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25 Arindrajat Dube, “Minimum Wages and the Distribution of Family Incomes.” Working paper (University of Massachusetts, Amherst, 2013), available at https:// dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/15038936/Dube_MinimumWagesFamilyIncomes.pdf. 26 Rachel West and Michael Reich, “The Effects of Minimum Wages on SNAP Enrollments and Expenditures” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2014), available at https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/ economy/report/2014/03/05/85158/the-effects-ofminimum-wages-on-snap-enrollments-and-expenditures/. 27 David H. Autor, Alan Manning, and Christopher L. Smith, “The Contribution of the Minimum Wage to US Wage Inequality over Three Decades: A Reassessment,” American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 8 (1) (2016): 58–99; David S. Lee, “Wage Inequality in the United States During the 1980s: Rising Dispersion or Falling Minimum Wage?” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 114 (3) (1991): 977–1023. 28 Shawn Fremstad and Melissa Boteach, “Valuing All Our Families” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2015), available at https://cdn.americanprogress.org/ wp-content/uploads/2015/01/FamilyStructure-report. pdf. 29 David Cooper, John Schmitt, and Lawrence Mishel, “We Can Afford a $12.00 Federal Minimum Wage in 2020” (Washington: Economic Policy Institute, 2015), available at http://www.epi.org/publication/we-can-afford-a- 12-00-federal-minimum-wage-in-2020/. 30 Economic Policy Institute, “Why it’s time to update overtime pay rules,” August 4, 2015, available at http:// www.epi.org/publication/time-update-overtime-payrules-answers-frequently/. 31 Melanie Garunay, “Taking Action to Expand Overtime Protections,” The White House, May 17, 2016, available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/blog/2016/05/17/ email-president-obama-ive-got-news-you-overtime. 32 Maria Enchautegui, “Nonstandard Work Schedules and the Well-Being of Low-Income Families,” Urban Institute, July 31, 2013, available at http://www.urban.org/ research/publication/nonstandard-work-schedulesand-well-being-low-income-families. 33 Zoe Ziliak Michel and Liz Ben-Ishai, “Good Jobs for All” (Washington: Center for Law and Social Policy, 2016), available at http://www.clasp.org/resources-and- publications/publication-1/Race-and-Job-Quality-Brief- 3_30ar.docx-FINAL.pdf. 34 National Women’s Law Center, “The Lifetime Wage Gap, State by State,” April 4, 2016, available athttp://nwlc. org/resources/the-lifetime-wage-gap-state-by-state/. 35 Fremstad and Boteach, “Valuing All Our Families.” 36 National Women’s Law Center, “Set Up to Fail” (2016), available at http://nwlc.org/wp-content/ uploads/2016/01/FINAL-Set-Up-To-Fail-When-Low- Wage-Work-Jeopardizes-Parents%E2%80%99-and- Children%E2%80%99s-Success.pdf. 37 Joe Valenti and others, “Lending for Success,” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2015), available at https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/ report/2015/07/13/117020/lending-for-success/. 38 Better Markets Foundation, “The Cost of the Crisis: $20 Trillion and Counting” (2015), available at https://www. bettermarkets.com/sites/default/files/Better%20Markets%20-%20Cost%20of%20the%20Crisis.pdf. 39 Marc Jarsulic, Brendan Duke, and Michael Madowitz, “Long-Termism or Lemons,” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2015), available at https:// www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/report/2015/10/21/123717/long-termism-or-lemons/. 40 Marc Jarsulic and others, “Reviving Antitrust,” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2016), available at https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/ report/2016/06/29/140613/reviving-antitrust/. 41 Better Markets Foundation, “The Cost of the Crisis: $20 Trillion and Counting” (2015), available at https://www. bettermarkets.com/sites/default/files/Better%20Markets%20-%20Cost%20of%20the%20Crisis.pdf. 42 Macroeconomic Advisors, “The Cost of Crisis-Driven Fiscal Policy,” October 15, 2013, available at http://www. macroadvisers.com/2013/10/the-cost-of-crisis-drivenfiscal-policy/. 43 Nick Bunker, “A kink in the Phillips curve,” October 27, 2015, available at http://www.equitablegrowth.org/ equitablog/a-kink-in-the-phillips-curve/ 44 Jason Furman, “Productivity Growth in the Advanced Economies: The Past, the Present, and Lessons for the Future” (Washington: The White House, 2015), available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/ docs/20150709_productivity_advanced_economies_ piie.pdf. 45 American Society of Civil Engineers, “2013 Report Card for America’s Infrastructure,” available at http://www. infrastructurereportcard.org/ (last accessed July 2016). 46 White House Office of Management and Budget, “The President’s Budget for Fiscal Year 2017,” available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/budget (last accessed August 2016). 47 Lars Ljungqvist and Thomas J. Sargent, “The European Unemployment Dilemma,” The Journal of Political Economy 106 (3) (1998): 514–550. 48 Stephen Davis and Til Von Wachter, “Recessions and the cost of Job Loss” (Washington: Brookings Institution, 2011), available at http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/ Files/Programs/ES/BPEA/2011_fall_bpea_papers/2011_ fall_bpea_conference_davis.pdf. 49 Ibid.; Robert Topel, “Specific Capital and Unemployment: Measuring the Costs of Worker Displacement,” Cernegie-Rochester Series on Public Policy 33 (Autumn): 181-214; Derek Neal, “Industry-Specific Human Capital: Evidence from Displaced Workers,” Journal of Labor Economics 13 (4) (1995): 653–77. 50 J. Bradford Delong and Lawrence H. Summers, “Fiscal Policy in a Depressed Economy,” Brookings Papers of Economic Activity, 2012, available at https://www. brookings.edu/bpea-articles/fiscal-policy-in-a-depressed-economy/ 51 Abdul Abiad, David Furceri, and Petia Topalova, “IMF Survey: The Time Is Right for An Infrastructure Push,” International Monetary Fund, September 30, 2014, available at http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/survey/so/2014/res093014a.htm. 54 Center for American Progress | Raising Wages and Rebuilding Wealth
52 Charles Whalen and Felix Reichling, “The Fiscal Multiplier and Economic Policy Analysis in the United States.” Working paper 2015-02 (Congressional Budget Office, 2015), available at https://www.cbo.gov/publication/49925. 53 U.S. Department of Transportation, 2013 Status of the Nation’s Highways, Bridges, and Transit: Conditions and Performance (2013) available at https://www.fhwa.dot. gov/policy/2013cpr/pdfs/littlebook.pdf. 54 Kevin DeGood, Christian E. Weller, and Andrew Schwartz, “An Infrastructure Plan for America,” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2016), available at https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/ report/2016/07/14/141157/an-infrastructure-plan-foramerica/. 55 Marc Jarsulic, Brendan Duke, and Michael Madowitz, “Long-Termism or Lemons,” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2015), available at https:// www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/report/2015/10/21/123717/long-termism-or-lemons/. 56 Andrew G. Haldane, “Who owns a company?” (London: Bank of England, 2015), available at www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/Documents/speeches/2015/ speech833.pdf. 57 Angela Hanks, and others “Workers or Waste? How Companies Disclose—Or Do Not Disclose—Human Capital,” (Washington: Center for American Progress, June 8, 2016), available at https:// www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/report/2016/06/08/138706/workers-or-waste/. 58 Serve America Act, Public Law 111-13, 111th Cong., 1 sess. (2009), available at https://www.congress. gov/111/plaws/publ13/PLAW-111publ13.pdf. 59 Rachel West et al, “Strengthening Unemployment Protections in America,” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2016), available at https:// www.americanprogress.org/issues/poverty/report/2016/06/16/138492/strengthening-unemployment-protections-in-america/. 60 Joseph Blasi, Richard Freeman, and Douglas Kruse, The Citizen’s Share (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2015); Douglas Kruse, Richard Freeman, and Joseph Blasi, “Do Workers Gain by Sharing? Employee Outcomes under Employee Ownership, Profit Sharing and Broad Based Stock Options.” In Douglas Kruse, Richard Freeman, and Joseph Blasi, Shared Capitalism at Work: Employee Ownership, Profit and Gain Sharing, and Broad Based Stock Options (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2010); Robert Buchele and others, “Show Me the Money, Does Shared Capitalism Share the Wealth?” In Kruse, Freeman, and Blasi, Shared Capitalism at Work; Joseph Blasi, Michael Conte, and Douglas Kruse, “Employee Stock Ownership and Corporate Performance among Public Companies,” Industrial and Labor Relations Review 50 (1) (1996): 60–79; Peter Kardas, Adria Scharf, and Jim Keogh, “Wealth and Income Consequences of ESOPs and Employee Ownership: A Comparative Study from Washington State,” Journal of Employee Ownership Law and Finance 10 (4) (1998): 3–52; E. Han Kim and Paige Parker Ouimet, “Employee Capitalism or Corporate Socialism?” The Journal Finance 69 (3) (2014): 1273–1319; The research on employee ownership and profit sharing is summarized in Blasi, Freeman, and Kruse The Citizen’s Share, pp. 167–194. 61 Buchele and others, “Show Me the Money, Does Shared Capitalism Share the Wealth?”; Douglas Kruse and Joseph Blasi, “Employee Ownership, Employee Attitudes and Firm Performance: A Review of the Evidence.” In Daniel Mitchell, David Lewin, and Mahmood Zaidi, eds., Handbook of Human Resources Management (Greenwich, UK: JAI Press, 1997); Park, Kruse, and Sesil, “Does Employee Ownership Enhance Firm Survival?”, available at http://smlr.rutgers.edu/does-employee-ownershipenhance-firm-survival (last accessed August 2016); Margret Blair, Douglas Kruse, and Joseph Blasi, “Employee Ownership: An Unstable Form or a Stabilizing Force?” Working paper 142146 (Georgetown University Law Center, 2000), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/ papers.cfm?abstract_id=142146; Ownership Associates Inc., “Research Evidence on the Prevalence and Effects of Employee Ownership,” available at http://www. ownershipassociates.com/kruse.shtm (last accessed July 2016); Eric Kaarsemaker, “Employee Ownership and Human Resources Management: A Theoretical and Empirical Treatise with a Digression on the Dutch Context” (Nijmegen, Netherlands: Radboud University, 2006), available at http://www.efesonline.org/LIBRARY/2006/ Eric%20Kaarsemaker%20-%20Thesis%20EN.pdf. For example, Dr. Douglas Kruse of Rutgers University reviewed 30 studies on the effects of shared capitalism on firm performance, finding that most research found the effects to be positive or neutral. 62 Douglas Kruse, Richard Freeman, and Joseph Blasi, eds., Shared Capitalism at Work: Employee Ownership, Profit and Gain Sharing, and Broad Based Stock Options (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2010). 63 Karla Walter, David Madland, and Danielle Corley, “Capitalism for Everyone,” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2015), available at https:// www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/report/2015/07/21/117742/capitalism-for-everyone/. 64 Adam Hersh and Jennifer Erickson, “Progressive Pro-Growth Principles for Trade and Competitiveness” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2014), available at https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/ economy/report/2014/03/11/85639/progressive-progrowth-principles-for-trade-and-competitiveness/. 65 Scissors, “The Importance of Chinese Subsidies.” 66 See, for example, Ezell and Atkinson, “The Good, The Bad, and the Ugly (and the Self-Destructive): A Policymakers Guide to Crafting Effective Innovation Policy.” 67 Jennifer Erickson and Michael Ettlinger, “300 Millions Engines of Growth” (Washington: Center for American Progress, 2013), available at https:// www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/ report/2013/06/13/66204/300-million-engines-ofgrowth/. 68 Sylvia Allegretto and David Cooper, “Twenty-Three Years and Still Waiting for Change” (Washington: Economic Policy Institute, 2014), available at http:// www.epi.org/publication/waiting-for-change-tippedminimum-wage/. 69 Jeanne Sahadi, “New York lawmakers strike deal for a $15 minimum wage,” CNN Money, April 1, 2016, available at money.cnn.com/2016/03/31/pf/new-yorkminimum-wage/. 70 The Schedules That Work Act S.1772, 114 Cong. 1 sess., available at https://www.congress.gov/bill/114thcongress/senate-bill/1772. Jobs and Wages | www.americanprogress.org 55
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AGENCY/PHOTOGRAPHER Raising Wages a
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Contents 1 Introduction and summary
Page 7 and 8:
CHAPTER 1 Introduction and summary
Page 9 and 10: Nevertheless, public policy can and
Page 11 and 12: of growth came to an end. Middle-cl
Page 13 and 14: The main reason middle-class income
Page 15 and 16: The above analysis of incomes focus
Page 17 and 18: TABLE 1.2 Wealth across demographic
Page 19 and 20: FIGURE 1.6 The cost of education, h
Page 21 and 22: Policy response and recommendations
Page 23 and 24: • Address the labor market effect
Page 25 and 26: Health care • Address cost shifti
Page 27 and 28: Endnotes 1 Authors’ analysis of M
Page 29 and 30: Introduction and summary | www.amer
Page 31 and 32: CHAPTER 2 Jobs and Wages By Michael
Page 33 and 34: One of the most striking aspects of
Page 35 and 36: In sum, these five factors leave ma
Page 37 and 38: ments to open production sites in l
Page 39 and 40: The deterioration of other regulato
Page 41 and 42: ate returned to its 2001 level. The
Page 43 and 44: This speaks to a larger challenge t
Page 45 and 46: Underinvestment produces chronic ro
Page 47 and 48: sidized jobs program that would hel
Page 49 and 50: Restore worker bargaining power We
Page 51 and 52: Rebuild labor standards and the bro
Page 53 and 54: Additional steps should also be tak
Page 55 and 56: Policymakers should work with stake
Page 57 and 58: At the same time, we can take actio
Page 59: Endnotes 1 Authors’ analysis of C
Page 63 and 64: 96 Julia Gordon, “Inequality, Opp
Page 65 and 66: prehensive immigration reform. Pass
Page 67 and 68: An Immigration Policy that Works fo
Page 69 and 70: CHAPTER 3 Early Childhood By Katie
Page 71 and 72: Due to these high costs, parents ar
Page 73 and 74: information available to parents. 2
Page 75 and 76: Policy recommendations Two new poli
Page 77 and 78: Endnotes 1 Annie E. Casey Foundatio
Page 79 and 80: Early Childhood | www.americanprogr
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTER 4 Higher Education By Ben M
Page 83 and 84: FIGURE 4.1 Average tuition and requ
Page 85 and 86: FIGURE 4.3 Net price of public four
Page 87 and 88: Policy recommendations Increasing h
Page 89 and 90: Endnotes 1 Bureau of Labor Statisti
Page 91 and 92: for the same home. 9 Furthermore, t
Page 93 and 94: LGBT People Face Significant Barrie
Page 95 and 96: CHAPTER 5 Health Care By Maura Cals
Page 97 and 98: Health care benefits are part of a
Page 99 and 100: When combined, these trends meant t
Page 101 and 102: Policy recommendations The ACA made
Page 103 and 104: The notice should outline how much
Page 105 and 106: Require drug companies to justify p
Page 107 and 108: Endnotes 1 Mark W. Stanton, “Empl
Page 109 and 110: Health Care | www.americanprogress.
Page 111 and 112:
Workers with disabilities are also
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with disabilities, child care provi
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23 Faye Ong, ed., Inclusion Works!
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CHAPTER 6 Housing By Sarah Edelman
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FIGURE 6.1 Homeownership rate 75% 7
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middle-class households: The share
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Homebuyers in the coming decade may
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Support and expand low down payment
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Changes such as these have faced pu
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for lots and rules against construc
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20 Ibid. 21 Joint Center for Housin
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63 CAP published a report in Decemb
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African American and Latino workers
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Endnotes 1 Due to a lack of disaggr
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CHAPTER 7 Retirement By David Madla
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FIGURE 7.1 Households are not build
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FIGURE 7.3 Middle class households
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The federal government plays a larg
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Modernize survivorship and divorce
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Fully implement the conflict of int
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27 Christian E. Weller and David Ma
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Retirement | www.americanprogress.o
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CHAPTER 8 Conclusion By Brendan Duk
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The country will elect a new presid
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Conclusion | www.americanprogress.o
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Thomas Huelskoetter is the Research
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Acknowledgements The authors would
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