,but from Hippias of Elis we know that the event was part of the first Olympicgames. Arising out of the warring tradition, athletes competing in thehoplitodromos exhibited the skills of warriors in battle by running in full battlearmor.Equipment: Runners did not have special equipment. Though originally theathletes wore loinclothes, runners discarded these and ran naked. See Orsippus ofMegara for more on the tradition of running naked. Athletes competing in thehoplitodromos running event wore the armor of a hoplite (soldier), which included greaves, a helmet, and ashield. Together, these weighed 50 to 60 pounds. To assure a fair start, a hysplex, starting gate, was used.Rules: Runners who started early were disqualified and endured corporal punishment (a beating). Runners couldnot push, knock down, or hold other runners. Bribery and magic spells were forbidden. In the stadion, therunners ran 200 meters. In the diaulos, they ran 400 meters.Raphaella Frangou 2B34PASCAL Platinum6th Edition

Physical and Mental Benefits of SportsPhysical EducationPhysical Activity : Physical activity can reduce your risk of developingmany major illnesses, and substantially reduce the risk of prematuredeath. Evidence shows that regular exercise can halve your risk ofgetting type two diabetes and help to control diabetes and preventlong-term complications if you already have the condition. Also it canhalve your risk of developing coronary heart disease and increaselevels of HDL ('good' cholesterol). Furthermore, it can reduce highblood pressure and promote bone density to protect against osteoporosis.Physical Activity can have beneficial effects if you have arthritisand lower back pain and it can also reduce your overall risk ofcancer, prevent bowel cancer and reduce the risk of breast cancer inwomen. In addition it can help you to feel better about yourself andreduce stress, improve your sleep , help you to promote healthy growth and development in children, as well asmaintaining their energy balance, psychological wellbeing and social interactionTypes Of Activities : Many people believe that only vigorous exercise or playing sport counts as healthyactivity. However, you can get considerable health benefits from regular activity without needing specialequipment or sporting ability or having to get very hot and sweaty.The key is that you aim to do at least 30 minutes of reasonable intensity activity on five or more days of theweek. The signs that you're doing restrained intensity activity are: an increase in your breathing rate , anincrease in your heart rate to a point where you can feel your pulse and feeling warm.Physical activity targets : It's possible to achieve your target by making fairly simple changes to your everydayroutine without needing to join the gym or run a marathon.Moderate intensity physical activity such as brisk walking, ordoing household chores such as painting, vacuuming andmowing the lawn, all count and are enough to benefit yourhealth. Examples of everyday activities that count include:walking up stairs instead of using lifts or walking up movingescalators. It also includes walking instead of driving for shortjourneys or getting off the bus one or two stops earlier thanusual and doing the housework at a quicker pace.Adapt your weekly routine to fit in with your own personalcircumstances - some ways of doing this are: to walk or to cycle to work daily, to take all opportunities to beactive - use the stairs, do manual tasks, to play a sport, to go to the gym or to go swimming two to three timesduring the week and at the weekend take longer walks, go for a bike ride, go swimming, play a team sport ordo some DIY or gardening.Mental and Physical Benefits Of Sports : There are many benefits to exercise. To get the greatest benefitsfrom your exercise program, you should exercise regularly, at least three to four times per week, for 30 – 45minute sessions. You don’t have to do the same kind of exercise each time. You can vary the activity to keep itinteresting and to work out different parts of your body. Exercise with a friend to make it more fun.Benefits of regular exercise include both physical and mental benefits.Physical benefits : Physical benefits to exercise include lower blood pressure and cholesterol, decreased risk ofheart disease and stroke, and decreased risk of diabetes. People who exercise have a reduce risk of developingcolon and breast cancer. Exercise helps you maintain a healthy body weight, increases you energy level, andhelps you sleep better at night. It strengthens the immune system and even reduces some of the effects ofaging. And these are just a few of the physical benefits to exercise. Weight bearing exercise also helps preventthe development of osteoporosis. Certain exercises keep joints flexible, helping to prevent the development ofarthritis as we age. One study found that elderly people who practice tai chi are less likely to fall and injurethemselves. Exercise improves our circulation, getting more oxygen to our vital organs.Raphaella Papastylianou, 2BPASCAL Platinum 6th Edition 35

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