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Underdevelopment, Dependenda, and Modernization Theory 67 NOTES 1 The literature of the dependenda school cannot be listed here. However, it must be conceded that a brief summary cannot do full justice to the complexity of the dependencia theses. Two useful, critical surveys do exist: Sotelo, Ignacio: Subdesarrollo y dependencia. Notas para una evaluacidn de la categoria de la dependencia en el analisis del subdesarrollo. In: Sistema, No. 10; July 1974; pp. 4 1-49; and O’Brien, Philip J. O.: A critique of Latin American theories of dependency. In: Ivar Oxaal, T ony Barrett and David Booth (eds.): Beyond the Sociology of Development. Economy and Society in Latin America and Africa. London: 1975: pp. 7-27. 1 Cf. Stansfield, D avid E.: Perspectives on Dependency. In: Cedla Incidentele Publicaties, No. 2; Amsterdam, June 1974; pp. 3-10; here p. 9. s See, e. g., Gerschenkron, A.: Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective. Cambridge, Mass.: 1972; passim-, and on this see Barsby, L.: Economic Backwardness and the Characteristics of Development. In: Journal of Economic History, Vol. 29; 1969; pp. 449-64. 4 Cf. Dos Santos, T heotonio: Über die Struktur der Abhängigkeit (On the Structure of Dependency). In: D ieter Senghaas (ed.): Imperialismus und strukturelle Gewalt. Analysen über abhängige Reproduktion. Frankfurt/ Main: 1972; pp. 243-57 6 Cf. Puhle, Hans-Jürgen: Tradition, Stability and Development. Ioward a Critique of Dependency Theories. (Unpublished manuscript, in German); and O’Brien: Loc. cit.,p. 11 etseq. . . . , , . t. - i„ 8 A discussion between historians and sociologists, conducted in Bielefeld in June 1975 under the topic “Latin America, Histormai Reality and Dependencia Theories” did deal with this problem complex, u to bring it any closer to a solution. . . . on > 7 See, e. g., Kossock, Manfred: Feudalismo y .c a p u “ * ? hlf 973. colonial de America Latina. In: Comunidad, VoL 8, > caDitalismo en PP. 643-58; and Van Bath, B. H. Schucher: Feudahsmo y capitaligno en America Latina. In: Boletin de Estudios Latinoamencanos y Problem des Spätmarxismus (The Future of the P 574_ 616_ Problem of Late Marxism). In: Futurum, No. , >P. ' j Weberiens: • Frank, Andre Gunder: Smith et Marx v s . Hegel e tie s ^ Origines du developpement et 4]1/ ^ ^ ^ l ^ J a n u a r y - J u n e 1975; pp. Monde. In: L’Homme et la socidtd, No. 35 36, ja y 149-185. _ . , rnnnuista. Zur amerikani- See also Hellwege, J ohann D.: Frontier un ürcjigen historischen sehen Entwicklungsdivergenz am “ t Developments in America Vergleichs (Frontier and Conquista. On Div g Comparison). In: Iberoas Revealed by the Example of a Dubious Historical Gomp Amerikanisches Archiv, New Series No. 3 ;. * r Dependency: An histo- . 10 See, e. g., Blakemore, Harold: ^ “J os Latinoamericanos y del nan’s view and case study. In: Boletin de Caribe, No. 18; June 1975; pp. 74-87.
68 Johann Hellwege 11 Cf Ray, David. The Dependency Model of Latin American Underdevelopment: Three Basic Fallacies. In: Journal of Inter-American Studies and W «r c f s S c E R H W •9U.3i PFortign Investment in Underdeveloped Areas. The Distribution of Gains BetweenTnvesting and Borrowing Countries In: Im e riä n Economic Review, Vol. 40; 1950; Supplement, pp. 473-85; here p. 475. 1S Cf. Blakemore; Loc. a t., p. 76. . t- i_• „ u Sautter, H.: Unterentwicklung und Abhängigkeit als Ergebnisse außenwirtschaftlicher Verflechtung. Zum ökonomischen Aussagewert der “dependencia”-Theorie (Underdevelopment and Dependency as a Result of Involvement in Foreign Economies. Concernmg the Economic Value ofAe “Dependencia” Theory). (Ibero-Amenka Institut fur Wirtschaftsforschung- Universität Göttingen, Diskussionsbeitrage, No. 8). Gottingen; 1975. This work appeared in 1976 as part of an anthology, edited by H.-J;Puhle^on “Latin America - Historical Reality and Dependencia Theories (in Ger- 15 Cf M orley, Samuel A. and J effrey G. Williamson: Demand, Distribution and Employment: The Case of Brazil. In: Economic Development and Cultural Change, Vol. 23, No. 1; October 1974; pp. 33-60. 10 Schydlowski, Daniel: Latin American Trade Policies in the 1970 s: A Prospective Appraisal. In: The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 86; 1972; pp. 263-89; here p. 271 f. On Argentina see especially Kenworthy, Eldon: Argentina: The Politics of Late Industrialization. In: Foreign Affairs, Vol. 45; 1966-67; pp. 463-476. 17 Cardoso, Fernando Henrique and Faletto, Enzo: Dependencia y desarrollo en America Latina. Ensayo de interpretaciön sociohSgica. Mexico: 2nd edition 1970; p. 146. 18 On this see Landes, David S.: Some Thoughts on the Nature of Economic Imperialism. In: Journal of Economic History, Vol. 21; 1961; pp. 496-512. 10 Sautter; Loc. cit., p. 19 et seq. 20 Peter F. Drucker calls our attention to the hazards of setting up newly-created myths, in his: Multinationals and Developing Countries: Myths and Realities. In: Foreign Affairs, Vol. 53, No. 1; October 1974; pp. 121-34. 21 On this, see also Hellwege, J. D.: Zwischen Demokratie und Diktatur. Eine Analyse der strukturellen Voraussetzungen in Lateinamerika (Between Democracy and Dictatorship. An Analysis of the Structural Preconditions in Latin America). In: im gespräch, No. 1/2; 1975; pp. 3-6. 22 Sautter: Loc. cit., p. 22 et seq. The relevant literature is mentioned here. 25 Cf. Schydlowski: Loc. cit., p. 272 et seq. 24 This conclusion is reached in the model study by Bos, H. C., Sanders, M artin and Secchi, Carlo: Private Foreign Investment in Developing Countries. A Quantitative Study on the Evaluation of the Macro-Economic Effects. (International Studies in Economics and Econometrics, Vol. 7). Dordrecht and Boston: 1974. 25 Cf. Drucker: Loc. cit.
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