South Mande Reconstruction: Initial consonants1 - Langues mandé ...

*s oilpalm grain-2 > Dan (bl) s n oil palm, Dan (gw) s n oil palm nut(before shelling), Tura # sé n oilpalm nut, Guro # s, Yaure # s, Gban ST súw,sú-, Mwan # sē, Wan # s, Beng # s n oil palm*sala pay (to) (< Manding sara ? independent borrowing from Mandinginto modern languages is also probable) > Dan (bl) saa, saa, Dan (gw) saa nsalary; gift, Tura # saa n salary, Gban ST sla*súl pepper-1 > Dan (gw) sl, Tura # sűé, Mano NE, ZE, VV súò nhot pepper, Mwan srē ginger (?), Wan # sr*súā pig-4 > Guro # s n red river hog (Potamochoerus porcus), Gban STsű, Mwan # súa, Wan # súa*s please (to) > Guro #, BN s, perf. s, impf. sa vi please (smb. – l);suffice, be sufficient (for – m); can, be able (to – inf. or m), Yaure HP s,Mwan # s vi please (smb. – n), Wan # s vi please (smb. – l)*sél pray (to) (< Maninka sali, Baman séli < Arab. ṣalla) > Dan (bl)s, Dan (gw) s, Dan (kl) s n Muslim prayer, Tura # sé n Muslimprayer, Mano ZE sal n Muslim prayer, Mwan sél n prayer, Wan # seli n(independent borrowing from Manding to the modern languages is also probable)*s rib > Dan (bl) s, Dan (gw) s{-ga}, Dan (kl) s-ga, Tura # sa-w,Guro # s, Wan # sŋ*saka rice-3 > Guro # saa, Yaure HP saa, Gban ST saka, saa*s-n root-1 > Tura # s, Guro # sū-n, Yaure HO s, Mwan # s-n ~s-n, Wan # san*salaka sacrifice, alm (< Manding saraka < Arab. ṣaḍaqa) > Dan (bl)sla, Dan (gw) saa n sacrifice for ancestors, Tura # saa n sacrifice, Mano ZEsala, Guro # salaka, Mwan sraka, Wan # sraga, Beng # sraka n sacrifice(not for Earth spirits) (independent borrowing from Manding to the modernlanguages is also probable)*sɗ-ta-pla(ŋ) seven > Dan (bl) slapl, Dan (gw) s-pl, Dan (kl)sűa-pl, Tura # saa-pl, Mano NE sala-pèèl, Guro # s-la-yé, s-la-é,Yaure HP sra-fl, Mwan # srwa-pl, Wan # sa-a, Beng s-pla*sɗ-ta-d six > Dan (bl) sla-dō, Dan (gw) s-dō, Dan (kl) sűa-dò,Tura # saa-dó num six, Mano NE, ZE, VV salaadō num six, Guro # s-d,s-l, Yaure HP sʊ-d, Mwan # srwa-dō, Beng # s-dō*s small-4 > Dan (bl) s, s, pl. ss nû, s nû, Dan (gw) s-n,Gban ST s adv little, few*saɓala shoe (< Manding sabara, sanbara < Ar. sabbaat or Portugesesapata) > Dan (bl) sakpa, Dan (kl) sama, Dan (gw) saɓa (?), Tura # saɓa,sakpa, Guro # sawala, BN sawòla, GR saóla, Mwan sawla, Wan # saɓla