Intermediate german

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111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1 2 13 4111 5 6 7 8 9 2011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 3011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4011 1 2 3 41111 UNIT TWELVE The simple past tense Usage in German The simple past tense in German is usually used in the written language, especially in articles, reports, novels and CVs. Der Bundeskanzler eröffnete das neue Messezentrum. The Federal Chancellor opened the new trade fair centre. Mit 19 Jahren begann ich mein Jurastudium. When I was 19, I began to study law. In modern German grammar terms the simple past tense is called Präteritum ‘preterite’. However, it is often still referred to as Imperfekt ‘imperfect’. Regular verbs Formation Regular verbs do not change the vowel in their stem. The simple past tense is formed by adding the appropriate personal endings: frag-en mach-en träum-en wohn-en ich -te fragte machte träumte wohnte du -test fragtest machtest träumte wohntest Sie -ten fragten machten träumten wohnten er/sie/es -te fragte machte träumte wohnte wir -ten fragten machten träumten wohnten ihr -tet fragtet machtet träumtet wohntet Sie -ten fragten machten träumten wohnten sie -ten fragten machten träumten wohnten
90 Unit 12: The simple past tense 111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8111 9 1011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 3011 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4011 1 2 3 41111 Note that the above endings are similar to the present tense, with the exception of er/sie/es, which end in -e: Ich machte meine Hausaufgaben immer im letzten Moment. I always did my homework at the last moment. Er wohnte drei Jahre in der Schweiz. He lived for three years in Switzerland. Variations in personal endings With regular verbs whose stems end in -d,-m, -n or -t such as arbeiten ‘to work’, an extra -e is added: ich arbeitete du arbeitetest Sie arbeiteten er/sie/es arbeitete wir arbeiteten ihr arbeitetet Sie arbeiteten sie arbeiteten Other verbs following this pattern include atmen ‘to breathe’, begegnen ‘to meet’, beobachten ‘to observe’, öffnen ‘to open’, rechnen ‘to calculate’, reden ‘to talk’, retten ‘to rescue’, warten ‘to wait’. Er redete die ganze Zeit, während wir arbeiteten. He talked continuously while we were working. Irregular verbs Irregular verbs either change their stem vowel (bleiben → blieb, geben → gab), or sometimes their whole stem (gehen → ging). The following personal endings are added to the modified stem: bleib-en geb-en geh-en sing-en blieb gab ging sang ich – blieb gab ging sang du -st bliebst gabst gingst sangst Sie -en blieben gaben gingen sangen er/sie/es – blieb gab ging sang wir -en blieben gaben gingen sangen ihr -t bliebt gabt gingt sangt Sie -en blieben gaben gingen sangen sie -en blieben gaben gingen sangen
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Unit 1: Nouns and gender 3 111 2 3
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Unit 2: Plural of nouns 11 111 2 3
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Unit 3: Articles and other determin
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Unit 4: Cases 25 111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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Unit 4: Cases 27 111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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Unit 4: Cases 29 111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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Unit 4: Cases 31 111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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Unit 4: Cases 33 111 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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Unit 5: Pronouns 35 111 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Unit 5: Pronouns 37 111 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Page 50 and 51: Unit 5: Pronouns 41 111 2 3 4 5 6 7
Page 52 and 53: Unit 6: Reflexive verbs 43 111 2 3
Page 60 and 61: Unit 7: Modal verbs 51 111 2 3 4 5
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Page 78 and 79: Unit 9: Verbs and prepositions 69 1
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Page 86 and 87: Unit 10: The present tense 77 111 2
Page 88 and 89: Unit 10: The present tense 79 111 2
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Page 92 and 93: Unit 11: The present perfect tense
Page 100 and 101: Unit 12: The simple past tense 91 1
Page 106 and 107: Unit 13: The past perfect tense 97
Page 112 and 113: Unit 14: The future tense 103 111 2
Page 114 and 115: Unit 14: The future tense 105 111 2
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Page 118 and 119: Unit 15: Adjectives and adverbs 109
Page 126 and 127: Unit 16: Prepositions 117 111 2 3 4
Page 136 and 137: Unit 17: Forming questions 127 111
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Unit 19: Word order and sentence st
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Unit 20: Relative clauses 151 111 2
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Unit 21: Negative constructions 159
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Unit 22: The passive voice 165 111
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Unit 23: Subjunctive forms 173 111
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Unit 24: Indirect speech 181 111 2
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Key to exercises and checklists 187
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Glossary of grammatical terms 211 1
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Common irregular verbs 217 111 2 3
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