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with intellectual disabilities who may require specialized living arrangements such as a group home. 15 Moreover, people with disabilities are especially likely to live in precarious housing situations—that is, under conditions that are either subpar or unaffordable. A 2015 report by the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development showed that nonelderly disabled households made up 1.1 million of the 7.7 million U.S. households with worst-case housing needs. 16 Increasing funding to federal, state, and local housing initiatives—including the Section 811 Supportive Housing for Persons with Disabilities program—would go a long way toward ensuring the availability of affordable, accessible housing. 17 Lack of access to needed supports and services People with significant disabilities and serious health conditions often require long-term services and supports, or LTSS—such as personal attendant care—in order to work and live independently. These costs are typically not covered by health insurance and are generally unaffordable for all but the highest earners. While private, long-term care insurance may provide partial coverage for some of these services, such insurance is often too costly for most families to afford, or it provides insufficient coverage to meet particular needs. As a result, the only option within reach for adequate LTSS for many people with disabilities is Medicaid. While some states have expanded access to LTSS for moderate-income earners through Medicaid buy-in programs, many maintain restrictive financial eligibility requirements that limit coverage to individuals with very low incomes and limited resources. Additionally, variation in state eligibility rules and services can make it impossible for workers to move across state lines for employment opportunities. 18 Additionally, the federal-state vocational rehabilitation program—which assists people with disabilities in preparing for, obtaining, and remaining at work—has long been underfunded, leading to both lengthy waiting lists and delays in receiving services in many states. 19 Expanding Medicaid—as 19 states continue to refuse to do—would increase access to preventive care, helping to break the link between economic insecurity and poor health. And ensuring access to LTSS for workers with disabilities through a national Medicaid buy-in program with generous income and asset limits would remove a major barrier for individuals with disabilities and their families who are struggling to achieve or maintain economic security. Additionally, adequate funding for the vocational rehabilitation system is needed to ensure that all eligible individuals are able to access services when they need them. Early childhood: Lack of access to high-quality, inclusive early childhood programs Securing affordable, high-quality child care can be especially challenging for parents raising children with disabilities. Recent estimates show that about 1 in 6 U.S. children between the ages of 3 and 17 have at least one developmental disability. 20 Among young children aged 2 to 8, 15.4 percent had at least one diagnosed mental, behavioral, or developmental disorder. 21 And while the ADA prohibits child care providers from categorically turning away children 106 Center for American Progress | Raising Wages and Rebuilding Wealth
with disabilities, child care providers may still lawfully outright decline to serve children with disabilities on an individual case-by-case basis if such necessary accommodations would impose a “fundamental alteration or undue burden” on the center’s program. 22 As a result, many families continue to be refused service because of their child’s disability. 23 In addition to notable cost barriers, high-quality early childhood programs that offer meaningful inclusion—that is, programs that include children with disabilities together with their nondisabled peers— can be incredibly difficult to find. Inclusion in early childhood programs is beneficial to both children with and without disabilities across a range of developmental keystones. 24 For children with disabilities in particular, inclusion has been linked to greater improvements in both cognitive and communicative development, as well as higher test scores in math and reading. 25 However, barriers to access persist, including a lack of comprehensive services, inadequate expertise among the early childhood workforce, and negative attitudes and stereotypes, among others. 26 Ensuring access to high-quality affordable programs that are inclusive can play a critical role in assuring that children with disabilities reach their full potential while further improving their life chances. A Fair Shot for Families with Disabled Workers, Children, and Dependents | www.americanprogress.org 107
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AGENCY/PHOTOGRAPHER Raising Wages a
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Contents 1 Introduction and summary
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CHAPTER 1 Introduction and summary
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Nevertheless, public policy can and
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of growth came to an end. Middle-cl
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The main reason middle-class income
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The above analysis of incomes focus
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TABLE 1.2 Wealth across demographic
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FIGURE 1.6 The cost of education, h
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Policy response and recommendations
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• Address the labor market effect
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Health care • Address cost shifti
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Endnotes 1 Authors’ analysis of M
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Introduction and summary | www.amer
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CHAPTER 2 Jobs and Wages By Michael
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One of the most striking aspects of
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In sum, these five factors leave ma
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ments to open production sites in l
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The deterioration of other regulato
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ate returned to its 2001 level. The
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This speaks to a larger challenge t
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Underinvestment produces chronic ro
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sidized jobs program that would hel
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Restore worker bargaining power We
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Rebuild labor standards and the bro
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Additional steps should also be tak
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Policymakers should work with stake
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At the same time, we can take actio
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Endnotes 1 Authors’ analysis of C
Page 61 and 62: 52 Charles Whalen and Felix Reichli
Page 63 and 64: 96 Julia Gordon, “Inequality, Opp
Page 65 and 66: prehensive immigration reform. Pass
Page 67 and 68: An Immigration Policy that Works fo
Page 69 and 70: CHAPTER 3 Early Childhood By Katie
Page 71 and 72: Due to these high costs, parents ar
Page 73 and 74: information available to parents. 2
Page 75 and 76: Policy recommendations Two new poli
Page 77 and 78: Endnotes 1 Annie E. Casey Foundatio
Page 79 and 80: Early Childhood | www.americanprogr
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTER 4 Higher Education By Ben M
Page 83 and 84: FIGURE 4.1 Average tuition and requ
Page 85 and 86: FIGURE 4.3 Net price of public four
Page 87 and 88: Policy recommendations Increasing h
Page 89 and 90: Endnotes 1 Bureau of Labor Statisti
Page 91 and 92: for the same home. 9 Furthermore, t
Page 93 and 94: LGBT People Face Significant Barrie
Page 95 and 96: CHAPTER 5 Health Care By Maura Cals
Page 97 and 98: Health care benefits are part of a
Page 99 and 100: When combined, these trends meant t
Page 101 and 102: Policy recommendations The ACA made
Page 103 and 104: The notice should outline how much
Page 105 and 106: Require drug companies to justify p
Page 107 and 108: Endnotes 1 Mark W. Stanton, “Empl
Page 109 and 110: Health Care | www.americanprogress.
Page 111: Workers with disabilities are also
Page 115 and 116: 23 Faye Ong, ed., Inclusion Works!
Page 117 and 118: CHAPTER 6 Housing By Sarah Edelman
Page 119 and 120: FIGURE 6.1 Homeownership rate 75% 7
Page 121 and 122: middle-class households: The share
Page 123 and 124: Homebuyers in the coming decade may
Page 125 and 126: Support and expand low down payment
Page 127 and 128: Changes such as these have faced pu
Page 129 and 130: for lots and rules against construc
Page 131 and 132: 20 Ibid. 21 Joint Center for Housin
Page 133 and 134: 63 CAP published a report in Decemb
Page 135 and 136: African American and Latino workers
Page 137 and 138: Endnotes 1 Due to a lack of disaggr
Page 139 and 140: CHAPTER 7 Retirement By David Madla
Page 141 and 142: FIGURE 7.1 Households are not build
Page 143 and 144: FIGURE 7.3 Middle class households
Page 145 and 146: The federal government plays a larg
Page 147 and 148: Modernize survivorship and divorce
Page 149 and 150: Fully implement the conflict of int
Page 151 and 152: 27 Christian E. Weller and David Ma
Page 153 and 154: Retirement | www.americanprogress.o
Page 155 and 156: CHAPTER 8 Conclusion By Brendan Duk
Page 157 and 158: The country will elect a new presid
Page 159 and 160: Conclusion | www.americanprogress.o
Page 161 and 162: Thomas Huelskoetter is the Research
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Acknowledgements The authors would
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