Deepwater Gulf of Mexico 2004: America's Expanding ... - OCS BBS

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66 Figure 42. Three different development systems (left to right): a SeaStar TLP installed at ChevronTexaco’s Typhoon field, a spar installed at ChevronTexaco’s Genesis Field, and a semisubmersible at Shell/BP’s Na Kika Field (images courtesy of ChevronTexaco, Shell International Exploration and Production Inc., and BP).
A predominant workhorse of the GOM is the spar. A spar is a vessel with a circular cross-section that sits vertically in the water and is supported by buoyancy chambers (hard tanks) at the top, a flooded midsection structure hanging from the hard tanks, and a stabilizing keel section at the bottom. Some unique features of a spar include • favorable motion characteristics compared with other floating systems, • stability (the center of buoyancy is above the center of gravity), • cost insensitivity to water depth, and • water-depth capability up to 10,000 ft (3,048 m) and beyond. A spar is held in place by a catenary mooring system, providing lateral stability. Currently, there are three competing versions of spars used in the GOM: classic spar, truss spar, and cell spar (figure 43). The first generation of spar design is the classic spar. It is made up of one cylindrical hull that extends to the bottom of the structure and surrounds a center opening. This opening allows the wellhead to be on the platform and permits both drilling and production operations. Approximately 90 percent of the classic spar’s hull is underwater. The first classic spar was installed in 1996 in 1,935 ft (590 m) of water in the Neptune field. Other examples of a classic spar are Genesis and Hoover. The second generation of spar design is the truss spar. In this design, a truss structure (similar to the space frames used in conventional fixed platforms) replaces the lower portion of the cylindrical hull used in the classic spar. The truss section is lighter than the equivalent cylindrical section of the classic design, providing the following advantages: • construction costs are lower than a classic spar of similar size, • width of the center opening can be increased to accommodate additional wells, and • topside equipment can be expanded to handle additional production. In 2001, the first truss spar was installed over the Nansen field in 3,680 ft (1,122 m) of water. Other examples of the truss spar are Boomvang, Horn Mountain, and Devil’s Tower. Once installed, Devil’s Tower will be the deepest spar, operating at a water depth of 5,610 ft (1,710m). The third generation of spar design is the cell spar. The cell spar’s hull is made up of several identically sized cylinders surrounding a center cylinder. The main advantages of the cell spar design are reduced fabrication and transportation costs. The tank of a classic or truss spar requires specialized shipyard fabrication (large-diameter, steel-plate rolling machines are required). To date, all classic and truss spars have been constructed in European and Far East shipyards and require transport to the GOM. In contrast, each cylinder of the cell spar, being of a smaller diameter, can be fabricated using rolling machines that are readily available in most U.S. shipyards. Once fabricated, the cylinders are then lined up and welded together. This entire process can be done in the United States, increasing the number of contractors available for bidding purposes and reducing transportation costs. The main disadvantage is that the cell spar has no center opening for surface wellheads so only subsea well production is possible. The first cell spar will be installed in the Red Hawk field in 5,300 ft (1,615 m) of water in late 2004. Figure 44 shows the different types of production systems installed each year. Data values can be found in Appendix F. At least eight deepwater production facilities (primarily truss spars) are under construction or pending installation at this time. 67
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ON COVER - The cover features four
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Table of Contents Page PREFACE.....
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Figures Page Figure 1. The Gulf of
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Figures — continued Page Figure 5
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Tables Page Table 1 List of Deepwat
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INTRODUCTION The deepwater Gulf of
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BACKGROUND DEFINITIONS The GOM Oute
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EXPANDING FRONTIER When the origina
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1992 - 1993 Louisiana Mississippi A
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1992 - 2003 Texas Louisiana Mississ
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fffffffffffffffff 1500 ft Quaternar
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In addition to the traditional oil
Page 29 and 30: 15 Figure 8. Gas hydrates on the se
Page 31 and 32: 1998 - 1999 Louisiana Mississippi A
Page 33 and 34: 4,500 4,000 Number of Active Leases
Page 35 and 36: ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIVITY The extensiv
Page 37 and 38: Operators submit a remotely operate
Page 39 and 40: 25 Figure 15. Loop and eddy current
Page 43 and 44: 29 Deepwater Discoveries $ #Y Texas
Page 45 and 46: 31 Texas ð PORT ARANSAS 1000 ft 15
Page 47 and 48: Louisiana Mississippi Alabama 33 Te
Page 49 and 50: Pipelines New pipelines Proposed pi
Page 51 and 52: LEASING Until the mid-1990's, leasi
Page 53 and 54: Number of Leases Bid On 600 500 400
Page 59 and 60: 2004 - 2005 (741 leases) Louisiana
Page 61 and 62: DRILLING AND DEVELOPMENT Deepwater
Page 63 and 64: 49 Figure 30. The Discoverer Deep S
Page 65 and 66: 51 Number of Wells Spudded 250 200
Page 67 and 68: 120 > 7,500 ft 107 108 100 5,000 -
Page 73 and 74: 180 160 Deepwater EP Deepwater DOCD
Page 75 and 76: 340 626 390 472 472 456 393 475 590
Page 77 and 78: Year of First Production Table 4 De
Page 79: Year of First Production Table 4 De
Page 83 and 84: 3 Number Installed 2 1 0 2004 69 TL
Page 85 and 86: Flow lines to host platform Subsea
Page 87 and 88: 140 131 120 100 78 Number of Wells
Page 89 and 90: RESERVES AND PRODUCTION The deepwat
Page 91 and 92: 77 Million Barrels of Oil Equivalen
Page 93 and 94: 18 16 14 12 10 8 Number of Fields 6
Page 95 and 96: 81 Million Barrels of Oil Equivalen
Page 97 and 98: 45,000 40,000 Million Barrels Oil E
Page 99 and 100: 1992-1993 1994-1995 1996-1997 Lease
Page 101 and 102: S hallo w- wa ter GOM 11% Deepwater
Page 103 and 104: 1,200,000 1,000,000 Total productio
Page 105 and 106: 1,100,000 1,000,000 Subsea oil Tota
Page 107 and 108: 900,000 800,000 Majors Nonmajors 70
Page 109 and 110: 45,000 40,000 Max oil rate 1,000-1,
Page 111 and 112: 4,000 3,500 Shallow water Deepwater
Page 113 and 114: Texas Auger Louisiana SS182 Troika
Page 115 and 116: SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS This report
Page 117 and 118: 2,500 Number of leases Average U.S.
Page 119 and 120: Number of Years 14 12 leas es in p
Page 121 and 122: data for this analysis include only
Page 123 and 124: 80 2500 70 60 Number of leases dril
Page 125 and 126: 4,500 4,000 3,500 Leases tested Lea
Page 127: • Nonmajor companies have made mo
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REFERENCES Bascle, B. J., L. D. Nix
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Project Name Area/Block Water Depth
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Sale Number Sale Location Sale Date
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Completed Studies [MMS Study Number
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Group Name Company Name MMS Number
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Group Name Company Name MMS Number
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Appendix G. Subsea Completions. Are
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Area Block API Number Operator Comp
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Area Block API Number Operator 144
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Year Shallowwater Oil (MBOPD) Deepw
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