Countering

Sophie Delepierre and Marina Schneider
Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, 2 nd ed. (Leicester: Institute of
Art and Law, 2014).
5 These tools include the UNESCO Database of National Cultural Heritage Laws,
the Model Legislative Provisions on State Ownership of Undiscovered Cultural
Objects (UNESCO-UNIDROIT), the Inventory and Object ID standard, UNESCO
International Code of Ethics for Dealers in Cultural Property, and the UNESCO -
WCO Model Export Certificate.
6 In the struggle against illicit trafficking in cultural property, the main bodies are the
International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (UNIDROIT), INTERPOL
(Artworks crime area), the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC),
the World Customs Organization (WCO), and the International Council of Museums
(ICOM).
7 http://www.unidroit.org/english/documents/1975/study45/s-45-58-e.pdf
8 On the concept of collective responsibility for the protection of cultural heritage, see:
E. Clément, ‘Le concept de responsabilité collective de la communauté internationale
pour la protection des biens culturels dans les conventions et recommandations de
l’UNESCO’, Revue belge de droit international 2 (1993) 535-551.
9 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, 1969, Article 19.
10 On this topic, see analysis by Patrick O’Keefe: P. O’Keefe, Commentary on the 1970
UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import,
Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, 2 nd ed. (Leicester: Institute of
Art and Law, 2014), pp. 43-45.
11 See analysis by Lyndel V. Prott: L. V. Prott, ‘Strengths and Weaknesses of the 1970
Convention: An Evaluation 40 years after its adoption’, 2nd ed., (UNESCO, 2012). See
also additional articles by experts presented at the Second Reunion of States Parties
to the Convention of 1970, available at < http://www.unesco.org/new/en/culture/
themes/illicit-trafficking-of-cultural-property/meeting-of-states-parties/2ndmsp-2012/
> [last accessed on 13 October 2015].
12 Directive 2014/60/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May
2014 on the return of cultural objects unlawfully removed from the territory of a
Member State and amending Regulation (EU) No 1024/2012 (Recast).
13 On this topic, see the analysis of Patrick O’Keefe: P. O’Keefe, Commentary on the 1970
UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import,
Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property, 2 nd ed. (Leicester: Institute of
Art and Law, 2014), pp.148-149.
Editors’ Note
The original referencing style has been maintained at the request of the authors.
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