The Accountant Sep-Oct-2016

Business Practice and Development
Furthermore, it is widely accepted that
transfer pricing is not an exact science and
that the application of transfer pricing
methods requires the application of
information, skill and judgment by both
taxpayers and tax authorities. In view of
the skill, information and resource “gaps”
in many developing countries, this can
be very difficult for developing countries,
often requiring their best officers, who may,
after skilling‐up leave the organisation in
view of their special skills.
For all countries, but particularly for
many developing countries, equipping an
administration to deal fairly and effectively
with transfer pricing issues seems to be
a “taxing exercise”,
both literally and
figuratively speaking.
Some of the specific
challenges many
developing countries
particularly face in
dealing effectively
with transfer pricing
issues are:
Lack of
Comparables
One of the
foundations of the
arm’s length principle
is comparative
pricing. Proper
comparability is
often found difficult
in practice, a factor
which in the view
of many weakens the
continued validity of the principle itself.
Application of arm’s length principle in
developing countries has been difficult
because in developing countries there
tends to be fewer organized players in any
given sector than in developed countries;
finding proper comparable data can be very
difficult; and in addition, the comparable
information may be incomplete and in a
form which is difficult to analyse because
the resources and processes are not
available.
Lack of knowledge and
requisite skill‐sets
Transfer pricing methods are complex and
time‐consuming, often requiring time and
attention from some of the most skilled and
valuable human resources in both MNEs
and tax administrations. Transfer pricing
reports often run into hundreds of pages
with many legal and accounting experts
employed to create them. This kind of
complexity and knowledge‐ requirement
puts tremendous strain on both the tax
authorities and the taxpayers, especially in
developing countries where resources tend
to be scarce and the appropriate training
in such a specialized area is not readily
available.
Complexity
Rules based on the arm’s length principle
are becoming increasingly difficult and
complex to administer. Transfer pricing
compliance today typically involves huge
and expensive databases and high‐level
Transfer pricing is generally
considered the major international
taxation issue faced by MNEs today.
It is an enormously important issue
for many countries, developing and
developed. Even though responses to
it will in some respects vary, transfer
pricing is a complex and constantly
evolving area and no government or
MNE can afford to ignore it.
expertise to handle.
Growth of the “intangible
economy”
Physical limitations, which have long
defined traditional taxation concepts,
no longer apply and the application of
international tax concepts to the internet
and related e‐commerce transactions is
sometimes problematic and unclear.
“Location savings”
Some countries take the view that the
economic benefit arising from moving
operations to a low‐cost jurisdiction,
i.e., “location savings”, should accrue to
that country, where such operations are
actually carried out. Accordingly the
determination of location savings, and its
allocation between the group companies
(and thus, between the tax authorities
of the two countries) has become a key
transfer pricing issue in the context of
developing countries.
Summary and Conclusions
Transfer pricing is generally considered
the major international taxation issue faced
by MNEs today. It is an enormously
important issue for many countries,
developing and developed. Even though
responses to it will in some respects vary,
transfer pricing is a complex and constantly
evolving area and no government or MNE
can afford to ignore it. Furthermore, from
the government’s perspective, transfer
pricing manipulation reduces revenue
available for country
development, and with
increasing globalisation,
the potential loss of
revenue may run into
billions of dollars.
In conclusion while
worldwide markets
continue to open up
and the intensity of
MNEs establishments
continues, the following
key areas still remain
a barrier to effective
International trade
and organizations
setting their business
beyond their country of
incorporation and the
need to be considered:
• The risk of very large
local tax
reassessments,
• The potential for double taxation
because income has already been taxed
elsewhere and relief under tax
treaties is not available,
• The significant penalties and interest
on overdue tax
• The potential to carry forward
the impact of unfavourable revenue
determinations, creating further
liabilities in future periods
• The uncertainty to the group’s
worldwide tax burden, leading to the
risk of earnings restatements and
investor lawsuits conflicts with customs
and indirect tax reporting requirements
and conflicts with regulatory
authorities,
• The
damage to reputation and
diminution of brand value as a
consequence of the perception of being
a bad corporate citizen
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