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facts, providing context, and commissioning supporting editorials.” 405 Modern mass media and Internet access allowed disclosures by Chelsea Manning and Edward Snowden to broadcast American secrets throughout the United States and worldwide. Recommendation 9 The Center for Security Clearances must explore new automated technologies, as well as media security technologies, in order to determine critical indicators that may shed light on character flaws of current and prospective government security clearance holders. Conclusion 10 While the number of overall unauthorized disclosure cases is small, the information disclosed has been significant. As noted, the primary reasons for unauthorized disclosure found during this research are ideology, disillusionment, and loyalty. As such, the most effective approach to prevent unauthorized disclosure is to create a work environment that provides for high morale, and loyalty to the organization and co-workers. According to Sarbin, Carney, and Eoyang, “Instilling organizational pride, promoting esprit de corps, and making someone a winning team are all means to stimulate positive effects.” 406 Organizations must “create opportunities to deal with disgruntled employees, employees with financial problems, or employees with alcohol or drug dependencies before they took revenge or betrayed their trust by disclosing classified information or selling trade secrets.” 407 Disgruntled employees must have an outlet to address their grievances. There was no such venue in the cases of Aldrich Ames and Robert Hanssen. Once Ana Montes made her feelings against U.S. foreign policy clear, access to classified information should have been limited immediately. Sarbin, Carney, and Eoyang argue, “More powerful prevention and detection results could be obtained by relying on the promotion of strong group cohesiveness coupled with social 405 Ibid., 178–179. 406 Sarbin, Carney, and Eoyang, Citizen Espionage, 8. 407 Ibid., 14. 116
integrity that enforces responsibility for security on those closest to the problems.” 408 Cohesiveness is enforced by a culture of social control. Sarbin, Carney, and Eoyang explain: The essential elements are 1) the individual; 2) a social entity—not just the generalized society but a defined social entity such as a family, a tribe, a school, a military unit, or a psychological researcher; and 3) some kind of co-presence, so that the individual is with the social entity, at least in a psychological sense but usually in an obvious physical sense. Social control in operation is pervasive and simple: The individual acts in conformity to the norms, values and standards of the salient social entity. This is normatively what happens all the time. We are conforming, we are obedient, and we observe and respect social conventions. We are largely— all of us—under social control most of the time. 409 Recommendation 10 Managers (supervisors) and fellow employees must be vigilant and question any situation where any one individual amasses a significant amount of classified information or stores a massive amount on a computer or external hard drive. Constant monitoring of stored classified information should be mandatory. In the past, as well as in the current climate, employees are allowed to store metadata on computers without those files being logged in/logged out or accounted for. This recommendation will indeed demand a change in the way the government accounts for stored electronic files. Conclusion 11 A person’s untrustworthiness is difficult to assess or measure using current methodology. Recommendation 11 A wide variety of personality tests have been developed, notably the Myers Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), the MMPI, and a number of tests based on the five factor model of personality, such as the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. 410 Short of a 408 Ibid., 90. 409 Ibid., 154. 410 Wikipedia, “Personality Test,” accessed May 2, 2015, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personality_test 117
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NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY,
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REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Appr
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Approved for public release; distri
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ABSTRACT Federal government securit
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TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION..
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Overview
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LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Behavioral
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LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Federal governmen
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of any changes in the personality o
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Dedicated to my hus
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I. INTRODUCTION A. THESIS QUESTION
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government employees and are expect
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• Utilization of “see something
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II. LITERATURE REVIEW Recent unauth
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E.O. 12968 “establishes a uniform
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Under Intelligence Community Direct
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classification (confidential, secre
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C. FINANCIAL CONCERNS IDENTIFIED WI
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D. EXAMPLES OF UNAUTHORIZED DISCLOS
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Sulick also looks at the history of
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law enforcement to cooperate with O
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III. HISTORY OF NATIONAL SECURITY I
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all data concerning the manufacture
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12 years until the lowest classific
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E.O. 12065 continued automatic decl
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Classification Appeals Panel (ISCAP
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IV. DISCUSSION OF INSIDER THREAT AN
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disclosures of Manning and Snowden,
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organizational leaders should never
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on male psychology. Over 95% of ins
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loyalty—one that may prevent a tr
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V. THE SECURITY CLEARANCE PROCESS
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eview all of the information, the
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Foreign Influence Unreported person
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Use of Information Technology Syste
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Program (EAP) or other counseling s
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VI. ROLE OF TECHNOLOGY TODAY Upon i
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holders current backgrounds, this t
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in the risk of misconduct. These re
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threat as: respond to discrepancies
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can be more easily verified and col
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VII. BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF KNOWN
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Page 89 and 90: occasion being serviced orally.”
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Page 93 and 94: and her father, Alberto. “To outs
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Page 99 and 100: 2. Ideology/Disillusionment/Loyalty
Page 101 and 102: was a paranoid schizophrenic underg
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Page 105 and 106: The Russian intelligence officers w
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Page 109 and 110: Walker befriended people who admire
Page 111 and 112: 5. Financial Concerns When intervie
Page 113 and 114: He failed to meet deadlines. He ign
Page 115 and 116: later admitted “he was corrupted
Page 117 and 118: damage to U.S.-foreign relations an
Page 119 and 120: next generation who extend the capa
Page 121 and 122: VIII. DISCUSSION OF DATA Upon revie
Page 123 and 124: easons, as did Abu-Jihaad, Manning,
Page 125 and 126: It can be argued almost every indiv
Page 127 and 128: Table 1. Behavioral Indicators Foun
Page 129 and 130: IX. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Page 131 and 132: Conclusion 3 Self-reporting changes
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Page 135 and 136: employees are granted complete priv
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Page 141 and 142: X. EPILOGUE Ultimately, the insider
Page 143 and 144: LIST OF REFERENCES Aftergood, Steve
Page 145 and 146: Defense Security Service. Roles and
Page 147 and 148: Herbig, Katherine L., Ray A. Zimmer
Page 149 and 150: ———. Intelligence Community D
Page 151 and 152: ———. Security from within: In
Page 153: INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 1. Defens
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SCHOOL THESIS

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