Foundations of Faith

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FOUNDATIONS OF FAITH IN JESUS M. M. NINAN The Era of Tabula It’s usually in the form of a diptych (sometimes triptych), and is made of a wood frame which holds beeswax on the inside surfaces. You open it just like a book, and use the metal tool (stylus) to write! When you’re done, the wax is heated slightly, and the flat end opposite the tip of the stylus is used to smooth over your writing, ready to be used again. A woman holding a book with four sheet wax book holding her stylus. Fresco from Pompeii 1st century AD. This method of writing dates to the second and first millennia BC, and it remained in use in some places up to the 19th century. The Ostraca Pieces of clay with writing on them are called ostraca, singular ostracon. The word comes from the Greek ostrakon, meaning "shell, sherd." Most ostraca were written with ink, but some were incised with a sharp instrument. School lessons, short letters, receipts, and other administrative documents were written on these clay sherds. 16
FOUNDATIONS OF FAITH IN JESUS M. M. NINAN The greatest numbers are pieces of clay or scraps of pots inscribed with colors or ink. The oldest Christian ostraca, like the papyri, are Greek and date from the fifth century; next come the Coptic and Arabian ostraca. Some Christian texts are preserved upon ostraca. In the late 19th century, 20 ostraca were found in Upper Egypt, probably from the 7th century, written in Greek and Coptic. The ostraca are of different sizes and shapes. The more extant is Luke 22:40-71, which runs over 10 pieces. The ostraca contain from 2 to 9 verses each, and cover Matthew 27:31–32; Mark 5:40- 41 (Mark 9:3); Mark 9:17-18, Mark 9:22; Mark 15:21; Luke 12:13-16; Luke 22:40-71; John 1:1- 9; John 1:14-17; John 18:19-25; John 19:15-17. There is one ostracon with the inscription "St. Peter the evangelist," perhaps an allusion to the Gospel of Peter. A Coptic Sa'idic ostracon preserves the Pericope Adulterae found in John 7:53-8:1, which is otherwise omitted in the Sa'idic New Testament. A Christian hymn to Mary, similar to the canticles of Luke, and some Christian letters has also been found. Particularly remarkable are those ostraca which contain liturgical songs representing worship song-books. The Era of the Scroll The scrolls were essentially the standard medium of writing from the Egyptian period with scrolled made of Papyrus or Parchments. Stones and Clay tablets were already out of fashion. Ostraca (potsherds), were also in style with a reed pen and ink when the matter was a short note or matters that are short. Papyrus is a thick paper-like material produced from the pith of the papyrus plant, Cyperus papyrus, that was once abundant in the Nile Delta of Egypt. Papyrus is first known to have been used in ancient Egypt. Papyrus was first manufactured in Egypt as far back as the third 17
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Titus was sent to subjugate Judaea
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the Pharisees during the (first) tw
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Prof. Madathilparampil Mammen Ninan
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The Development Of Mariolatory Theo
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