WIOSOC2015_FinalDraft

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VII . Scenarios, policy options and capacity building Policy Emphasis Scenarios Whichever policy options exist at the national or regional levels, there are further scenarios that WIO region countries need to consider. Firstly, countries may consider policy instruments which largely or primarily provide incentives for voluntary compliance. This may target private sector players in the commercial sectors such as tourism, fisheries, shipping, manufacturing, oil and gas, etc. Some of the incentive and disincentive mechanisms include, amongst others, public-private partnerships which give the private sector greater latitude and involvement in coastal and marine environmental governance; tax holidays and rebates to encourage environmental protection and conservation; and higher taxation levels for certain sea-based or coastal activities or undertakings aimed at reducing pressure on sensitive coastal and marine environments. The implication is that these will be market driven, self-regulatory frameworks devoid of too much government control. However, government still performs its primary role of regulation, oversight and enforcement, although in certain sectors, such as ports and harbours, oil and gas and tourism, the government is also often a participant. Secondly, countries may consider strengthening the “command and control” approach in their policy formulation. Greater government control over environmental decision making, regulation, oversight and enforcement may require less consultative and participatory processes; and instead require larger policing machinery, complete with heavy penalties and fines. This approach could become very expensive and stifling of enterprise and stakeholder participation, and possibly undermine coastal and marine environmental protection in the affected countries and across the region. Finally, a scenario where a hybrid system, with both elements of incentives and policing co-existing, is presented, however, this runs the risk of essentially creating a rather weak system both ways. The time has come for countries in the WIO region to clearly mainstream coastal and marine issues for the future. Environmental integrity of the coastal and marine areas, ecosystem services and goods, green energy, offshore resources, maritime security and others must increasingly become central pillars of national policy formulation. The region as a whole should engage in policy discussions on the foregoing issues in a concerted manner. Economic development and population projections, as well as trends in environmental degradation and/or recovery and climatic change implications, should be included in the analyses that contribute to the much-needed guiding policies of the future. References GPA (1995). Global Programme of Action for the Protection of the Marine Environment from Land-based Activities. UNEP. Washington D.C. Linden, O. and Lundin, G.C. (eds.) (1996). Integrated Coastal Zone Management in Tanzania. SIDA SAREC and World Bank Rochette, J. and Bille, R. (2012a). ICZM Protocols to Regional Seas Conventions: What? Why? How? Mar. Policy 36(5), 977-984 Rochette, J. and Bille, R. (2012b). Strengthening the Western Indian Ocean Regional Seas Framework: A Review of Potential Modalities. Indian Ocean Commission/European Union/French Global Environmental Facility, Study No 02/12. IDDRI. Paris, France Samoilys, M., Osuka, K. and Maina, G.W. (2011). Opportunities and challenges of current legislation for effective conservation in the Tana Delta: Pate Island coast of Kenya. CORDIO Status Report. Mombasa, Kenya UN (2015). General Assembly - Report of the Open Working Group of the General Assembly on Sustainable Development Goals. 12 August 2014. Sixty-eighth session. United Nations UNEP (2011). Towards a Green Economy: Pathways to Sustainable Development and Poverty Eradication - A Synthesis for Policy Makers. Available at http://www.unep.org/ greeneconomy/Portals/88/documents/ger/GER_synthesis_en.pdf UNEP/Nairobi Convention Secretariat and WIOMSA (2009a). Regional synthesis report on the review of the policy, legal and institutional frameworks in the Western Indian Ocean (WIO) region UNEP. Nairobi, Kenya UNEP/Nairobi Convention Secretariat and WIOMSA (2009b). Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis of Landbased Sources and Activities Affecting the Western Indian 470 Regional State of the Coast Report
34. Policy analysis and options Ocean Coastal and Marine Environment. UNEP. Nairobi, Kenya UNEP/Nairobi Convention Secretariat and WIOMSA (2009c). Regional synthesis report on ratification and implementation of international environmental conventions relevant to land based activities/sources of pollution of the coastal and marine environment of the WIO region. UNEP. Nairobi, Kenya Western Indian Ocean 471
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Regional State of the Coast Report
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Published by the United Nations Env
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IV Regional State of the Coast Repo
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VI Regional State of the Coast Repo
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VIII Regional State of the Coast Re
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Acknowledgements And lastly…, In
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XII Regional State of the Coast Rep
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List of Contributors José PAULA MA
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XVI Regional State of the Coast Rep
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Chapter 10. Threatened MARINE speci
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Chapter 35. Coastal and marine rese
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List of figures 2011). 13.4. Link b
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List of figures urbanisation. Sourc
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List of tables 18.1. World Heritage
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List of boxes 29.2. Cities at risk:
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I . Summary 2 Regional State of the
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Part II The Context of the Assessme
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1 Planet: Oceans and Life 13 • PA
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II . The context of the assessment
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2 Mandate and Methodology Julius Fr
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2. Mandate and methodology nizes th
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2. Mandate and methodology ported t
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2. Mandate and methodology Western
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III . Assessment of marine biologic
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3 Introduction - Biodiversity Micha
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3. Introduction - biodiversity West
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5 Mangroves, Salt Marshes and Seagr
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7 Intertidal and Nearshore Rocky Re
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9 Deep sea and Offshore/Pelagic Hab
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9. Deep sea and offshore/pelagic ha
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11 Significant Social and Economic
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11. Significant social and economic
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Part IV Assessment of Major Ecosyst
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17 Ocean-sourced Carbonate Producti
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IV . Assessment of major ecosystem
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14 The Oceans’ Role in the Hydrol
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14. The ocean’s role in the hydro
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16 Phytoplankton Primary Production
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16. Phytoplankton primary productio
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18 Aesthetic, Cultural and Spiritua
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18. Aesthetic, cultural and spiritu
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Part V Assessment of Food Security
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22 Mariculture 289 20 The Western I
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V . Assessment of food security fro
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21 Capture Fisheries Johan Groeneve
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21. Capture fisheries 140000 a) All
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21. Capture fisheries and sticks. M
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21. Capture fisheries require far g
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21. Capture fisheries Ocean, with S
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21. Capture fisheries gress was mad
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21. Capture fisheries (2006). Seaso
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21. Capture fisheries Western India
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Part VI Assessment of Other Human A
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• TRAJECTORY AND CONCLUSIONS 355
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VI . Assessment of other human acti
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26 Oil, Gas and Renewable Energy Ma
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26. Oil, gas and renewable energy A
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26. Oil, gas and renewable energy B
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26. Oil, gas and renewable energy B
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26. Oil, gas and renewable energy e
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28 Tourism and Recreation Sachooda
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28. Tourism and recreation Table 28
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28. Tourism and recreation BOX 28.2
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28. Tourism and recreation establis
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28. Tourism and recreation Western
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30 Marine Genetic Resources and Bio
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30. Marine genetic resources and bi
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36. Overall assessment of the state
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Abbreviations EAC EACC EAF EARO EAW
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Abbreviations NDEIE NDS NEAP NEC NE
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GLOSSARY A Abiotic Factor - non-liv
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Glossary Carbon Sink - natural syst
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Glossary Environmental Stress - pre
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Glossary Hatchery - place where egg
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Glossary Near Shore - region of lan
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Glossary Snorkelling - the practice
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