Humane-Slaughter-Guidelines

132. Sparrey JM, Ketylewell PJ, Paice MER, et al. Development of a
constant current water bath stunner for poultry processing. J
Agric Eng Res 1993;56:267–274.
133. Kannan G, Heath JL, Wabeck CJ. Shackling of broilers: effects
on stress responses and breast meat quality. Br Poult Sci
1997;38:323–332.
134. Raj M. Welfare during stunning and slaughter of poultry. Poult
Sci 1998;77:1815–1819.
135. Johnson CL. A review of bird welfare during controlled atmosphere
and electrical water-bath stunning. J Am Vet Med Assoc
2014;245:60–68.
136. Craig EW, Fletcher DL. A comparison of high current and low
voltage electrical stunning systems on broiler breast rigor development
and meat quality. Poult Sci 1997;76:1178–1181.
137. McNeal WD, Fletcher DL, Buhr RJ. Effects of stunning and decapitation
on broiler activity during bleeding, blood loss, carcass,
and breast meat quality. Poult Sci 2003;82:163–168.
138. Prinz S, Coenen A, Ehinger F, et al. Stunning effectiveness of
broiler chickens using a two-phase stunner: pulsed direct current
followed by sine wave alternating current. Arch Geflugelkd
2010;76:63–71.
139. Shields SJ, Raj ABM. A critical review of electiical water-bath
stun systems for poultry slaughter and recent developments in
alternative technologies. J Appl Anim Welf Sci 2010;13:281–299.
140. Zivotofsky AZ, Strous RD. A perspective on the electrical stunning
of animals: Are there lessons to be learned from human
electro-convulsive therapy (ECT)? Meat Sci 2012;90:956–961.
141. Denicourt M, Klopfenstein C, DuFour V, et al. Developing a safe
and acceptable method for on-farm euthanasia of pigs by electrocution:
final report. Montreal: Faculty of Veterinary Medicine,
University of Montreal, 2009.
142. Mason C, Spence J, Bilbe L, et al. Methods for dispatching backyard
poultry. Vet Rec 2009;164:220.
143. Leach TM, Warrington R, Wotton B. Use of conditioned stimulus
to study whether the induction of electrical pre-slaughter
stunning is painful. Meat Sci 1980;4:203–208.
144. Mikeska JA, Klemm WR. EEG evaluation of humaneness of asphyxia
and decapitation euthanasia of the laboratory rat. Lab
Anim Sci 1975;25:175–179.
145. Gregory NG, Wotton SB. Comparison of neck dislocation and
percussion of the head on visual evoked responses in the chicken’s
brain. Vet Rec 1990;126:570–572.
146. Tidswell SJ, Blackmore DK, Newhook JC. Slaughter methods:
electroencephalographic (EEG) studies on spinal cord section,
decapitation and gross trauma of the brain in lambs. N Z Vet J
1987;35:46–49.
147. Cartner SC, Barlow SC, Ness TJ. Loss of cortical function in
mice after decapitation, cervical dislocation, potassium chloride
injection and CO 2
inhalation. Comp Med 2007;57:570–573.
148. Vanderwolf CH, Buzak DP, Cain RK, et al. Neocortical and hippocampal
electrical activity following decapitation in the rat.
Brain Res 1988;451:340–344.
149. Derr RF. Pain perception in decapitated rat brain. Life Sci
1991;49:1399–1402.
150. Holson RR. Euthanasia by decapitation: evidence that this technique
produces prompt, painless unconsciousness in laboratory
rodents. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1992;14:253–257.
151. Mota-Rojas D, Maldonado MJ, Becerril MH, et al. Welfare at
slaughter of broiler chickens: a review. Int J Poult Sci 2008;7:1–
5.
152. Erasmus MA, Lawlis P, Duncan IJH, et al. Time to insensibility
and estimated time of death to evaluate a nonpenetrating
captive bold, cervical dislocation and blunt trauma for on-farm
killing of turkeys. Poult Sci 2010;89:1345–1354.
153. Erasmus MA, Turner PV, Nykamp SG, et al. Brain and skull lesions
resulting from use of percussive bolt, cervical dislocation
by stretching, cervical dislocation by crushing, and blunt trauma
in turkeys. Vet Rec 2010;167:850–858.
154. Erasmus MA, Turner PV, Widowski TM. Measures of insensibility
used to determine effective stunning and killing of poultry. J
Appl Poult Res 2010;19:288–298.
155. Iwarsson K, Rehbinder C. A study of different euthanasia techniques
in guinea pigs, rats, and mice. Animal response and postmortem
findings. Scand J Lab Anim Sci 1993;20:191–205.
156. Webster AB, Fletcher DL, Savage SI. Humane on-farm killing of
spent hens. J Appl Poult Res 1996;5:191–200.
AVMA Guidelines for the Humane Slaughter of Animals: 2016 Edition 43