Intermediate german

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Unit 11: The present perfect tense 83 111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 13 4111 5 6 7 8 9 2011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 3011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4011 1 2 322 41111 Stem vowel change Many irregular verbs have a stem vowel change: Infinitive Past participle finden → gefunden found helfen geholfen helped schreiben geschrieben written fliegen geflogen flown Note that many German irregular verbs tend to be irregular in English. A good way to learn irregular verb forms is to work with a list of verbs, which you can find at the end of this book and in most dictionaries. There are also some patterns of stem vowel changes. For more information, see page 93. Mixed verbs – stem vowel change, but ending in -t There are verbs called mixed verbs which combine the characteristics of regular and irregular verbs as they change their stem vowel and add -t when forming the past participle. Here are some examples: Infinitive Past participle brennen → gebrannt burned bringen gebracht brought denken gedacht thought kennen gekannt known nennen genannt named wissen gewusst known Verbs taking sein A number of verbs in German form their present perfect tense with the present tense of sein + past participle. They can be divided into the following groups: Verbs indicating movement from one location to another This group contains commonly used irregular verbs such as gehen ‘to go’, fahren ‘to go (by vehicle)’, kommen ‘to come’, ankommen ‘to arrive’, laufen ‘to run’: Ich bin ins Kino gegangen. I have gone/went to the cinema.
84 Unit 11: The present perfect tense 111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 1011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 3011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4011 1 2 3 41111 Seid ihr mit dem Auto gefahren? Did you go by car? Jörg ist den ganzen Weg gelaufen. Jörg has run/ran the whole way. There are also a few regular verbs indicating movement such as joggen ‘to jog’, reisen ‘to travel’, segeln ‘to sail’ and wandern ‘to hike’ which require sein: Robert ist letztes Jahr durch Asien gereist. Robert travelled through Asia last year. Sie sind in den Alpen gewandert. They went hiking in the Alps. Verbs expressing a change of state Another group of verbs indicates a process or a change of state. They include aufstehen ‘to get up’, einschlafen ‘to fall asleep’, sterben ‘to die’, wachsen ‘to grow’, werden ‘to become’: Er ist Ingenieur geworden. He has become/became an engineer. Du bist aber gewachsen! How you have grown! Wir sind sehr früh eingeschlafen. We fell asleep very early. Other verbs – bleiben, passieren, sein There are three other verbs which also take sein to form the present perfect: bleiben ‘to stay’, passieren ‘to happen’ and sein ‘to be’: Wir sind nur eine Woche geblieben. We only stayed for a week. Was ist denn passiert? What (has) happened? Er ist noch nie in Berlin gewesen. He has never been to Berlin.
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Unit 1: Nouns and gender 3 111 2 3
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Unit 2: Plural of nouns 11 111 2 3
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Unit 3: Articles and other determin
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Unit 4: Cases 25 111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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Unit 4: Cases 27 111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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Unit 4: Cases 29 111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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Unit 4: Cases 31 111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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Page 60 and 61: Unit 7: Modal verbs 51 111 2 3 4 5
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Page 100 and 101: Unit 12: The simple past tense 91 1
Page 106 and 107: Unit 13: The past perfect tense 97
Page 112 and 113: Unit 14: The future tense 103 111 2
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Page 118 and 119: Unit 15: Adjectives and adverbs 109
Page 126 and 127: Unit 16: Prepositions 117 111 2 3 4
Page 136 and 137: Unit 17: Forming questions 127 111
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Unit 18: Conjunctions and clauses 1
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Unit 19: Word order and sentence st
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Unit 20: Relative clauses 151 111 2
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Unit 21: Negative constructions 159
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Unit 22: The passive voice 165 111
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Unit 23: Subjunctive forms 173 111
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Unit 24: Indirect speech 181 111 2
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Key to exercises and checklists 187
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Glossary of grammatical terms 211 1
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Common irregular verbs 217 111 2 3
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