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Fifty Shades of Tax Dodging • 111
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2014_2019/documents/
econ/ad/1058/1058010/1058010en.pdf
216. European Parliament. (2015). On Tax Avoidance and Tax Evasion
as challenges for governance, social protection and development
in developing countries, DEVE, Procedure 2015/2058(INI), Line 12.
Accessed 25 August 2015: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/
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217. Ibid., Line 9.
218. For example, see European Parliament. (2015). Hearing of the Special
Committee on tax rulings and other measures similar in nature or
effect (TAXE) with Moscovici. Published 30 March 2015: http://www.
europarl.europa.eu/ep-live/en/committees/video?event=20150330-
1500-SPECIAL-TAXE-OMEE & European Parliament. (2015). Hearing
of the Special Committee on tax rulings and other measures similar
in nature or effect (TAXE) with Commissioner Vestager. Published 5
May 2015: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/ep-live/en/committees/
video?event=20150505-0900-SPECIAL-TAXE-OMEE
219. Ibid., Line 37.
220. European Parliament. (2015). European Parliament resolution of 25
March on the Annual Tax Report, ECON, Procedure 2014/2144(INI),
Line 4. Accessed 25 August 2015: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/
sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&language=EN&reference=P8-TA-2015-0089
221. European Parliament. (2015). European Parliament resolution of 25
March on the Annual Tax Report, ECON, Procedure 2014/2144(INI),
Line 61. Accessed 25 August 2015: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/
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222. European Parliament. (2015). European Parliament resolution of
25 March on the Annual Tax Report, op. cit., Line 3. & European
Parliament. (2015). Report on tax avoidance and tax evasion as
challenges for governance, social protection and development in
developing countries (2015/2058(INI)), Line 11. Published 9 June 2015:
http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//
TEXT+REPORT+A8-2015-0184+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN
223. European Parliament. (2015). On Tax Avoidance and Tax Evasion
as challenges for governance, social protection and development
in developing countries, DEVE, Procedure 2015/2058(INI), Line 24.
Accessed 25 August 2015: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/
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224. For more background on the co-decision procedure (under the
Lisbon Treaty re-named as “ordinary legislative procedure”) and
the consultation procedure used on matters relating to taxation,
please see: European Parliament. (2015). Legislative powers: http://
www.europarl.europa.eu/aboutparliament/en/20150201PVL00004/
Legislative-powers
225. European Commission. (2015). Combatting corporate tax avoidance:
Commission presents tax transparency package. Press release dated
18 March 2015. Accessed 27 August 2015: http://europa.eu/rapid/
press-release_IP-15-4610_en.htm
226. See Euractiv. (2014). Juncker: This will be the ‘last chance
Commission’. Published 22 October 2014: http://www.euractiv.com/
video/juncker-will-be-last-chance-commission-309405
227. See The Guardian. (2014). Luxembourg tax files: Juncker admits
position weakened by scandal. Published 11 December 2014: http://
www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/11/luxembourg-tax-filesjuncker-weakened-scandal
228. See European Commission. (2015). Parent companies and their
subsidiaries in the European Union. Accessed 27 August 2015: http://
ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/taxation/company_tax/parentssubsidiary_directive/index_en.htm;
European Commission. (2015).
Taxation of cross-border interests and royalty payments in the
European Union. Accessed 27 August 2015: http://ec.europa.eu/
taxation_customs/taxation/company_tax/interests_royalties/index_
en.htm
229. For example, the Commission notes of the Parent Subsidiary Directive
that “certain companies have exploited provisions in the Directive and
mismatches between national tax rules to avoid being taxed at all in
any Member State”. See European Commission. (2015). Commissioner
Moscovici welcomes the adoption of measures against tax evasion and
aggressive tax planning. Dated 27 January 2015. Accessed 26 August
2015: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_STATEMENT-15-3720_
en.htm
230. EY. (2015). European Council formally adopts binding general antiabuse
rule in Parent-Subsidiary Directive. Dated 27 January 2015.
Accessed 28 August 2015: http://www.ey.com/GL/en/Services/Tax/
International-Tax/Alert--European-Council-formally-adopts-bindinggeneral-anti-abuse-rule-in-Parent-Subsidiary-Directive
231. Council of the European Union. (2015). Outcome of the Council
meeting – 3399th Council meeting – Economic and Financial Affairs,
Luxembourg 19 June 2015, p.7. Accessed 28 August 2015: http://www.
consilium.europa.eu/en/meetings/ecofin/2015/06/st10089_en15_pdf/
232. EY. (2015). European Council formally adopts binding general antiabuse
rule in Parent-Subsidiary Directive. Dated 27 January 2015.
Accessed 28 August 2015: http://www.ey.com/GL/en/Services/Tax/
International-Tax/Alert--European-Council-formally-adopts-bindinggeneral-anti-abuse-rule-in-Parent-Subsidiary-Directive
233. European Commission. (2015). A fair and efficient corporate tax
system in the European Union: 5 key areas for action. SWD. (2015). 121.
Published 17 June 2015. Accessed 28 August 2015: http://ec.europa.
eu/taxation_customs/resources/documents/taxation/company_tax/
fairer_corporate_taxation/com_2015_302_en.pdf
234. Ibid., p.7.
235. The Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB) proposal
originally sought to harmonise the definition of tax bases across EU
Member States, and based on certain criteria apportion profits from
multinational companies among the Member States in which the
company operated. If correctly, the proposal could limit many forms of
aggressive tax dodging by multinational companies.
236. European Commission. (2015). Common Consolidated Corporate
Tax Base (CCCTB). Accessed 28 August 2015: http://ec.europa.eu/
taxation_customs/taxation/company_tax/common_tax_base/index_
en.htm
237. European Commission. (2015). Questions and Answers on the
re-launch of the CCCTB. Fact sheet dated 17 June 2015. Accessed
28 August 2015: http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-15-
5174_en.htm
238. See, for example, Eurodad. (2015). Disappointment as European
Commission fails to address tax dodging. Press release dated 17
June 2015. Accessed 27 August 2015: http://eurodad.org/Entries/
view/1546429/2015/06/17/Disappointment-as-European-Commissionfails-to-address-tax-dodging;
Tax Justice Network. (2015). European
Commission half measures will exacerbate profit shifting. Press
release dated 17 June 2015. Accessed 28 August 2015: http://www.
taxjustice.net/2015/06/17/european-commission-half-measureswill-exacerbate-profit-shifting/.
For an overview of some of the
cross-border aggressive tax planning opportunities in the use of
losses see, for example, OECD. (2011). Corporate loss utilization
through aggressive tax planning. OECD Publishing: http://dx.doi.
org/10.1787/9789264119222-en
239. European Commission. (2015). A fair and efficient corporate tax system
in the European Union: 5 key areas for action, SWD (2015) 121, p.8.
Published 17 June 2015. Accessed 28 August 2015: http://ec.europa.
eu/taxation_customs/resources/documents/taxation/company_tax/
fairer_corporate_taxation/com_2015_302_en.pdf
240. See the list at European Commission. (2015). Tax good governance in
the world as seen by EU countries. Accessed 28 August 2015: http://
ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/taxation/gen_info/good_governance_
matters/lists_of_countries/index_en.htm
241. European Commission. (2015). A fair and efficient corporate tax system
in the European Union: 5 key areas for action, SWD (2015) 121, p.13.
Published 17 June 2015. Accessed 28 August 2015: http://ec.europa.
eu/taxation_customs/resources/documents/taxation/company_tax/