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Fifty Shades of Tax Dodging • 127
741. ICIJ. (2015). Explore the Swiss Leaks Data. Published 8 February 2015:
http://www.icij.org/project/swiss-leaks/explore-swiss-leaks-data
742. ICIJ. (2014). Explore the Documents: Luxembourg Leaks Database.
Published 9 December 2014: http://www.icij.org/project/luxembourg-leaks/explore-documents-luxembourg-leaks-database
743. Tax-News.com. (2015). Italian Large Companies Saw 10 Percent
Tax Cut In 2014. Published 29 July 2015: http://www.tax-news.
com/news/Italian_Large_Companies_Saw_10_Percent_Tax_Cut_
In_2014____68726.html
744. Il Fatto Quotidiano. (2015). Fisco, Renzi allarga ancora le maglie. Soglie
di punibilità più alte, multe ridotte. Published 27 June 2015: http://
www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2015/06/27/fisco-renzi-allarga-ancora-lemaglie-soglie-di-punibilita-piu-alte-e-multe-ridotte/1820397/
745. Camera dei Deputati, Italian Parliament. (2015a). Schema di decreto
legislativo recante disposizioni sulla certezza del diritto nei
rapporti tra fisco e contribuente. Government Act 163. Published
June 2013: http://www.camera.it/leg17/682?atto=163&tipoatto=Atto&leg=17&tab=1
746. Fisco Equo. (2015). Abuso del diritto, per Visco “Norme illogiche”. E sul
raddoppio dei termini Greco ammonisce: “E’ un condono nascosto”.
Published 22 May 2015: http://www.fiscoequo.it/2015/attualita/
item/1149-abuso-del-diritto-per-visco-norme-illogiche-e-sul-raddoppio-dei-termini-greco-ammonisce-e-un-condono-nascosto.html
747. PwC. (2015). Italian international tax legislation includes major
changes to APA rollbacks, taxation of branches and transaction with
tax havens. Published 7 May 2015: http://www.pwc.com/en_GX/gx/tax/
newsletters/pricing-knowledge-network/assets/italy_-_international_tax_legislation_05062015.pdf,
p.2.
748. Camera dei Deputati, Italian Parliament. (2015). Schema di decreto
legislativo recante misure per la crescita e l’internazionalizzazione
delle imprese”. Government Act 161. Published June 2015: http://www.
camera.it/leg17/682?atto=161&tipoatto=Atto&leg=17&tab=1
749. PwC. (2015). Italian international tax legislation includes major changes
to APA rollbacks, taxation of branches and transaction with tax
havens, op. cit.
750. EY. (2015). Italy issues new black lists for cost deduction and CFC regimes.
Published 3 April 2014: http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLU-
Assets/Italy_issues_new_black_lists_for_cost_deduction_and_CFC_
regimes/$FILE/2015G_CM5357_Italy%20issues%20new%20black%20
lists%20for%20cost%20deduction%20and%20CFC%20regimes.pdf;
IOMToday. (2015). Isle of Man removed from Italian blacklist. Published
17 April 2015: http://www.iomtoday.co.im/news/business/isle-of-manremoved-from-italian-blacklist-1-7215564;
KPMG. (2015). Revised
double tax treaty with Italy signed. Published 26 February 2015: http://
blog.kpmg.ch/revised-double-tax-treaty-italy-signed/; Accountancy
Live. (2015). Italy clamps down on use of offshore tax havens. Accountancy
Live. Published 3 May 2015: https://www.accountancylive.com/
italy-clamps-down-use-offshore-tax-havens
751. Il Fatto Quotidiano. (2015). Rientro dei capitali, partenza deludente.
“Troppe incertezze e calcoli complessi”. Published 15 April 2015:
http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2015/04/15/rientro-dei-capitali-partenza-deludente-troppe-incertezze-calcoli-complessi/1589158/
752. European Commission (2014). A study on R&D tax incentives, op. cit.
753. European Commission. (2014). European Economy. Tax expenditures in
direct taxation in EU Member States. Published December 2014: http://
ec.europa.eu/economy_finance/publications/occasional_paper/2014/
pdf/ocp207_en.pdf
754. PwC. (2015). Italian international tax legislation includes major changes
to APA rollbacks, taxation of branches and transaction with tax
havens, op. cit.
755. European Commission. (2014). EU Joint Transfer Pricing Forum. Statistics
on APAs at the end of 2013. Published October 2014: http://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/resources/documents/taxation/company_
tax/transfer_pricing/forum/final_apa_statistics_2013_en.pdf, p.2.
756. La Repubblica. (2015). Renzi come Juncker, via agli accordi delle
imprese col Fisco. Published 13 January 2015: http://www.repubblica.
it/economia/2015/01/13/news/renzi_come_juncker_via_agli_accordi_delle_imprese_col_fisco-104882256/
757. Camera dei Deputati, Italian Parliament. (2015). Schema di decreto
legislativo recante misure per la crescita e l’internazionalizzazione
delle imprese”. Government Act 161. Published June 2015: http://www.
camera.it/leg17/682?atto=161&tipoatto=Atto&leg=17&tab=1
758. International Tax Review. (2015). What Foreign Investors Need to Know
about Italy’s draft “internationalisation decree”. Published 4 June 2015:
http://www.internationaltaxreview.com/Article/3459752/What-foreign-investors-need-to-know-about-Italys-draft-internationalisation-decree.html
759. Marzulli.it. (2015). Il trust in Italia: http://www.il-trust-in-italia.it/
index.php?mod=area&mid=4
760. OECD. (2015). Implementing the latest international standards for
compiling foreign direct investment statistics – How multinational enterprises
channel investments through multiple countries. Published
February 2015. Accessed 25 September 2015: http://www.oecd.org/
daf/inv/How-MNEs-channel-investments.pdf
761. Tax-News.com. (2015). Italian patent box to be implemented. Published
21 July 2015: http://www.tax-news.com/news/Italian_Patent_Box_To_
Be_Implemented____68767.html
762. IPSOA. (2015). Patent box: in attesa del decreto alcune riflessioni sul
nexus approach. Published 7 May 2015: http://www.ipsoa.it/documents/fisco/imposte-dirette/quotidiano/2015/05/07/patent-box-in-attesa-del-decreto-alcune-riflessioni-sul-nexus-approach
763. Redazione Online Repubblica.it. (2015). Popolari, portabilità c/c, patent
box e investimenti: le norme del decreto banche. La Repubblica. Roma.
24 March 2015: http://www.repubblica.it/economia/2015/03/24/news/
il_governo_stringe-110268936/
764. Gazzetta Ufficiale. (2015). Legge 24 marzo 2015, n.33, conversione
del decreto-legge 24 gennaio 2015, n.3 recante misure urgenti per
il sistema bancario e gli investimenti. GU n.70, S.O. n.15. Roma. 25
March 2015: http://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:legge:2015-03-24;33
765. Eurodad research. See Figure 4 and Table 5. The analysis has been
conducted using a combination of data shared by ActionAid International,
Martin Hearson of the London School of Economics and Political
Science, from the International Bureau of Fiscal Documentation (IBFD)
Tax Research Platform (http://online.ibfd.org/kbase/), and from the
15 European governments’ websites containing their tax treaties
(links to all these websites can be found here: http://ec.europa.eu/
taxation_customs/taxation/individuals/treaties_en.htm). The data only
covers treaties that entered into force in 1970 or later. The data reflects
the information that was available until 20 September 2015. In a few
instances it was not possible to determine the relevant information
regarding the statutory withholding tax rates or the rates contained in
the treaties due to lack of publicly available information or language
barriers. In such cases the treaties were either omitted from the
calculation of the average rate reduction (as was the case with a treaty
between France and Malawi) or additional information was sourced
from the following two websites: http://www.treatypro.com/ and
http://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/
Tax/dttl-tax-withholding-tax-rates-2015.pdf. The category ‘developing
countries ‘ covers the countries that fall into the World Bank’s categories
of low-income, lower-middle income and upper-middle income
countries (which covers the span of GNI per capita from $0 to $12,735.
Please refer to: http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-and-lendinggroups).
766. Ministero dell’Economia e delle Finanze. Convenzioni per evitare le
doppie imposizioni. Published 27 January 2015: http://www.finanze.it/
export/finanze/Per_conoscere_il_fisco/fiscalita_Comunitaria_Internazionale/convenzioni_e_accordi/convenzioni_stipulate.htm
767. Ibid.
768. ENI. Eni signs cooperation agreement with Republic of Congo and
reaffirms its historic commitment to the country. Press release.
Published 20 July 2014: http://www.eni.com/en_IT/media/press-releases/2014/07/2014-07-20-congo.shtml?shortUrl=yes