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66 CHAPTER 3 A New Agency, 1958–1959 final selection was not a copy of any one submittal, but was developed by incorporating features contained in a number of candidate designs. As a result, no individual award or special recognition was made under the NASA Incentive Award Plan. President Dwight D. Eisenhower signed Executive Order 10849 establishing the seal on 27 November 1959. The order included a description of the seal: On a disc of the blue sky strewn with white stars, to dexter a large yellow sphere bearing a red flight symbol apex in upper sinister and wings enveloping and casting a gray-blue shadow upon the sphere, all partially encircled with a horizontal white orbit, in sinister a small light-blue sphere; circumscribing the disk a white band edged gold inscribed “National Aeronautics and Space Administration U.S.A.” in red letters. The seal was later amended early in the Kennedy administration when the color of the shadow on the sphere was changed from gray-blue to brown under Executive Order 10942, 22 May 1961. The NASA Insignia Dr. Glennan, NASA’s first administrator, asked James Modarelli to design a simplified insignia for the informal uses of the new Agency. The insignia would appear on items such as lapel pins and signs on buildings and facilities. Modarelli worked on the insignia design task while completing the seal design. He chose the main elements from the seal for the simplified insignia— the circle, representing the planets; stars, representing space; the advanced supersonic wing, representing aeronautics; and an orbiting spacecraft. He then added FIGURE 3-8. The NASA insignia designed by James Modarelli. the letters “N-A-S-A.” 25 The colors of the insignia are Pantone 185 (red) and Pantone 286 (blue). 26 In April 1959, NASA formally notified the Heraldic Branch of the Army Office of the Quartermaster General that it would use the insignia design created by Modarelli and that NASA would not require its services for this undertaking. Dr. Glennan announced the new NASA insignia in the NASA Management Manual on 15 July 1959. 27 25 “This Is NASA Insignia,” The Orbit, in-house newsletter at Lewis Research Center (31 July 1959), p. 1. Lewis illustrators Richard Schulke, Louise Fergus, and John Hopkins assisted Modarelli in the design effort. 26 NASA Style Guide, November 2006. p. 8. 27 The insignia had been approved by then Administrator Glennan before he approved the seal. The announcement appeared in several in-house newsletters: “Cite Regulations for use of New NASA Insignia,” Air Scoop, newsletter at Langley Research Center (24 July 1959); “This Is NASA
CHAPTER 3 A New Agency, 1958–1959 67 Specifications and orders for insignia lapel pins, decals, and stationery were completed during the fall of 1959. In November 1959, Modarelli transferred to NASA Headquarters, where he held the position of Director of Exhibits for NASA until he returned to Lewis Research Center in 1961. 28 Modarelli’s creation would serve as the official NASA insignia for 16 years before being replaced in 1975; it would later be reinstituted in 1992. THE RED WING At this juncture, it might be informative to the reader to clarify the oft-misunderstood red symbol that Modarelli chose to represent the aeronautics thrust of the Agency in the NASA seal and insignia. As previously discussed, the symbol was a stylization of an actual NACA-designed wing concept for supersonic applications involving flight at Mach 3. This section explains why the supersonic-wing model was part of the display at Ames and also discusses the individuals and technical programs at Ames and Langley that led to the concept. In the mid-1950s, the growing interest in highspeed flight resulted in accelerated efforts to maximize the efficiency of wings at supersonic speeds. A wide variety of wing shapes were investigated by the NACA in both experimental and theoretical studies at the NACA Langley Aeronautical Laboratory and at the NACA AAL. 29 Conclusions from these studies Insignia,” The Orbit, newsletter at Lewis Research Center (31 July 1959); “New NASA Insignia Approved,” The Astrogram, newsletter at Ames Research Center (6 August 1959). 28 “Modarelli Transfers to Headquarters,” The Orbit, inhouse newsletter at Lewis Research Center (20 November 1959), p. 1. 29 F. Edward McLean: Supersonic Cruise Technology, NASA SP-472, 1985. indicated that arrow wings promised superior performance at supersonic speeds compared to delta wings and other shapes. Furthermore, the research showed that the lift-drag characteristics of arrow-wing configurations could be appreciably enhanced by cambering and twisting the wings. Aerodynamicists under the direction of John P. Stack at Langley and Robert T. Jones at Ames were major contributors to the research and were recognized as world leaders in theoretical and experimental methods for supersonic aerodynamics. The leaders of research on the design of twisted and cambered supersonic arrow wings were Elliott D. Katzen at Ames and Clinton E. Brown and Francis E. McLean at Langley. The emphasis in Katzen’s research was on how to optimize the performance of the wings at supersonic speeds. 30 At Langley, Brown and McLean were primarily interested in the practical applications of the wing concept to realistic airplane configurations with satisfactory stability and performance for specific missions. 31 These simultaneous projects were typical of productive NACA/NASA efforts in certain research areas. That is, once the committee identified the importance of a topic, the various labs would undertake different approaches to assess the potential benefits of multiple concepts, identify and resolve problems, and create valid design methods for applications of the concept. Efforts were carefully planned to avoid unnecessary duplication of efforts between Centers. 30 An example of Katzen’s research: Elliott D. Katzen, “Idealized Wings and Wing-Bodies at a Mach Number of 3,” NACA Technical Note 4361, July 1958. 31 An example of Brown’s research: Brown, Clinton E.; McLean, F. E.; and Klunker, E. B.: “Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Cambered and Twisted Wings Optimized for Flight at Supersonic Speeds.” Presented at the Second International Congress of the Institute of the Aeronautical Sciences, Zürich, Switzerland, 12–16 September 1960.
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EMBLEMS OF EXPLORATION Logos of the
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iv Contents CHAPTER 3 A New Agency,
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vi Preface the public in 2013, to g
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viii Preface (WFC 1974-1981); Wallo
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x Acknowledgments Many active and r
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2 CHAPTER 1 Wings of Eagles, 1915-1
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10 CHAPTER 1 Wings of Eagles, 1915-
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CHAPTER 6 Back to the Future, 1992-
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CHAPTER 7 Summary This brief review
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About the Authors Joseph R. Chamber
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The NASA History Series Reference W
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The NASA History Series 135 Garber,
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The NASA History Series 137 Bowles,
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The NASA History Series 139 Anderso
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Index A Abbey, George W. S., 105, 1
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Index 143 cowling concept, 10, 49 C
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Index 145 Katzen, Elliott D., 59, 6
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Index 147 meatball nickname for, 89
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Index 149 supercritical-wing techno
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