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Europe's role in upholding an unjust tax system<br />
Figure 4: Average reduction <strong>of</strong> tax rates (%) in tax treaties<br />
with developing countries<br />
Belgium<br />
Italy<br />
Poland<br />
Luxembourg<br />
France<br />
Norway<br />
Slovenia<br />
Denmark<br />
Germany<br />
Average<br />
Ne<strong>the</strong>rlands<br />
Czech Republic<br />
Sweden<br />
Latvia<br />
Austria<br />
United Kingdom<br />
Finland<br />
Spain<br />
Ireland<br />
0<br />
1 2<br />
3<br />
4<br />
5<br />
6<br />
Average reduction in withholding tax rates (in percentage points) as a result <strong>of</strong><br />
tax treaties between developing countries and <strong>the</strong> European countries covered<br />
by this report. Source: Eurodad calculations. 107 The average rate reduction covers<br />
withholding taxes on four income categories: royalties, interests, dividends on<br />
companies and qualified companies. It does not cover tax rates on services or<br />
management due to <strong>the</strong> lack <strong>of</strong> data. The average rate reduction refers to <strong>the</strong><br />
difference between <strong>the</strong> rates contained in <strong>the</strong> individual treaties and <strong>the</strong> statutory<br />
rates in <strong>the</strong> developing country for all four income categories. The figure for <strong>the</strong><br />
overall average reduction is an un-weighed average for all <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> 18 European<br />
countries covered in this report.<br />
<strong>Survival</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>Richest</strong> • 23
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