Fisheries in the Pacific

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Resources, boundaries and gouvernance: What future for marine resources in Micronesia? Figure 1: FSM and bordering countries’ EEZs © Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) 2015. With an ocean area spanning around 7.2 million sq km, it is obvious that these small island nations cannot control, let alone monitor (illegal) activities within their borders. The following figure (see fig. 2) shows a manned fish aggregating device used by Indonesian fishermen to fish illegally in FSM waters. 6 Figure 2: Manned Indonesian fish aggregating device (FAD) washed ashore on Mwooch Island, Chuuk State, after a storm 51 © Manuel Rauchholz, 2015. 6. This device was manned by an Indonesian fisherman. The structure was tied to a series of full-grown
Manuel Rauchholz Over the course of my work, two main foci have emerged with regard to questions of marine resource governance in Micronesia: local coastal fisheries management and the global commercial fishing industry. Coastal and fisheries management in Micronesia The most extensive summary on nearshore fisheries management in Micronesia was published in 2011 by The Nature Conservancy. This interdisciplinary report gives an excellent overview of the relationship between market forces and nearshore fisheries “in transition from subsistence to a market-economy” (Rhodes et al. 2011: 11). The overall findings indicate that “[d]espite obvious and ongoing overharvest and degradation, reef fisheries in Micronesia remain relatively unconstrained by legislative or management action” and in some cases government “is even actively working against management measures to improve and sustain resources” (ibid.; italics in the original). As an example, the article cites the illegal fishing activities of a former governor of Pohnpei State who was caught fishing in a marine protected area (MPA) in 2006 and the resulting measures taken to weaken the monitoring and enforcement of illegal fishing activities (Rhodes et al. 2011: 101-102). Kevin L. Rhodes et al. report that “Pohnpei is now extracting nearly 1.5 times (150%) its sustainable productive capacity” (2011: 99-100; italics in the original; Rhodes et al. 2014). Thus, there is an immediate need to reduce catch volume and restore productivity in Pohnpei as in other Micronesian jurisdictions (Cuetos-Bueno and Houk 2014; Houk et al. 2012). The Republic of Palau has probably taken the strongest actions to introduce and enforce new legislation and protective measures of nearshore marine resource extraction backed by taxation providing funds to support monitoring and enforcement activities (Rhodes et al. 2011: 86). Currently, Palau collects a US$30 green fee from every non-citizen departing the country and the State of Koror charges an additional US$50 to every tourist visiting the Rock Islands and another US$50 for a visit to Jellyfish Lake (Ongeim’l Tketau). 7 In 2010, when the fee was still US$25, this earned an estimated revenue of US$3.1 million (ibid.). With tourism numbers increasing by around 25,000 in 2014 compared to 2011, this would amount to an estimated US$7 million or more in revenue for bamboo poles (ca. 5 m and longer) for stability in the ocean waves and to attract schools of tuna. The lone man had a communication system on board with which he would call in his colleagues from outside the FSM’s EEZ once enough fish had aggregated around his FAD. The unregistered, illegal fishing vessels waiting outside the FSM’s EEZ could then come in, make their sets around the FAD, haul in the catch and disappear immediately outside the FSM’s EEZ. The FAD was further equipped with a kerosene cooker, a large jug of fresh water, some rice, fishing gear and canned food. 7. The lake is one of approximately 70 marine lakes in Palau and home to millions of jellyfish, which are the prime attraction for tourists who can swim and snorkel among these golden invertebrates. 52
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Page 79 and 80: Yan Giron these territories, linkin
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Yan Giron Pacific Island States, wi
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Yan Giron The shipping fleets (Chin
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Yan Giron both fishing activities a
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Yan Giron American oceanographer Sy
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Yan Giron have an interest in creat
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Yan Giron • This creation was tim
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Yan Giron mining. Should the creati
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The Authors systems of sea manageme
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The Authors Simonne PAUWELS is an a
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The Authors Sydney. In 1999, he als
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Fisheries in the Pacific

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