Polar Bear

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Appendix A—Background Iacozza, J. and S.H. Ferguson. 2014. Spatio-temporal variability of snow over sea ice in western Hudson Bay, with reference to ringed seal pup survival. Polar Biology 37(6):817–832. Iles, D.T., S.L. Peterson, L.J. Gormezano, D.N. Koons, and R.F. Rockwell. 2013. Terrestrial predation by polar bears: not just a wild goose chase. Polar Biology 36:1373–1379. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2007. Climate Change 2007: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, USA. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2014. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, New York, USA. Retrieved from: http:// ipcc-wg2.gov/AR5/report/. International Maritime Organization (IMO). 2016. Polar Code environmental provisions adopted. Retrieved from: http//www.imo.org/en/MediaCentre/ PressBriefings/pages/18-Polar-Code-MEPC.aspx. Iverson, S.J., I. Stirling, and S.L.C. Lang. 2006. Spatial and temporal variation in the diets of polar bears across the Canadian Arctic: indicators of changes in prey populations and environment. In: Boyd, I., S. Wanless, and C.J. Camphuysen (Eds.), Top predators in marine ecosystems (pp. 98–117). Cambridge University Press. Kelly, B.P. 2001. Climate change and ice breeding pinnipeds. Pages 43–55 in G.R. Walther., C.A. Burga, and P.J. Edwards, editors. “Fingerprints” of climate change: adapted behaviour and shifting species ranges. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, New York, USA and London, England. Kelly, B.P., O.H. Badajos, M. Kunnasranta, and J. Moran. 2006. Timing and re-interpretation of ringed seal surveys. U.S. Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service, Alaska OCS Region. Kelly, B.P., J.L. Bengtson, P.L. Boveng, M.F. Cameron, S.P. Dahle, J. K. Jansen, E.A. Logerwell , J.E. Overland, C.L. Sabine, G.T. Waring, et al. 2010. Status review of the ringed seal (Phoca hispida). U.S. Department of Commerce., NOAA Technical Memo. NMFS-AFSC-212. U.S. Department of Commerce, Springfield, Virginia, USA. Kiliaan, H.P., and I. Stirling. 1978. Observations on overwintering walruses in the eastern Canadian High Arctic. Journal of Mammalogy 59:197–200. Kirk, C.M., S. Amstrup, R. Swor, D. Holcomb, and T.M. O’Hara. 2010. Morbillivirus and Toxoplasma exposure and association with hematological parameters for southern Beaufort Sea polar bears: potential response to infectious agents in a sentinel species. EcoHealth, 7:321–331. Kochnev, A.A. 2002. Autumn aggregations of polar bears on the Wrangel Island and their importance for the population. Proceedings of the Marine Mammals of the Holarctic meeting, Sept 10–15, 2002. Baikal, Russia. Kochnev, A.A. 2004. Polar bear in Chukotka: concerns and hopes (in Russian, English translation). Wildlife Conservation 3:7–14. Kochnev, A., and E. Zdor. 2015. Harvest and use of polar bear in Chukotka: results of research conducted in 1999–2012. Moscow, Russia. Koopmans, F. 2011. Human-polar bear conflicts in East Greenland: lessons learned from the circumpolar Arctic. Master’s of Science report for Wageningen University. 61pp. Retrieved from: http://thealaskananuuqcommission.org/publications/ new%20PDFs%202012/Human-polar%20bear%20 conflicts.%20Femke%20Koopmans,%20October%20 2011.pdf Lemelin, H. and M. Dyck. 2008. New frontiers in marine wildlife tourism: an international overview of tourism management strategies. In: Marine Wildlife and tourism management: insights from the natural and social sciences (Chapter 20). CABI International 2008. 395pp. Lentfer, J.W. 1974. Agreement on Conservation of Polar Bears. Polar Record 17: 327–30. Lentfer, J.W. 1990. Workshop on measures to assess and mitigate the adverse effects of Arctic oil and gas activities on polar bears. Final report to the U.S. Marine Mammal Commission. U.S. Department of Commerce National Technical Information Service, Washington, D.C., USA. Liston, G.E., and C.A. Hiemstra. 2011. The changing cryosphere: pan-arctic snow trends (1979–2009). Journal of Climate 24:5691–5712. Liston, G.E., C.J. Perham, R.T. Shideler, and A.N. Cheuvront. 2015. Modeling snowdrift habitat for polar bear dens. Ecological Modelling 320:114–134. doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.09.010. 84 Polar Bear Conservation Management Plan
Appendix A—Background Lunn, N.J., and I. Stirling. 1985. The significance of supplemental food to polar bears during the ice-free period of Hudson Bay. Canadian Journal of Zoology 63:2291-2297. Lydersen, C., O.A. Nøst, K.M. Kovaks, and M.A. Fedak. 2004. Temperature data from Norwegian and Russian waters of the northern Barents Sea collected by free-living ringed seals. Journal of Marine Systematics 46:99–108. MacIntyre, K.Q., K.M. Stafford, P.B. Conn, P.B., K.L. Laidre, and P.L. Boveng. 2015. The relationship between sea ice concentration and the spatiotemporal distribution of vocalizing bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) in the Bering, Chukchi, and Beaufort Seas from 2008 to 2011. Progress in Oceanography, 136:241–249. Mauritzen, M., A.E. Derocher, and Ø. Wiig. 2001. Space-use strategies of female polar bears in a dynamic sea ice habitat. Canadian Journal of Zoology 79:1704–1713. Mauritzen, M., S.E. Belikov, A.N. Boltunov, A.E. Derocher, E. Hansen, R.A. Ims, Ø. Wiig, and N. Yoccoz. 2003. Functional responses in polar bear habitat selection. Oikos 100:112–124. McKinney, M.A., R.J. Letcher , J. Aars, E.W. Born, M. Branigan, R. Dietz, T.J. Evans, G.W. Gabrielsen, E. Peacock, et al. 2011. Flame retardants and legacy contaminants in polar bears from Alaska, Canada, East Greenland and Svalbard, 2005–2008. Environment International 37:365–374. McLaren, I.A. 1958. The biology of the ringed seal, Phoca hispida, in the eastern Canadian Arctic. Fisheries Research Board of Canada Bulletin 118:1–97. Miller, S., J. Wilder, and R. R. Wilson. 2015. Polar bear-grizzly bear interactions during the autumn open-water period in Alaska. Journal of Mammalogy 96:1317–1325. Molnár, P.K., A.E. Derocher, T. Klanjscek, and M.A. Lewis. 2011. Predicting climate change impacts on polar bear litter size. Nature Communications 2:186. Monnett, C. and J.S. Gleason. 2006. Observations of mortality associated with extended open water swimming by polar bears in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Polar Biology 29:681–687. Moore, S.E. and H.P. Huntington. 2008. Arctic marine mammals and climate change: impacts and resilience. Ecological Applications S18:157–165. Nageak, B.P., C.D. Brower, and S.L. Schliebe. 1991. Polar bear management in the southern Beaufort Sea: An agreement between the Inuvialuit Game Council and North Slope Borough Fish and Game Committee. Transactions of the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 56:337–43. Obbard, M.E., G.W. Thiemann, E. Peacock, and T.D. DeBruyn. 2010. Polar Bears: Proceedings of the 15th Working Meeting of the IUCN/SSC Polar Bear Specialist Group, Copenhagen, Denmark, June 29–July 3, 2009. International Union for Conservation of Nature, Gland, Switzerland. Ovsyanikov, N.G. 2005. Behaviour of polar bear in coastal congregations. Zoologichesky Zhurnal 84:94-103. Overland, J.E., and M. Wang. 2007. Future regional Arctic sea ice declines. Geophysical Research Letters 34: L17705. Overland, J.E., and M. Wang. 2013. When will the summer Arctic be nearly sea ice free? Geophysical Research Letters 40:2097–2101. Owen, M.A., R.R. Swaisgood, C. Slocomb, S.C. Amstrup, G.M. Durner, K. Simac, K. and A.P. Pessier. 2015. An experimental investigation of chemical communication in the polar bear. Journal of Zoology 295:36–43. Online DOI: 10.1111/ jzo.12181. Pagano, A.M., G.M. Durner, S.C. Amstrup, K.S. Simac, and G.S. York. 2012. Long-distance swimming by polar bears (Ursus maritimus) of the southern Beaufort Sea during years of extensive open water. Canadian Journal of Zoology 90:663–676. Patyk, K.A., C. Duncan, P. Nol, C. Sonne, K.L. Laidre, M.E. Obbard, Ø. Wiig, J. Aars, E.V. Regehr, L.L. Gustafson, and T.C. Atwood, et al. 2015. Establishing a definition of polar bear health to guide research and management activities. Science of the Total Environment 514:371–378. Pilfold, N.W., A.E. Derocher, I. Stirling, and E. Richardson. 2015. Multi-temporal factors influence predation for polar bears in a changing climate. Oikos 124:1098–1107. Polar Bear Range States (PBRS). 2015. Circumpolar Action Plan. Conservation Strategy for the Polar Bear. 80pp. Retrieved from: http://naalakkersuisut. gl/en/Naalakkersuisut/Departments/Fiskeri-Fangstog-Landbrug/Isbjorn/The-Circumpolar-Action-Planand-Executive-Summary. Polar Bear Conservation Management Plan 85
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U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Pola
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Polar Bear Conservation Management
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Contents Executive Summary.........
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Executive Summary Today, polar bear
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and connectivity in each recovery u
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I. Background I. BACKGROUND Polar b
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I. Background the extent and charac
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II. Conservation Strategy II. CONSE
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III. Management Goals and Criteria
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B. Conservation Criteria under the
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Polar Bear

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