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VI . Assessment of other human activities and the marine environment 25 Maritime Activities 327 • INTRODUCTION • STATUS OF MARITIME ACTIVITIES IN THE WIO • ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF MARITIME ACTIVITIES IN THE WIO • Operational pollution from ships • Shipping accidents • Invasive alien species (IAS) • Environmental impacts of port activities • SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONCERNS • Piracy • Illegal dumping • Climate change • CAPACITY • Port and Flag State Control • Surveillance of shipping lanes • Provision of Navigational Aids • Oil spill response • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS • REFERENCES 327 329 331 331 332 332 333 334 334 334 335 335 335 337 338 338 338 339 26 Oil, Gas and Renewable Energy 343 • INTRODUCTION • The need for energy by WIO countries • The status of marine-based energy sources in the WIO region • Fossil fuels from the coastal zone and offshore • Recent discoveries and developments • Drilling and costs • Deep Ocean Water Application • Tidal energy • Ocean currents • Wave energy • Summary of energy options • IMPACTS FROM EXPLORATION, DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION OF ENERGY FROM THE SEA • Impacts common to all structures placed in the marine environment • Impacts from fossil fuel exploration and their mitigation • Impacts from fossil fuel production • LOCAL PARTICIPATION IN MARINE-BASED ENERGY OPTIONS 343 344 344 344 345 348 348 350 350 350 352 352 352 353 354 354 324 Regional State of the Coast Report
• TRAJECTORY AND CONCLUSIONS 355 29 Urbanisation, Coastal Development and Vulnerability, and Catchments 387 • REFERENCES 357 • URBANISATION, COASTAL DEVELOPMENT AND 387 27 Coastal Mining and its Influence on Coastline Stability 361 VULNERABILITY • CATCHMENTS • COASTS AND CATCHMENTS OF THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN REGION 388 389 • Environmental impact of urbanisation 390 • INTRODUCTION 361 • Coastal urbanisation, environmental impacts and 391 • Natural and human derived driving forces 362 vulnerability • Human actions directly influence the stability of the 363 • Coastal cities 393 coastline • Coastal vulnerability 393 • Criteria for assessing the state and level of impact on the 363 • Catchments of the WIO Region 396 integrity of the coastal sand system • Tana River Catchment 396 • ASSESSMENT OF THE STATE OF THE COASTLINE 363 • Athi-Sabaki River Catchment 397 • ASSESSMENT RESULTS 366 • Pangani River Catchment 399 • CONCLUSION ON THE ASSESSMENT 369 • Rufiji River Catchment 399 • RESPONSE AND POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 370 • Maputo River Catchment 399 • REFERENCES 370 • Thukela River Catchment 399 • Betsiboka River Catchment 400 28 Tourism and Recreation 373 • EMERGING ISSUES AND POLICY RESPONSES • Urbanisation, Development and Vulnerability 400 400 • Catchments 401 • INTRODUCTION 373 • REFERENCES 402 • TOURIST ATTRACTIONS IN THE WESTERN INDIAN 373 OCEAN • CONTRIBUTIONS AND IMPACTS • Benefits and opportunities • Socio-economy of tourism 375 375 375 30 Marine Genetic Resources and Bioprospecting in the Western Indian Ocean 407 • Environment 376 • Employment opportunities 376 • INTRODUCTION 407 • Impacts of tourism 376 • THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF MARINE BIOPROSPECTING 408 • POLICY RESPONSES 378 • RESEARCH, DEVELOPMENT AND COMMERCIAL 408 • Promote mutually beneficial tourism and conservation 378 APPLICATIONS • Promote whale and dolphin watching 378 • NATURAL PRODUCT RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT IN 411 • Encourage cruise tourism and manage impacts 378 THE WESTERN INDIAN OCEAN • Promote research and monitoring 380 • ACCESS AND BENEFIT SHARING 413 • Establishment of Marine Protected Areas 380 • CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 414 • Curbing Piracy 380 • REFERENCES 415 • Improving coastal and shoreline management 380 • Introducing beach awards systems • Promoting domestic tourism • CONCLUSIONS • REFERENCES 380 381 381 381 31 Summary of Other Human Activities in the Coastal and Marine Environment 419 Western Indian Ocean 325
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Regional State of the Coast Report
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Published by the United Nations Env
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IV Regional State of the Coast Repo
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VI Regional State of the Coast Repo
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VIII Regional State of the Coast Re
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Acknowledgements And lastly…, In
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XII Regional State of the Coast Rep
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List of Contributors José PAULA MA
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XVI Regional State of the Coast Rep
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Chapter 10. Threatened MARINE speci
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Chapter 35. Coastal and marine rese
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List of figures 2011). 13.4. Link b
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List of figures urbanisation. Sourc
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List of tables 18.1. World Heritage
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List of boxes 29.2. Cities at risk:
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I . Summary 2 Regional State of the
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Part II The Context of the Assessme
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1 Planet: Oceans and Life 13 • PA
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II . The context of the assessment
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2 Mandate and Methodology Julius Fr
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2. Mandate and methodology nizes th
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2. Mandate and methodology ported t
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2. Mandate and methodology Western
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III . Assessment of marine biologic
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3 Introduction - Biodiversity Micha
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3. Introduction - biodiversity West
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9 Deep sea and Offshore/Pelagic Hab
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11 Significant Social and Economic
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11. Significant social and economic
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Part IV Assessment of Major Ecosyst
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17 Ocean-sourced Carbonate Producti
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IV . Assessment of major ecosystem
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14 The Oceans’ Role in the Hydrol
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14. The ocean’s role in the hydro
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16 Phytoplankton Primary Production
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18 Aesthetic, Cultural and Spiritua
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Part V Assessment of Food Security
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22 Mariculture 289 20 The Western I
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V . Assessment of food security fro
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28. Tourism and recreation Seychell
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28. Tourism and recreation Table 28
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28. Tourism and recreation BOX 28.2
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28. Tourism and recreation establis
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28. Tourism and recreation Western
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VI . Assessment of other human acti
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30 Marine Genetic Resources and Bio
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30. Marine genetic resources and bi
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Part VII Scenarios, Policy Options
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• World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF
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VII . Scenarios, policy options and
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35 Coastal and Marine Research and
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35. Coastal and marine research and
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VIII . Overall assessment 498 Regio
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36 Overall Assessment of the State
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36. Overall assessment of the state
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Abbreviations EAC EACC EAF EARO EAW
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Abbreviations NDEIE NDS NEAP NEC NE
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GLOSSARY A Abiotic Factor - non-liv
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Glossary Carbon Sink - natural syst
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Glossary Hatchery - place where egg
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Glossary Near Shore - region of lan
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Glossary Snorkelling - the practice
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