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136 • Fifty Shades of Tax Dodging lowtax.net/information/spain/spain-holding-companies-etve.html 1049. Invest in Spain. (2015). ‘Competitive Business Environment’, Accessed 9 July 2015: http://www.investinspain.org/invest/en/why-spain/competitive-business-environment/index.html 1050. Ibid. 1051. El Derecho. (2014). El nuevo “patent box”. El artículo 23 del texto refundido de la Ley del Impuesto sobre Sociedades. Published 1 March 2014, accessed 24 July 2015: http://www.elderecho.com/tribuna/fiscal/Patent_box-articulo_23_del_texto_refundido_de_la_Ley_del_Impuesto_sobre_Sociedades_11_662680003.html 1052. Eurodad research. See Figure 4 and Table 5. The analysis has been conducted using a combination of data shared by ActionAid International, Martin Hearson of the London School of Economics and Political Science, from the International Bureau of Fiscal Documentation (IBFD) Tax Research Platform (http://online.ibfd.org/kbase/), and from the 15 European governments’ websites containing their tax treaties (links to all these websites can be found here: http://ec.europa.eu/ taxation_customs/taxation/individuals/treaties_en.htm). The data only covers treaties that entered into force in 1970 or later. The data reflects the information that was available until 20 September 2015. In a few instances it was not possible to determine the relevant information regarding the statutory withholding tax rates or the rates contained in the treaties due to lack of publicly available information or language barriers. In such cases the treaties were either omitted from the calculation of the average rate reduction (as was the case with a treaty between France and Malawi) or additional information was sourced from the following two websites: http://www.treatypro.com/ and http://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/ Tax/dttl-tax-withholding-tax-rates-2015.pdf. The category ‘developing countries ‘ covers the countries that fall into the World Bank’s categories of low-income, lower-middle income and upper-middle income countries (which covers the span of GNI per capita from $0 to $12,735. Please refer to: http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lendinggroups). 1053. Ibid. 1054. Convenio entre el Reino de España y la República del Senegal para evitar la doble imposición y prevenir la evasión fiscal en materia del impuesto sobre la renta (2014): http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2014/12/29/ pdfs/BOE-A-2014-13569.pdf 1055. ICEX. (2015). ’Senegal, régimen fiscal’. Accessed 24 July 2015: http:// www.icex.es/icex/es/navegacion-principal/todos-nuestros-servicios/ informacion-de-mercados/paises/navegacion-principal/invertir-en/ regimen-fiscal/index.html?idPais=SN 1056. PwC. (2015). Tax Insights from International Tax Services. Published 25 March 2015, Accessed 24 July 2015: http://download.pwc.com/ie/ pubs/2015-pwc-ireland-international-tax-news-march.pdf 1057. See Convenio entre el Reino de España y la República Federal de Nigeria para evitar la doble imposición y prevenir la evasión fiscal en materia de impuestos sobre la renta y sobre el patrimonio: http:// www.boe.es/boe/dias/2015/04/13/pdfs/BOE-A-2015-3936.pdf 1058. Questionnaire answered by Minister of Finance, 12 May 2015. 1059. Ibid. 1060. Ibid. 1061. Oxfam Intermon. (2015). La ilusión fiscal. Demasiadas sonmbras en la fiscalidad de las grandes empresas, Informe de Oxfam Intermón No.36. Published March 2015, Accessed 9 July 2015: https://oxfamintermon.s3.amazonaws.com/sites/default/files/documentos/files/ InformeLailusionFiscal2015.pdf 1062. Ibid. 1063. El Confidencial. (2015). Lista Falciani: los españoles de la lista Falciani tenían 1.800 millones de euros opacos en Suiza. Published 9 February 2015, Accessed 9 July 2015:http://www.elconfidencial.com/economia/ lista-falciani/2015-02-09/los-espanoles-de-la-lista-falciani-tenian-1- 800-millones-de-euros-opacos-en-suiza_703307/ 1064. El Mundo. (2011). Hacienda envía a la Fiscalía el ‘caso Botín’ tras regularizar la familia 200 millones. Published 16 June 2011, Accessed 9 July 2015: http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2011/06/16/economia/1308221806.html 1065. Newsweek. (2015). Spain Tipped Off Almost 700 HSBC Account Holders in ‘Tax Evasion Amnesty’. 16 February 2015, Accessed 9 July 2015: http://europe.newsweek.com/spain-tipped-almost-700-hsbc-accountholders-tax-evasion-amnesty-307034 1066. Law 58/2003 17 December, article 95: http://www.boe.es/buscar/ pdf/2003/BOE-A-2003-23186-consolidado.pdf 1067. Questionnaire answered by Minister of Finance, 12 May 2015. 1068. Expansión. (2015). Las multinacionales que facturen más de 750 millones tendrán que informar a Hacienda. Published 18 March 2015, Accessed 9 July 2015: http://www.expansion.com/economia/2015/03/18/5509adf2ca474171788b4574.html 1069. The main differences are: (i) the companies that have the obligation of disclosing this report are not only Spanish companies, but also companies held by residents in countries with less tax transparency requirements than Spain; and (ii) a disclosure requirement for companies above €45 million in turnover. KPMG. (2015). ’Tax News Flash’. Accessed 24 July 2015: https://www.kpmg.com/Global/en/IssuesAndInsights/ArticlesPublications/taxnewsflash/Documents/tp-spainmarch31-2015.pdf 1070. Questionnaire answered by Minister of Finance, 12 May 2015. 1071. Oxfam Intermon. (2015). La ilusión fiscal. Demasiadas sombras en la fiscalidad de las grandes empresas: https://oxfamintermon.s3.amazonaws.com/sites/default/files/documentos/files/InformeLailusion- Fiscal2015.pdf 1072. Law 10/2014, 26 June, Article 87: http://www.boe.es/buscar/act. php?id=BOE-A-2014-6726 1073. Banco Santander. (2015). ‘Annual Report 2014’. Accessed 9 July 2015: http://www.santanderannualreport.com/2014/pdf/en/appendices.pdf 1074. BBVA. (2015). Total Tax Contribution 2014. Accessed 9 July 2015: http:// bancaresponsable.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/total-tax-contribution-2014-english.pdf & Banco Popular. (2015). Annual Accounts 2014. Accessed 9 July 2015: http://www.grupobancopopular.com/EN/ InvestorRelations/FinancialInformation/Documents/2014/IA2014en. pdf 1075. Royal Decree 304/2014: http://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2014/05/06/pdfs/ BOE-A-2014-4742.pdf 1076. Questionnaire answered by the SEPBLANC, Spanish Financial Intelligence Unit, 27 April 2015. 1077. Questionnaire answered by Minister of Finance, 30 July 2014. 1078. Europa Press. (2015). Rajoy pide a la UE más medidas para combatir el fraude y la evasión fiscal. Published 16 December 2014, Accessed 24 July 2015: http://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-rajoy-pide-ue-mas-medidas-combatir-fraude-evasion-fiscal-20141216153953. html 1079. Questionnaire answered by Minister of Finance, 12 May 2015. 1080. Ibid. 1081. Ibid. 1082. Questionnaire answered by the Secretary of Cooperation, 14 July 2015. 1083. Ibid. 1084. Ibid. 1085. Swedish Radio (10 December 2014). Interview with Minister of Development Cooperation Isabella Lövin. Accessed 4 June 2015: http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=83&artikel=6041232 1086. Aronsson, C. (2014). Sverige förlorar miljoner på skatteplanering i Luxembourg, Sveriges Radio. Stockholm. Accessed 4 June 2015: http://sverigesradio.se/sida/gruppsida.aspx?programid=3437&grupp=21634&artikel=6010859 1087. Haglund, F. (2014). Svenska företag trollade bort miljarder i Luxembourg. Europaportalen. Brussels. Accessed 4 June 2015: http://www.
Fifty Shades of Tax Dodging • 137 europaportalen.se/2014/11/svenska-foretag-trollade-bort-skattemiljarder-i-luxemburg 1088. Küchler, T. (2015). Ikea vägrar svara på frågor om LuxLeaks. Svenska Dagbladet. Stockholm. Accessed 4 June 2015: http://www.svd.se/ ikea-nobbar-utfragning-om-luxleaks 1089. Aronsson, C. (2015). Schweiziska HSBCs kontor söks igenom. Sveriges Radio. Stockholm. Accessed 4 June 2015: http://sverigesradio.se/sida/ gruppsida.aspx?programid=3437&grupp=21918&artikel=6096817 1090. Hallvarsson & Halvarsson. (2015). Bara 3 av 100 svenska företag ser skatt som en ansvarsfråga. Hallvarsson & Halvarsson. Accessed 4 June 2015: http://news.cision.com/se/hallvarsson---halvarsson/r/ bara-3-av-100-svenska-foretag-ser-skatt-som-en-ansvarsfraga,c9723992 1091. Ibid. 1092. Regeringen [Swedish Government]. (2015). Så vill Sverige finansiera världens 17 utvecklingsmål. Accessed 13 July 2015: http:// www.regeringen.se/debattartiklar/2015/07/sa-vill-sverige-finansiera-varldens-17-nya-utvecklingsmal/ 1093. Ministry of Finance. (2015). The General Anti-Avoidance Rule (GAAR) in the Act Against Tax Evasion, information provided by email by Gunilla Näsman, dated 9 September 2015. 1094. Ministry of Finance. (2015). Tax Rulings, unpublished questionnaire dated 3 June 2015. 1095. Joint Transfer Pricing Forum. (2014). Statistics on APAs at the end of 2013, JTPF/007/2014/EN, p.13 1096. Ibid. 1097. Ministry of Finance. (2015). TAXE request for information, unpublished letter dated 28 May 2015, Fi2015/2591. 1098. Ministry of Finance. (2015). Special Purpose Entities, unpublished questionnaire dated 3 June 2015. 1099. European Commission. (2014). A study on R&D tax incentives, op. cit., p.53; and Ministry of Finance. (2015). Taxation and Development Cooperation, unpublished questionnaire dated 9 June 2015. 1100. UK Government. (2015). Sweden and UK tax treaty: double taxation convention – not in force (15 March 2015). https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/sweden-and-uk-tax-treaty-double-taxation-convention-not-in-force 1101. Ministry of Finance. (2015). Tax Treaties with Developing Countries, unpublished questionnaire dated 3 June 2015. 1102. Ibid. 1103. Ibid. 1104. Ministry of Finance. (2015). Extensive Double Tax Treaty Network, information provided by email by Gunilla Näsman, dated 9 September 2015. 1105. Based on data from the Treaty Pro database. Accessed 9 June 2015: http://www.treatypro.com/treaties_by_country/sweden.asp 1106. Tax Authority [Skatteverket]. (2014). Lag (2014:339) om avtal mellan Sverige och Liberia om utbyte av upplysningar i skatteärenden. Lag (2014:339): http://www4.skatteverket.se/rattsligvagledning/328972. html?year=2015 1107. Ministry of Finance. (2015). Country by country reporting, unpublished questionnaire dated 3 June 2015. 1108. Data on annual revenues, total assets and number of employees of the top 5,000 listed companies in the 28 EU Member States was retrieved from Thomson Reuters Eikon and compiled by SOMO, 20 July 2015. 1109. Swedish Tax Agency. (2014). Transfer pricing, unpublished questionnaire, dated 8 September 2015. 1110. Ministry of Finance. (2015). Country by country reporting, unpublished questionnaire dated 3 June 2015. 1111. Heavens, L, and Potter, M. (2015). Nordea, Handelsbanken fined over money laundering breaches. Reuters. Stockholm. 19 May 2015. http:// www.reuters.com/article/2015/05/19/nordea-bank-handelsbanken-fsa-idUSL5N0YA1MS20150519 1112. Ministry of Finance. (2015). AMLD implementation in Swedish law, information provided by email by Fredrik Van Kesbeeck Andersson, dated 2 September 2015. 1113. Ibid. 1114. Ministry of Finance. (2015). Beneficial ownership, information provided by email by Fredrik Van Kesbeeck Andersson, dated 2 September 2015. 1115. Ministry of Finance. (2015). EU’s 4th Anti-Money Laundering Directive, unpublished questionnaire dated 1 April 2015. 1116. Ibid. 1117. Ministry of Finance. (2015). Taxation and Development Cooperation, unpublished questionnaire dated 9 June 2015. 1118. Ministry of Finance. (2015). EU & global policy processes, unpublished questionnaire dated 3 June 2015. 1119. Ibid. 1120. European Parliament. (2012). Draft European Parliament legislative resolution – on the proposal for a Council directive on a Common Consolidated Corporate Tax Base (CCCTB). Accessed 20 September 2015: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP// TEXT+REPORT+A7-2012-0080+0+DOC+XML+V0//EN 1121. Lövin, I. (2015). Stoppad skatteflykt viktigt steg för hållbar utveckling. Dagens Nyheter Debatt. Stockholm. Accessed 13 July 2015: http:// www.dn.se/debatt/stoppad-skatteflykt-viktigt-steg-for-hallbar-utveckling/ 1122. Anyangwe, E. (2015). Glee, relief and regret: Addis Ababa outcome receives mixed reception. The Guardian. Addis Ababa. Published 16 July 2015: http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2015/jul/16/ outcome-document-addis-ababa-ffd3-financing-for-development 1123. Ministry of Finance. (2015). “Taxation and Development Cooperation”, unpublished questionnaire dated 9 June 2015. 1124. Ibid. 1125. Meeting with the Foreign Ministry 16 September 2015 on “PGU – Policy Coherence”, Swedish Foreign Ministry, Stockholm. 1126. Ministry of Finance. (2015). Taxation and Development Cooperation, unpublished questionnaire dated 9 June 2015. 1127. Ibid. 1128. In HM Revenue & Customs. (2015). Improving large business tax compliance – Consultation document. Accessed 28 August 2015: https:// www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/ file/447313/Improving_Large_Business_Tax_Compliance.pdf p.5. 1129. See the campaign website at http://taxdodgingbill.org.uk/ 1130. Guardian. (2015). Politicians not tough enough on tax avoidance, says voters. Published 30 April 2015. Accessed 28 August 2015: http://www. theguardian.com/business/2015/apr/30/tax-avoidance-voters-general-election-opinion-poll 1131. See for example Labour Party. (2015). Britain can be better – The Labour Party manifesto 2015: http://www.labour.org.uk/page/-/BritainCanBeBetter-TheLabourPartyManifesto2015.pdf p.80; Conservative Party. (2015). The Conservative Party manifesto 2015”: https://www. conservatives.com/manifesto p.11; Liberal Democrats. (2015). Manifesto 2015 – Stronger economy, fairer society, opportunity for everyone”: https://d3n8a8pro7vhmx.cloudfront.net/libdems/pages/8907/ attachments/original/1429028133/Liberal_Democrat_General_Election_Manifesto_2015.pdf?1429028133 p.11. 1132. UK Government. (2015). Guidance – Technical briefing on foreign domiciled persons changes announced at Summer Budget 2015. Published 8 July 2015. Accessed 28 August 2015: https://www.gov. uk/government/publications/technical-briefing-on-foreign-domiciled-persons-changes-announced-at-summer-budget-2015/ technical-briefing-on-foreign-domiciled-persons-changes-announced-at-summer-budget-2015 1133. Financial Times. (2015). UK could be branded a tax haven after Osborne’s surprise cut. Published 12 July 2015. Accessed 28 August
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