ensur<strong>in</strong>g policy coherence is crucial for successful SDG implementation. The diversity of SDG <strong>the</strong>mes not only requires <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>volvement of various m<strong>in</strong>istries, but also of sub-national authorities, such as prov<strong>in</strong>cial authorities and local councils. Fur<strong>the</strong>rmore, it is essential that <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terl<strong>in</strong>kages between SDG targets (synergies and tradeoffs) are also taken <strong>in</strong>to account. For example, policy <strong>the</strong>mes for agriculture, water management, energy, climate and biodiversity are strongly <strong>in</strong>terconnected. A ‘silo approach’ to SDG implementation should hence be avoided. In addition to <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>terl<strong>in</strong>kages between various policy targets at <strong>the</strong> national level, environmental burden shift<strong>in</strong>g to o<strong>the</strong>r countries should also be taken <strong>in</strong>to account. For example, national policy measures, such as biodiversity conservation, <strong>in</strong>creased use of biofuels and reduced use of agricultural <strong>in</strong>puts, may cause production to be shifted abroad and thus could lead to an <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>in</strong> unsusta<strong>in</strong>able agricultural activities and associated environmental problems <strong>in</strong> those countries. These <strong>in</strong>ternational effects are not explicitly addressed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> 2030 Agenda. Footpr<strong>in</strong>t <strong>in</strong>dicators, which relate national consumption to environmental impact both at home and abroad, may be used for assess<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>dividual countries’ fair share <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> global susta<strong>in</strong>ability effort and be <strong>in</strong>cluded <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> national follow-up and review. A clear and powerful vision may promote civic participation National governments cannot achieve <strong>the</strong> SDGs all by <strong>the</strong>mselves. The scope and complexity of <strong>the</strong> SDGs require active participation by a broad range of actors (e.g. citizens, bus<strong>in</strong>esses, NGOs), not only to def<strong>in</strong>e national ambitions (what do we as society wish to achieve?), but also for implementation (how are we go<strong>in</strong>g to achieve <strong>the</strong>se ambitions?) and monitor<strong>in</strong>g (are we succeed<strong>in</strong>g?). A clear and powerful long-term vision may <strong>in</strong>spire and motivate <strong>the</strong>se actors to actively contribute to <strong>the</strong> implementation of <strong>the</strong> 2030 Agenda. To accelerate implementation, governments may actively facilitate national <strong>in</strong>itiatives, such as public-private partnerships for development and susta<strong>in</strong>ability. Through monitor<strong>in</strong>g and evaluation, governments can learn from <strong>the</strong>se <strong>in</strong>itiatives for fur<strong>the</strong>r policy development. For national follow-up and review, <strong>the</strong> role of monitor<strong>in</strong>g should be def<strong>in</strong>ed beforehand In addition to national SDG implementation, <strong>the</strong> 2030 Agenda also calls on governments to facilitate systematic follow-up and review. Periodic reports on national monitor<strong>in</strong>g may serve this purpose. An important first step is to determ<strong>in</strong>e what <strong>the</strong> role of such reports should be; should <strong>the</strong>y merely describe trends <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>dicators relevant to specific SDG targets, or also report on accountability with regard to societal and policy developments underly<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> trends observed? If <strong>the</strong> monitor<strong>in</strong>g activities are to assess <strong>the</strong> extent to which <strong>the</strong> targets are expected to be achieved, ex ante policy evaluation would be required. Bus<strong>in</strong>esses, NGOs, local councils, prov<strong>in</strong>cial authorities and o<strong>the</strong>r parties may report on <strong>the</strong>ir own contribution to SDG implementation. L<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g those reports to <strong>the</strong> national monitor<strong>in</strong>g report will streng<strong>the</strong>n <strong>the</strong> role of <strong>the</strong>se actors and <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>the</strong> comparability of susta<strong>in</strong>ability efforts between public and private parties. A national SDG monitor<strong>in</strong>g report for <strong>the</strong> Ne<strong>the</strong>rlands does not have to be developed from scratch, but can build on <strong>the</strong> Susta<strong>in</strong>ability Monitor of <strong>the</strong> Ne<strong>the</strong>rlands, a periodic report that keeps track of susta<strong>in</strong>ability <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ne<strong>the</strong>rlands, us<strong>in</strong>g a broad set of <strong>in</strong>dicators. However, <strong>the</strong> conceptual framework and <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>dicator set of this susta<strong>in</strong>ability monitor do not fully match <strong>the</strong> SDG system of goals and underly<strong>in</strong>g targets. The Inter-Agency and Expert Group on SDG Indicators is tasked with develop<strong>in</strong>g an <strong>in</strong>dicator set for global SDG monitor<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g a framework to organise and present <strong>the</strong>se <strong>in</strong>dicators. The outcome of this effort – which is expected by spr<strong>in</strong>g 2016 – may be used to fur<strong>the</strong>r th<strong>in</strong>k through <strong>the</strong> design options for a national monitor<strong>in</strong>g report. By <strong>the</strong>n, it could also be assessed whe<strong>the</strong>r and how future reports of <strong>the</strong> Susta<strong>in</strong>ability Monitor of <strong>the</strong> Ne<strong>the</strong>rlands and <strong>the</strong> Assessment of <strong>the</strong> Dutch Human Environment could respectively be used to report on accountability and provide ex ante policy analyses of SDG implementation. 10 | <strong>Susta<strong>in</strong>able</strong> <strong>Development</strong> <strong>Goals</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Ne<strong>the</strong>rlands
FULL RESULTS FULL RESULTS Ma<strong>in</strong> f<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>gs | 11