Dementia

Recommendations

Info

GBD region Per capita costs (US$) Number of people with dementia Aggregated costs (billions US$) Informal care (all ADLs) Direct medical costs Direct Social costs Total costs Total costs as % of GDP Direct costs as % of GDP Australasia 32 370 311 327 4.30 0.70 5.07 10.08 0.97% 0.56% Asia Pacific High Income 29 057 2 826 388 34.60 5.23 42.29 82.13 1.31% 0.76% Oceania 6 059 16 553 0.07 0.02 0.01 0.10 0.46% 0.12% Asia Central 2 862 330 125 0.43 0.28 0.24 0.94 0.36% 0.20% Asia East 4 078 5 494 387 15.24 4.33 2.84 22.41 0.40% 0.13% Asia South 903 4 475 324 2.31 1.16 0.57 4.04 0.25% 0.11% Asia Southeast 1 601 2 482 076 1.77 1.48 0.73 3.97 0.28% 0.15% Europe Western 30 122 6 975 540 87.05 30.19 92.88 210.12 1.29% 0.75% Europe Central 12 891 1 100 759 8.59 2.67 2.94 14.19 1.10% 0.44% Europe Eastern 7 667 1 869 242 7.96 3.42 2.94 14.33 0.90% 0.40% North America High Income 48 605 4 383 057 78.76 36.83 97.45 213.04 1.30% 0.82% Caribbean 9 092 327 825 1.50 0.78 0.71 2.98 1.06% 0.53% Latin America Andean 3 663 254 925 0.35 0.31 0.28 0.93 0.43% 0.27% Latin America Central 5 536 1 185 559 1.58 2.61 2.37 6.56 0.37% 0.28% Latin America Southern Latin America Tropical North Africa / Middle East Sub-Saharan Africa Central Sub-Saharan Africa East Sub-Saharan Africa Southern Sub-Saharan Africa West 8 243 614 523 2.36 1.42 1.29 5.07 1.02% 0.54% 6 881 1 054 560 2.17 2.67 2.42 7.26 0.42% 0.29% 3 296 1 145 633 1.90 2.05 0.54 4.50 0.16% 0.09% 1 081 67 775 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.07 0.06% 0.02% 1 122 360602 0.28 0.08 0.04 0.40 0.17% 0.05% 6 834 100 733 0.52 0.11 0.06 0.69 0.24% 0.06% 969 181 803 0.11 0.04 0.02 0.18 0.06% 0.02% World Bank classification Low income 868 5 036 979 2.52 1.23 0.62 4.37 0.24% 0.10% Lower middle income 3 109 9 395 204 18.90 6.74 3.57 29.21 0.35% 0.12% Upper middle income 6 827 4 759 025 13.70 10.44 8.35 32.49 0.50% 0.29% High income 32 865 16 367 508 216.77 78.00 243.14 537.91 1.24% 0.74% Total 16 986 35 558 717 251.89 96.41 255.69 603.99 1.01% 0.59% Table 2.5 Per capita (US$) and aggregated costs (billions US$) by Global Burden of Disease region and World Bank income classification 27
<strong>Dementia</strong>: A public health priority > CHAPTER 2 > EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DEMENTIA Informal care Direct social Direct medical 100% 14.5% 32.1% 23.1% 28.2% 45.2% 80% 25.7% 12.2% 64.7% 14.3% 60% 57.6% 40% 40.3% 42.2% 20% 0% High income countries Upper middle income countries Lower middle income countrier Low income countries FIG 2.6 Distribution of total societal costs (%) by World Bank Income level Discussion – the economic cost of dementia The estimated annual worldwide cost to society of dementia, US$ 604 billion, highlights the enormous impact that dementia has on socioeconomic conditions worldwide. If dementia care were a country, it would be the world’s 21st largest economy, ranking between Poland and Saudi Arabia. The scale of these costs is understandable given that: • the 35.6 million people worldwide comprise 0.5% of the world’s total population; • a high proportion of people with dementia need some care, ranging from support with IADL, to full personal care and roundthe-clock supervision; • in some high-income countries, one third to one half of people with dementia live in resource- and cost-intensive residential or nursing homes (26, 80). It is difficult to compare our estimates of the global societal costs for dementia with those for other conditions because few such estimates exist and there are problems with comparability. In the United Kingdom, a recent report commissioned by the Alzheimer’s Research Trust focused on the economic burden of dementia and other chronic diseases, and sought to compare like-for-like disease costs with national expenditure on research (81). The societal costs of dementia (£23 billion) almost matched those of cancer (£12 billion), heart disease (£8 billion) and stroke (£5 billion) combined. However, for every £1 million in costs arising from the disease, £129 269 was spent on cancer research, £73 153 on heart disease research and £4 882 on dementia research. In a paper from Sweden the costs of dementia were compared with other estimates for chronic disorders (82). The annual costs of dementia (50 billion SEK) was higher than for depression (32.5 billion SEK), stroke (12.5 billion SEK), alcohol abuse (21–30 billion SEK) and osteoporosis (4.6 billion SEK). The marked imbalance in the global distribution of prevalence and costs arises, in part, because of the imbalance of costs between sectors. In LMIC, the formal social care sector (accounting for the direct costs of care in the community by paid social care professionals, and of care homes) is practically non-existent. Therefore, responsibility falls largely on unpaid informal caregivers, and informal care costs predominate. In high-income countries the direct costs of social care account for nearly half of all costs. Since average wages (used to estimate informal care costs) are much lower in LMIC, this has an important impact on comparative total costs. 28
Page 1: Dementia A public health priority
Page 4 and 5: WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publicat
Page 6 and 7: FOREWORD dementia is likely to rise
Page 8 and 9: Abbreviations A & TSI ADI ADL AIDS
Page 10 and 11: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Page 12 and 13: Country preparedness for dementia T
Page 14 and 15: CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Page 16 and 17: Box 1.1 What is dementia? Dementia
Page 18 and 19: In the majority of LMIC, and in som
Page 20 and 21: CHAPTER 2 EPIDEMIOLOGY OF DEMENTIA
Page 22 and 23: The quality of included studies The
Page 24 and 25: GBD region Sources of prevalence da
Page 26 and 27: Standardized prevalence (%) 9% 8% 7
Page 28 and 29: HIC LAMIC High-income Low- and midd
Page 30 and 31: Alzheimer’s disease Vascular deme
Page 32 and 33: GBD region Age group (years) Total
Page 34 and 35: Economic impact: the global societa
Page 38 and 39: Etiology and potential for preventi
Page 40 and 41: The evidence base for the incidence
Page 42 and 43: CHAPTER 3 Dementia policy and plans
Page 44 and 45: Country Policy / plan / strategy ti
Page 46 and 47: Box 3.1 The Alzheimer’s Disease I
Page 48 and 49: Identifying priority areas for acti
Page 50 and 51: Social and legal protection, human
Page 52 and 53: Population-based catchment area Num
Page 54 and 55: attitudes reflect the ethical chall
Page 56 and 57: Early diagnosis also has a potentia
Page 58 and 59: CHAPTER 4 DEMENTIA HEALTH AND SOCIA
Page 60 and 61: The roles of different cadres of he
Page 62 and 63: Pre-diagnosis Diagnosis Post-diagno
Page 64 and 65: BOX 4.3 Day-care centres for people
Page 66 and 67: BOX 4.5 Care for people with dement
Page 68 and 69: BOX 4.7 The dementia care network i
Page 70 and 71: BOX 4.8 A multidisciplinary approac
Page 72 and 73: Clinical guidance Depending on the
Page 74 and 75: The changing demographic of care wo
Page 76 and 77: CHAPTER 5 Dementia Caregiving and C
Page 78 and 79: International organizations Neighbo
Page 80 and 81: LMIC country sites one third to two
Page 82 and 83: Caregiver strain Caregivers experie
Page 84 and 85: GBD region (green = imputed) Basic
Page 86 and 87:
There are also forthcoming examples
Page 88 and 89:
Barriers to accessing caregiver ser
Page 90 and 91:
CHAPTER 6 PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF D
Page 92 and 93:
The impact of stigma Low levels of
Page 94 and 95:
Theme 2: Reducing the stigma of dem
Page 96 and 97:
Raising awareness in the political
Page 98 and 99:
CHAPTER 7 THE WAY FORWARD
Page 100 and 101:
The value of action At the launch o
Page 102 and 103:
For resource-poor settings, such as
Page 104 and 105:
References 1. Presidential Proclama
Page 106 and 107:
104. Angevaren M et al. Physical ac
Page 108 and 109:
203. Alzheimer’s Australia. Demen
Page 110 and 111:
298. Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. C
Page 112:
I personally understand the impact
show all

Dementia

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?