Fisheries in the Pacific

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The challenge of sustainability for Pacific Island village fisheries, a historical perspective vertical lines with much more productive bottom longlines, raising the risk that this intensification of the fishing effort will lead to a geographic extension of the overexploitation of deep sea fish stocks. The sustainability of this type of fishery thus depends on good management (see below). Trolling for pelagic fish around FADs requires less know-how than deepwater fishing. Moreover, large pelagic resources (tuna, dolphinfish, etc.) are much less abundant than the demersal stocks and much less vulnerable to any intensive exploitation. When the aggregating raft is productive, any fisher operating nearby is certain to obtain numerous catches. 10 This form of fishing logically is more profitable than demersal fishing, but two constraints and mistakes could dramatically affect this profitability. The first is to locate FADs too far away from boat launch sites for the fishing to be profitable given the vessels used (Cillaurren 1988, 1990, 1999). The vulnerability of FADs to hydroclimatic hazards is the second. The most promising sites, such as passageways between two islands used by tuna, often are exposed to high wind and currents, leading to the FADs positioned there to be short-lived. From 1990 to 2015, artisanal fishery around FADs underwent two important changes. First, there was increasing competition between artisanal fishery and industrial fishery over young yellow tuna and skipjacks, which aggregate around FADs but also can be exploited by canners and seiners hundreds of kilometres away due to the great mobility of tuna. 11 Second, a negative image of FADs was propagated by international NGOs, which blamed them for encouraging the overfishing of tuna and the incidental capture of turtles and dolphins by purse seine fishery. 12 Meanwhile, the (high) cost of installing and maintaining an anchored FAD in relation to the life expectancy (often low) and financial resources of Pacific Small Islands Developing States (Pacific SIDS) remained unchanged. All of the FADs set up between 1985 and 1995 in the Pacific SIDS were funded by international donors, notably Europe and Japan through the Japan International Cooperation Agency ( JICA). When donors did not renew their financial support to set up new ones, at the end of several years Pacific Island artisanal fishers were left without FADs to aggregate the pelagic resources and only a memory 10. The presence of a large number of sea birds flying over a FAD attests to the effectiveness of the device in attracting pelagic species, notably tuna. 11. Tuna in the Pacific migrate over long distances, as has been shown since 1977 through successive tuna tagging programs organized by SPC at a regional level (see http://www.spc.int/tagging/en, Accessed on November 23, 2015). 12. The two following sites are indicative of the “anti-FAD” movement. What are involved here are drifting FADs used for industrial fishing which are very different from the anchored FADs used for artisanal fishing, but which are often considered to be similar by the general public: http://www.seableue.fr/limpact-des-dcp-aborde-lors-de-la-commission-des-peches-du-pacifiqueouest-et-central-du-2-au-9-decembre/ (Accessed on November 23, 2015), http://www.greenpeace.org/france/fr/campagnes/oceans/arrethon/?petition&codespec=N15AW&gclid =CNWN66vO5MQCFSr3wgodKjcA0A (Accessed on November 23, 2015). 229
Gilbert David of “miraculous” fishing. Recurring requests to fund the deployment of new FADs are made, but donors have little inclination to fund equipment likely to disappear within a few months, or even weeks, even though the FADs built in 2015 are much more solid than those anchored 20 years ago. Nevertheless, a few FADs remain in the region. The last ones deployed were in Kosrae in the Federated States of Micronesia (3), the Cook Islands (3), American Samoa (2) and Vanuatu (4) (Sokimi 2012). A new type of FAD, known as a nearshore FAD because it is anchored at depths of 500 to 300 metres or less, are tending to replace FADs located far offshore, anchored at depths of over 1,000 metres. Although they are less productive, nearshore FADs have the advantages of being much less expensive US$2,000 in 2011 (Tacquet 2011), compared to US$3,000 for an offshore FAD in 1983 (Cillaurren 1988, 1990) and of not being visited by industrial fishers. Today, in 2015, artisanal fishers remain multiskilled. They fish around FADs when these are deployed; otherwise, they target deep sea demersal species. The experience of the past 25 years shows that the sustainability of a production subsystem is not only governed by the abundance of the fishery resource. To be able to continue their activity, fishers must above all have access to a nearby market where they can sell their production and earn a sufficient income. A sustainable market outlet is thus the first condition to be able to sustainably produce. The second condition is to have a sustainable access to the fisheries resources required for this production. When fishers have the necessary capital, they purchase vessels that allow them to explore areas beyond the field of action of most boats operating out of urban centres. The largest (15 to 25 metres) then can set down bottom longlines to target export markets. This very productive gear must be deployed carefully so as not to overexploit deep sea fish stocks. This risk also is high around urban centres where most artisanal fishers are concentrated. All exploitation of deep sea demersal fish must therefore be accompanied by rigorous resource management to be sustainable. Resource management Fish management is characterized by two features, resource dynamics and fishing activities, which are responsible for the fishing mortality of this resource. Managing fishing involves determining an acceptable level of fishing mortality (Brêthes 2000) and controlling the fishing effort. The growth of this management is closely related to the development of a scientific approach to fisheries based on the application of predictive mathematical models. Global models, the most famous of which being that of Milner B. Schaeffer (1954), rely on data regarding catches and effort; analytic models (Gulland 1983) use demographic indicators drawn from catch lengths and weight measurements. Focused on the “predator-prey” relationship, this approach introduced the concept of overexploitation of stock and made resource conservation the main objective of 230
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Fisheries in the Pacific The Challe
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Fisheries in the Pacific The Challe
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Table of contents Introduction: Pac
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Elodie Fache, Simonne Pauwels and J
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Valérie Allain et al. Samoa (Gille
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Valérie Allain et al. Figure 2: Th
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Valérie Allain et al. The majority
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Valérie Allain et al. Sets on free
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Valérie Allain et al. Figure 6: Lo
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Valérie Allain et al. hook. Due to
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Valérie Allain et al. Figure 9: Av
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Valérie Allain et al. Bigeye tuna
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Valérie Allain et al. Fisheries da
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Valérie Allain et al. total tuna c
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Valérie Allain et al. Status of st
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Valérie Allain et al. Skipjack tun
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Valérie Allain et al. At the subre
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Valérie Allain et al. Representati
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Valérie Allain et al. Harley, Shel
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Manuel Rauchholz Micronesia, an int
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Manuel Rauchholz Over the course of
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Manuel Rauchholz People in the comm
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Manuel Rauchholz After World War II
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Manuel Rauchholz chief for over 25
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Manuel Rauchholz At present, precis
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Manuel Rauchholz government officia
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Manuel Rauchholz regards to certain
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Manuel Rauchholz per day, and by 20
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Manuel Rauchholz only give a glimps
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Manuel Rauchholz be maximised and t
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Manuel Rauchholz In 2006, for examp
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Manuel Rauchholz the amount of caug
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Yan Giron these territories, linkin
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Yan Giron Island States, by their v
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Yan Giron Table 1: Estimation of ne
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Yan Giron agreement with the USA an
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Yan Giron to drive the media messag
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Yan Giron Figure 4: Locations and i
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Yan Giron However, many of these Pa
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Yan Giron by countries in the regio
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Yan Giron The most likely driver of
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Yan Giron The map below (fig. 8) su
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Yan Giron on the pivot. This in par
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Yan Giron • Second, the creation
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Yan Giron Pacific Island States, wi
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Yan Giron The shipping fleets (Chin
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Yan Giron both fishing activities a
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Yan Giron American oceanographer Sy
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Yan Giron have an interest in creat
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Yan Giron The PIPA Conservation Tru
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Yan Giron • This creation was tim
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Yan Giron mining. Should the creati
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Samuel Cornier and Isabelle Leblic
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never any follow up or response. It
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Nathalie Hilmi, Tamatoa Bambridge,
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Joeli Veitayaki and Esaroma Ledua h
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The Authors systems of sea manageme
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The Authors pelagic fisheries resea
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The Authors Simonne PAUWELS is an a
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The Authors Sydney. In 1999, he als
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Fisheries in the Pacific

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