WIOSOC2015_FinalDraft

More documents

Recommendations

Info

V . Assessment of food security from marine resources Table 22.1. A chronology of major advances in mariculture in Tanzania. 1980s 1990s • Seaweed culture experiments • Research on cage culture of rabbit fish (Siganus) • Commercial seaweed farming by private sector starts in Zanzibar • Seaweed farming introduced to Tanga and Bagamoyo (1992-1994) and to Mtwara, Lindi, Mafia and Kilwa (1995 - 1996) • Integrated mariculture and biofiltration experiments at Makoba 2000-2005 • Mariculture project on milkfish farming • Workshop on “Advances in mariculture” Zanzibar in 2004 • Crab fattening experiments • Shellfish farming piloted • Pilot studies of small-scale / commercial finfish culture in ponds 2006-2014 • Shellfish, pearl farming and entrepreneurship develops • Initiatives to add value to seaweed industry • Sea-cucumber farming experiments in Pemba • Production of prawn postlarvae in 2009 • Sponge farming experiments in Zanzibar • Experiments with marine tilapia farming in Zanzibar • Tilapia acclimatization for mariculture by introduction of the technique at mainland sites (Figure 22.5). Some 88 per cent of the people involved in seaweed farming in Zanzibar are women. The sector provides local women with an opportunity to contribute to their households and local economies. Seaweeds are cultured in shallow subtidal areas over sandy bottoms along the coast. An off-bottom culture method has also been introduced, in which cuttings are tied to lines strung above the sea bottom. This method reduces seaweed die-offs caused by tidal and seasonal fluctuations in water quality, and works well at Pemba Island (Msuya 2011). Seaweed is fast-growing and crops are harvested every 6 weeks. It is dried, and the unprocessed product is sold to middlemen who export it. Dried seaweed can be stockpiled to take advantage of market fluctuations, but villagers depend strongly on the income generated and therefore tend to sell immediately after drying. Seaweed production is irregular because weather changes sometimes lead to die-offs, or international markets become saturated, affecting the prices that can be obtained. The die-offs often occur during the long rain season, when farmers can lose up to 3 out of 8 harvests that make up an annual cycle (Msuya and others, 2007). There remains a large disparity between the low prices paid to farmers for dried seaweed in Tanzania (approx. 0.17 US$/kg) and the high market price for refined carrageenan (30-50 US$/kg) for E. denticulatum (Bryceson and Beymer- Farris 2011). To increase bargaining power and achieve higher prices for dried seaweed, women farmers are collectively organizing themselves through cooperatives (a good example being the Chole Society for Women’s Development, on Mafia Island). Some value-adding in Tanzania is achieved at a small scale, for instance through the development of cosmetics and foodstuffs. Processing facilities for carrageenan have also been suggested by Zero Emissions Research and Initiatives and Zanzibar Seaweed Cluster Initiative (Msuya 2011) to increase value, through direct sale and export of carrageenan to international markets. Threats from seaweed farming are often aesthetic, especially where farms are sited along the lower fringe of the intertidal and shallow subtidal, particularly in Zanzibar, in areas where tourism generates most income. The eco- 292 Regional State of the Coast Report
22. Mariculture 38º0’0’’E 39º0’0’’E 40º0’0’’E 41º0’0’’E 5º0’0’’S TANGA Kibururwe Mabokweni Machui Pangani Ushongo Kiuyu Pujini Kangagani Uvumbuzi Legend 5º0’0’’S Aquaculture ponds Half-pearl farms 6º0’0’’S Makoba Mbweni Bagamoyo Kaole Mbegani Changwahela Seaweed farms Coastal town Pioneer seaweed farming on mainland Districts Mangrove 6º0’0’’S DAR ES SALAAM 7º0’0’’S 7º0’0’’S Mpafu Kisiju 8º0’0’’S Mchungu Kikale Banja Dongo Chunguruma Mafia 8º0’0’’S Somanga Liteja 9º0’0’’S KILWA Mpara Kilwa Masoko 9º0’0’’S N Mchinga 10º0’0’’S 0 25 50 100 Km LINDI Mingoyo Kisiwa Ndumbwe Mbuo Luvula Msimamo MTWARA Tangazo Namindondi Msimbati 10º0’0’’S 38º0’0’’E 39º0’0’’E 40º0’0’’E 41º0’0’’E Figure 22.5. Map of the Tanzanian coast showing villages practicing mariculture of finfish, shellfish/half pearls and seaweeds. Western Indian Ocean 293
Page 1:
Regional State of the Coast Report
Page 4 and 5:
Published by the United Nations Env
Page 6 and 7:
IV Regional State of the Coast Repo
Page 8 and 9:
VI Regional State of the Coast Repo
Page 10 and 11:
VIII Regional State of the Coast Re
Page 12 and 13:
Acknowledgements And lastly…, In
Page 14 and 15:
XII Regional State of the Coast Rep
Page 16 and 17:
List of Contributors José PAULA MA
Page 18 and 19:
XVI Regional State of the Coast Rep
Page 20 and 21:
Chapter 10. Threatened MARINE speci
Page 22:
Chapter 35. Coastal and marine rese
Page 26 and 27:
List of figures 2011). 13.4. Link b
Page 28:
List of figures urbanisation. Sourc
Page 32:
List of tables 18.1. World Heritage
Page 36:
List of boxes 29.2. Cities at risk:
Page 40 and 41:
I . Summary 2 Regional State of the
Page 42 and 43:
Page 44 and 45:
Page 47 and 48:
Part II The Context of the Assessme
Page 49:
1 Planet: Oceans and Life 13 • PA
Page 52 and 53:
II . The context of the assessment
Page 54 and 55:
Page 56 and 57:
Page 58 and 59:
Page 60 and 61:
Page 63 and 64:
2 Mandate and Methodology Julius Fr
Page 65 and 66:
2. Mandate and methodology nizes th
Page 67 and 68:
2. Mandate and methodology ported t
Page 69:
2. Mandate and methodology Western
Page 72 and 73:
III . Assessment of marine biologic
Page 75 and 76:
3 Introduction - Biodiversity Micha
Page 77:
3. Introduction - biodiversity West
Page 80 and 81:
Page 82 and 83:
Page 84 and 85:
Page 86 and 87:
Page 88 and 89:
Page 91 and 92:
5 Mangroves, Salt Marshes and Seagr
Page 93 and 94:
5. Mangroves, salt marshes and seag
Page 95 and 96:
Page 97 and 98:
Page 99 and 100:
Page 101 and 102:
Page 103 and 104:
Page 105 and 106:
Page 107:
Page 110 and 111:
Page 112 and 113:
Page 114 and 115:
Page 116 and 117:
Page 118 and 119:
Page 120 and 121:
Page 123 and 124:
7 Intertidal and Nearshore Rocky Re
Page 125 and 126:
7. Intertidal and nearshore rocky r
Page 127 and 128:
Page 129 and 130:
Page 131 and 132:
Page 133 and 134:
Page 135 and 136:
Page 137 and 138:
Page 139:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 144 and 145:
Page 146 and 147:
Page 148 and 149:
Page 150 and 151:
Page 153 and 154:
9 Deep sea and Offshore/Pelagic Hab
Page 155 and 156:
9. Deep sea and offshore/pelagic ha
Page 157 and 158:
Page 159 and 160:
Page 161 and 162:
Page 163 and 164:
Page 165:
Page 168 and 169:
Page 170 and 171:
Page 172 and 173:
Page 174 and 175:
Page 176 and 177:
Page 178 and 179:
Page 180 and 181:
Page 182 and 183:
Page 184 and 185:
Page 186 and 187:
Page 188 and 189:
Page 191 and 192:
11 Significant Social and Economic
Page 193 and 194:
11. Significant social and economic
Page 195 and 196:
Page 197 and 198:
Page 199 and 200:
Page 201 and 202:
Page 203:
Page 206 and 207:
Page 208 and 209:
Page 211 and 212:
Part IV Assessment of Major Ecosyst
Page 213:
17 Ocean-sourced Carbonate Producti
Page 216 and 217:
IV . Assessment of major ecosystem
Page 218 and 219:
Page 220 and 221:
Page 222 and 223:
Page 225 and 226:
14 The Oceans’ Role in the Hydrol
Page 227 and 228:
14. The ocean’s role in the hydro
Page 229 and 230:
Page 231 and 232:
Page 233 and 234:
Page 235:
Page 238 and 239:
Page 240 and 241:
Page 242 and 243:
Page 244 and 245:
Page 246 and 247:
Page 248 and 249:
Page 251 and 252:
16 Phytoplankton Primary Production
Page 253 and 254:
16. Phytoplankton primary productio
Page 255 and 256:
Page 257 and 258:
Page 259 and 260:
Page 261 and 262:
Page 263 and 264:
Page 265 and 266:
Page 267 and 268:
Page 269:
Page 272 and 273:
Page 274 and 275:
Page 276 and 277:
Page 278 and 279:
Page 281 and 282: 18 Aesthetic, Cultural and Spiritua
Page 283 and 284: 18. Aesthetic, cultural and spiritu
Page 289: 18. Aesthetic, cultural and spiritu
Page 292 and 293: IV . Assessment of major ecosystem
Page 295 and 296: Part V Assessment of Food Security
Page 297: 22 Mariculture 289 20 The Western I
Page 300 and 301: V . Assessment of food security fro
Page 311 and 312: 21 Capture Fisheries Johan Groeneve
Page 313 and 314: 21. Capture fisheries 140000 a) All
Page 315 and 316: 21. Capture fisheries and sticks. M
Page 317 and 318: 21. Capture fisheries require far g
Page 319 and 320: 21. Capture fisheries Ocean, with S
Page 321 and 322: 21. Capture fisheries gress was mad
Page 323 and 324: 21. Capture fisheries (2006). Seaso
Page 325: 21. Capture fisheries Western India
Page 343 and 344: 23 Social and Economic Impacts of C
Page 345 and 346: 23. Social economic impacts of capt
Page 353: 23. Social economic impacts of capt
Page 361 and 362: Part VI Assessment of Other Human A
Page 363: • TRAJECTORY AND CONCLUSIONS 355
Page 366 and 367: VI . Assessment of other human acti
Page 381 and 382:
26 Oil, Gas and Renewable Energy Ma
Page 383 and 384:
26. Oil, gas and renewable energy g
Page 385 and 386:
26. Oil, gas and renewable energy A
Page 387 and 388:
26. Oil, gas and renewable energy B
Page 389 and 390:
26. Oil, gas and renewable energy B
Page 391 and 392:
26. Oil, gas and renewable energy e
Page 393 and 394:
26. Oil, gas and renewable energy e
Page 395 and 396:
26. Oil, gas and renewable energy R
Page 397:
26. Oil, gas and renewable energy a
Page 400 and 401:
VI . Assessment of other human acti
Page 402 and 403:
Page 404 and 405:
Page 406 and 407:
Page 408 and 409:
Page 411 and 412:
28 Tourism and Recreation Sachooda
Page 413 and 414:
28. Tourism and recreation Seychell
Page 415 and 416:
28. Tourism and recreation Table 28
Page 417 and 418:
28. Tourism and recreation BOX 28.2
Page 419 and 420:
28. Tourism and recreation establis
Page 421 and 422:
28. Tourism and recreation December
Page 423:
28. Tourism and recreation Western
Page 426 and 427:
Page 428 and 429:
Page 430 and 431:
Page 432 and 433:
Page 434 and 435:
Page 436 and 437:
Page 438 and 439:
Page 440 and 441:
Page 442 and 443:
Page 445 and 446:
30 Marine Genetic Resources and Bio
Page 447 and 448:
30. Marine genetic resources and bi
Page 449 and 450:
Page 451 and 452:
Page 453 and 454:
Page 455:
Page 458 and 459:
Page 461 and 462:
Part VII Scenarios, Policy Options
Page 463:
• World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF
Page 466 and 467:
VII . Scenarios, policy options and
Page 468 and 469:
Page 470 and 471:
Page 472 and 473:
Page 474 and 475:
Page 476 and 477:
Page 478 and 479:
Page 480 and 481:
Page 483 and 484:
33 Governance: Legal and Institutio
Page 485 and 486:
33. Governance: legal and instituti
Page 487 and 488:
Page 489 and 490:
Page 491 and 492:
Page 493 and 494:
Page 495:
Page 498 and 499:
Page 500 and 501:
Page 502 and 503:
Page 504 and 505:
Page 506 and 507:
Page 508 and 509:
Page 511 and 512:
35 Coastal and Marine Research and
Page 513 and 514:
35. Coastal and marine research and
Page 515 and 516:
Page 517 and 518:
Page 519 and 520:
Page 521 and 522:
Page 523 and 524:
Page 525 and 526:
Page 527 and 528:
Page 529 and 530:
Page 531 and 532:
Page 533:
Page 536 and 537:
VIII . Overall assessment 498 Regio
Page 539 and 540:
36 Overall Assessment of the State
Page 541 and 542:
36. Overall assessment of the state
Page 543 and 544:
Page 545 and 546:
Page 547 and 548:
Page 549 and 550:
Page 551 and 552:
Page 553 and 554:
Page 555 and 556:
Page 557 and 558:
Page 559 and 560:
Page 561 and 562:
Page 563 and 564:
Page 565:
Page 568 and 569:
Abbreviations EAC EACC EAF EARO EAW
Page 570 and 571:
Abbreviations NDEIE NDS NEAP NEC NE
Page 573 and 574:
GLOSSARY A Abiotic Factor - non-liv
Page 575 and 576:
Glossary Carbon Sink - natural syst
Page 577 and 578:
Glossary Environmental Stress - pre
Page 579 and 580:
Glossary Hatchery - place where egg
Page 581 and 582:
Glossary Near Shore - region of lan
Page 583 and 584:
Glossary Snorkelling - the practice
show all

WIOSOC2015_FinalDraft

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?