Fisheries in the Pacific

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Resources, boundaries and gouvernance: What future for marine resources in Micronesia? on the Pacific Rim. It brings into plain view that Micronesians have something of value they have been sharing (too) freely with their neighbours who have a tradition of exploitation and domination under the guise of “aid”. 44 Conclusion In the end, these observations and findings raise a number of questions. How can the two industries, the subsistence driven coastal fisheries of local island populations and the global tuna industry, practice self-control and self-regulation to the point of collectively and jointly preventing the depletion of coastal marine life and offshore tuna fish stocks? How are some of their current practices leading to the rapid depletion of marine resources and the marine environment to the point of seeing fish stocks collapse in the near future? What role can the governments of domestic and foreign fishing nations play in preservation and conservation efforts? The PNA has been able to make decisions on conservation and management during the past five years and thereby maintain healthy tuna stocks in its member’s EEZs. In the nearshore fishing industry, foreign nations must still demonstrate visible efforts to discourage their citizens’ illegal activities in Pacific Islands’ coastal and open waters. Besides, the high seas still suffer the “tragedy of the commons”, where conservation is always someone else’s issue (D’Arcy 2014). Micronesian island nations’ governance and management arrangements are constantly confronted with their own limitations and boundaries, struggling to properly oversee foreign nations’ fishing activities and enforce the fishing industry’s self-imposed regulations, which are continuously and actively transgressed for the sake of maximising financial profit. This situation has been met over the years by complacency on the part of the Micronesian governments, which are both satisfied with the financial returns from the global fishing industry and technologically unable to confront and crack down more passionately on illegal activities of marine resource exploitation. These illegal activities are thus pursued on a scale that is harmful to the security of long-term sustainable extraction of these renewable resources. Selfcontrol and self-regulation/research-based regulation to work within accepted and set boundaries of the fishing industry remains a question to be answered if the future of fisheries in Micronesia is to be secured. The suggestions of one ship captain seem to make sense: limiting tuna landings per vessel (purse seine) at a fixed amount of annual tonnage, around 7,000 tonnes per year, in order to improve the tracking of 44. This observation does by no means wish to undermine the great sacrifices and achievements of foreign civilian and political actors working hard from within and outside Micronesian societies to improve education, health and development of human wellbeing in Micronesia. Instead it wishes to expose exploitative political and economic practices (and reasoning) at top levels of international governance between the powerful and the less powerful countries. 73
Manuel Rauchholz the amount of caught tuna; predictions over the stability and development of tuna stocks; and the pricing of tuna products. Currently, the PNA is further promoting the VDS programme which has so far proven to best serve small island nations’ interests against the exploitative practices of foreign fishing nations. Nevertheless, other avenues might be thought of and introduced to maintain and increase the income for PNA and other tuna resource nations while at the same time keeping fish stocks at self-sustaining levels. Here, the PNA needs to get away from “selling cheap licenses” and move “towards vertical integration” to participate in “fishing, processing and trading” of tuna (Brownjohn 2015, personal communication). References Crocombe, Ron 1995 The Pacific Islands and the USA. Suva: University of the South Pacific. Cuetos-Bueno, Javier, and Peter Houk 2014 “Re-estimation and Synthesis of Coral-Reef Fishery Landings in the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands since the 1950s Suggests the Decline of a Common Resource”. Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries, 25(1): 179-194. D’Arcy, Paul 2014 “The Lawless Sea? Policy Options for Voluntary Compliance Regimes in Offshore Resource Zones in the Pacific”. Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies, 1(2): 297-311. Fischer, J. L. 1957 “Totemism on Truk and Ponape”. American Anthropologist, 59(2): 250-265. Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ) 2015 Website Marineregions.org, Map “Micronesia – MRGID 8316”, http://www.marineregions.org/eezdetails.php?eez_id=9 (Accessed on October 2, 2015). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) 2012 Tuna – October 2012. Globefish, http://www.globefish.org/tuna-october-2012.html (Accessed on July 25, 2015). Goodenough, Ward Hunt 2002 Under Heaven’s Brow: Pre-Christian Religious Tradition in Chuuk. Philadelphia, Penn.: The American Philosophical Society. Hanlon, David L. 1988 Upon a Stone Altar: A History of the Island of Pohnpei to 1890. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. Houk, Peter, Kevin L. Rhodes, Javier Cuetos-Bueno, Steve Lindfield, V. Fread, and Jennifer Louise McIlwain 2012 “Commercial Coral-Reef Fisheries across Micronesia: A Need for Improving Management”. Coral Reefs, 31(1):13-26. 74
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Fisheries in the Pacific The Challe
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Table of contents Introduction: Pac
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Elodie Fache, Simonne Pauwels and J
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Valérie Allain et al. Samoa (Gille
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Page 35 and 36: Valérie Allain et al. Bigeye tuna
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Page 45 and 46: Valérie Allain et al. At the subre
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Page 51 and 52: Manuel Rauchholz Micronesia, an int
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Page 55 and 56: Manuel Rauchholz People in the comm
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Page 79 and 80: Yan Giron these territories, linkin
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Page 83 and 84: Yan Giron Table 1: Estimation of ne
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Page 91 and 92: Yan Giron However, many of these Pa
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Page 97 and 98: Yan Giron The map below (fig. 8) su
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Page 103 and 104: Yan Giron Pacific Island States, wi
Page 105 and 106: Yan Giron The shipping fleets (Chin
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never any follow up or response. It
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Gilbert David Cornier and Leblic in
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Gilbert David The combination of th
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Gilbert David 800 metres on the out
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Gilbert David with the fisheries ex
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Gilbert David financial and technic
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Gilbert David of human populations
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Gilbert David Figure 4: Main featur
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Gilbert David The introduction of t
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Gilbert David currents, the former
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The Authors systems of sea manageme
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The Authors Simonne PAUWELS is an a
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The Authors Sydney. In 1999, he als
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Fisheries in the Pacific

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