South Mande Reconstruction: Initial consonants1 - Langues mandé ...

*magólóŋ mango > Dan (bl) malo, mag, Dan (gw) maglōō, Dan(kl) magl, Tura # magólò, Mwan # magrōŋ ~ magròó, Wan # maglò (anerrant word, may have been borrowed independently to all the languages of thegroup)*manŋ moon-2 > Tura # m n moon; month, Mano ZE, VV mn, mln moon; month, Guro #, ST, GR mn n moon; month, Yaure MB mɛnɛ,Gban ST m, Mwan # ml, Wan # ɓlē n moon; month, Beng GL, PA mn moon; month*m mouse-1 > Dan (bl) m, Dan (gw) m, Tura # m, Guro # mn,Yaure HP m, Mwan # m*ma on (postposition) > Dan (bl) ɓa, Dan (gw) ɓa pp by side of; on theslope of, Tura # ɓa n surface; bottom, lower part; pp on, upon; into; to (meaningof possession in a locative construction); for, Mano ZE m, Guro # ma ~ ma rnsurface (of body); pp on, upon; for (cause); about, Yaure HP ma rn body; pp on;at; during, Mwan # ma pp on, Beng # ma pp on; toward*manṹŋ rice-1 > Dan (bl) ml, Dan (gw) ml, Dan (kl) m nuncooked rice, Tura # mn, Mwan # ml, Wan # ma, Beng PA manṹ*ma ripen (to) > Dan (bl) ma, m vi ripen, Dan (gw) ma vt cook, Tura #ma vi become ready (of food), Mano MB ma, Guro #, DI ma vt cook, YaureMB ma, Gban # ma vt cook; n food, Mwan MB ma, Beng # ma vt cook*mna snake-2 > Dan (bl) m, Dan (gw) ml, Dan (kl) m, Dan (wa)m, Tura # m, Mano NE, VV mn, Guro # mn, Yaure ml, GbanST m, Mwan # ml, Wan # ɓlè, VV ml, Beng # mla*maa strike-2 > Dan (bl) ma, Dan (dh) ma, Dan (gw) ma, Tura # maavt strike, beat; vi bump (into – ɓ); fall (upon – t, of a bird of prey), Mano MBmɛ, Gban ST m, Beng # ma*man swallow-2 (to) (cf. *drink), Dan (gw) m vt swallow (sth. nonliquid),Tura # ma, Mano ZE, VV man, Guro #, GR, ST mn, Gban STml, Mwan m, Beng PA m*mama thank > Mano ZE mama, Guro # ma please*ma what? > Dan (gw) m, m where? Dan (ka) m, Tura # m,Mano ZE m what? which? Guro # m, Mwan # m, Wan ma3.2.2. Series 9 is of special interest, in particular because it made KonstantinPozdniakov [Pozdniakov 1978] and Claire Grégoire [Grégoire 1988]postulate separate Proto-Mande phonemes: *ḇ- («a weak b») by Pozdniakov,*v- by Claire Grégoire. Taking into account the general trends in theevolution of phonological systems of Mande languages, a transformation