Polar Bear

V. Literature Cited
National Marine Fisheries Service and U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service [NMFS and USFWS]. 2010.
Interim Endangered and Threatened Species
Recovery Planning Guidance, Version 1.3. National
Marine Fisheries Services, Silver Spring, Maryland
and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Arlington,
Virginia.
Obbard, M.E., M.R.L. Cattet, T. Moody, L. Walton,
D. Potter, J. Inglis, and C. Chenier. 2006. Temporal
trends in the body condition of southern Hudson
Bay polar bears. Climate Change Research
Information Note, No. 3, Applied Research and
Development Branch, Ontario Ministry of Natural
Resources. Sault Sainte Marie, Ontario, Canada.
Øritsland, N.A., F.R. Engelhard, F.A. Juck, R.J.
Hurst, and P.D. Watts. 1981. Effects of crude oil
on polar bears. Environmental Studies No. 24.
Northern Environmental Protection Branch, Indian
and Northern Affairs. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Ovsyanikov, N.G. 2012. Occurrence of family groups
and litter size of polar bears on Wrangel Island in
the autumns of 2004–2010 as an indication of population
status. Proceedings of the Marine Mammals of
the Holarctic, Suzdal, Russia.
Paetkau, D., S. C. Amstrup, E. W. Born, W. Calvert,
A. E. Derocher, G. W. Garner, F. Messier, I. Stirling,
M. K. Taylor, Ø. Wiig, and C. Strobeck. 1999. Genetic
structure of the world’s polar bear populations.
Molecular Ecology 8:1571–1584.
Peacock, E., S.A. Sonsthagen, M.E. Obbard, A.
Boltunov, E.V. Regehr, N. Ovsyanikov, J. Aars,
S.N. Atkinson, G.K. Sage, A.G. Hope, E. Zeyl, L.
Bachmann, D. Ehrich, K.T. Scribner, S.C. Amstrup,
S. Belikov, E. Born, A.E. Derocher, I. Stirling, M.K.
Taylor, Ø. Wiig, D. Paetkau, and S.L. Talbot. 2015.
Implications of the circumpolar genetic structure
of polar bears for their conservation in a rapidly
warming Arctic. PLoS One 10(1):e112021.
Peacock, E., A.E. Derocher., G.W. Thiemann, and
I. Stirling. 2011. Conservation and management of
Canada’s polar bear (Ursus maritimus) in a changing
Arctic. Canadian Journal of Zoology 89:371–385.
Petchey, O.L., and K.J. Gaston. 2002. Functional
diversity (FD), species richness and community
composition. Ecology Letters 5:402–411.
Pyare, S., and J. Berger. 2003. Beyond demography
and delisting: ecological recovery for Yellowstone’s
grizzly bears and wolves. Biological Conservation
113:63–73.
Ralls, K., S.R. Beissinger, and J.F. Cochrane. 2002.
Guidelines for using population viability analysis in
endangered species management. Pages 521–550
in S.R. Beissinger and D.R. McCullough, editors.
Population Viability Analysis. University of Chicago
Press, Chicago, IL, USA.
Ramsay, M.A., and K.A. Hobson. 1991. Polar bears
make little use of terrestrial food webs: evidence
from stable-carbon isotope analysis. Oecologia
86:598–600.
Regan, T.J., B.L. Taylor, G.G. Thompson, J.F.
Cochrane, K. Ralls, M.C. Runge, and R. Merrick.
2013. Testing decision rules for categorizing species’
extinction risk to help develop quantitative listing
criteria for the US Endangered Species Act.
Conservation Biology 27:821–831.
Regehr, E.V., N.J. Lunn, S.C. Amstrup, and I.
Stirling. 2007. Effects of earlier sea ice breakup
on survival and population size of polar bears
in western Hudson Bay. The Journal of wildlife
management 71:2673–2683.
Regehr, E.V., C.M. Hunter, H. Caswell, S.C.
Amstrup, and I. Stirling. 2010. Survival and breeding
of polar bears in the southern Beaufort Sea
in relation to sea ice. Journal of Animal Ecology
79:117–127.
Regehr, E.V., R.R. Wilson, K.D. Rode, M.C. Runge.
2015. Resilience and risk: a demographic model to
inform conservation planning for polar bears. U.S.
Geological Survey Open-File Report 2015-1029:1–56.
Robbins, C.T., C. Lopez-Alfaro, K.D. Rode, Ø. Tøien,
and O.L. Nelson. 2012. Hibernation and seasonal
fasting in bears: the energetic costs and consequences
for polar bears. Journal of Mammalogy
93:1493–1503.
Rode, K.D., E.V. Regehr, D.C. Douglas, G. Durner,
A.E. Derocher, G.W. Thiemann, and S.M. Budge.
2014. Variation in the response of an Arctic top
predator experiencing habitat loss: feeding and
reproductive ecology of two polar bear populations.
Global Change Biology 20:76–88.
Rode, K.D., R.R. Wilson, E.V. Regehr, M. St. Martin,
D.C. Douglas, and J. Olson. 2015. Increased land use
by Chukchi Sea polar bears in relation to changing
sea ice conditions. PLoS One 10:e0142213
Royle, J.A. and R.M. Dorazio. 2008. Hierarchical
modeling and inference in ecology: the analysis of
data from populations, metapopulations and communities.
Academic Press, San Diego, California, USA.
Polar Bear Conservation Management Plan 55