GineersNow Engineering Magazine November 2016 Issue No 009

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Photo by InfoMine project is to conduct geologic investigations to locate the deposit. This stage, called exploration, involves surveying of rocks on the surface and drilling for rocks that are hundreds of meters below the surface, among other things. Based on the information gathered, which are called geologic data, a 3D model of the mineral deposit can be generated by a computer. The possible economic value of the mine based on all the geologic data will then be evaluated. The next stage of mining is development which involves construction of surface infrastructure, initial clearing of mining area, and initial excavation or tunneling to reach the ore deposit. Production will commence after fully developing the mine. During the production stage, either a large hole is gradually opened up on the ground creating an open pit or the minerals will be mined from underground tunnels. The excavated ore will be transported to the processing plant on the surface near the mine. Photo by ALS Global Photo by TheAusIMMBulletin Afterwhich the ore will undergo a series of processes of mineral concentrating, melting, and refining until the final product is produced, like copper plates, or gold bars. This product will then be used by manufacturers to make various tools, electronics, and machines. A mine can operate for decades until it runs out of economic mineral reserves. When the mine closes, it must be rehabilitated into the pre-mine environmental conditions or into sustainable income-generating projects like resorts, agroforests, or parks. Mining deals with extracting minerals from the earth. The raw materials dug up from the mine undergo a series of processes until the final products are produced. These final products are finally used to manufacture various things that we use everyday. Mankind has been mining for materials since tens of thousands of years ago. In fact, mining and the development of human civilization and culture are so intertwined that major stages in human history are identified by various minerals or their derivatives: Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, Steel Age, and Nuclear Age. During the Stone Age, man used wood, stone, bone and ceramics for shelter, weapons and utensils. Other materials such as ceramics, clay, salt and meteoric iron were used as ornaments, decoration, jewelry, coinage, and components of cosmetics.People eventually used minerals to make various components for shelters as well as transportation equipment. Copper, discovered in Cyprus in 2700 BC, became a sought-after component of tools, weapons, and kitchen utensils. Uranium, which was first extracted from the Habsburg silver mines in Bohemia in the middle ages, was initially used to color glass and ceramics. The radioactive properties of uranium were then discovered, eventually leading to the development of the nuclear bomb and eventually nuclear power plants in the 20th century, signalling the beginning of the nuclear age. Metallurgy, the process of separating or mixing metals, began as early as 7000 BC with copper being melted and cast into objects, followed by lead, silver, gold, and iron. Advancements in metallurgy made it possible to mix metals into their alloys forming bronze, iron and brass. During the 18th century, iron metallurgy made great strides and made Industrial Revolution possible, a period during which the economy of an underdeveloped country could be transformed into an industrial economy, stimulated by the availability of energy and metal sources. This developing technology was accompanied by a revolution in science and engineering. The machine age, a product of the industrial revolution, needed certain minerals as raw materials and as a source of energy, making industrial power a measure of nation's political and military power, and economic wealth. Today, our modern society needs these raw materials for machineries used in various industries, electronics for computers and communication, and nuclear fission for warfare and electrical power generation. The demand for raw materials from mining is ever-increasing in order to sustain our growing needs for infrastructure, goods, and services. Virtually all things we use today are products of mining. Copper, for example, is used to make various kinds of products like electrical wire, cookware, pipes, car parts, paint, and electrical appliances. Iron is a common component of paint, cosmetics, and fertilizers, and when mixed with carbon forms steel. Nickel when mixed with steel produces stainless steel which is used for various objects like sinks, kitchenware, and musical instruments. Gold is primarily used for jewelry but is also used for electronics and electrical appliances. Chromite is used for stainless steel production and also in the tanning process of 16 NOVEMBER 2016 Mining Engineering and Its Importance
Photo by Expatch leather. Aluminum is used for cans, kitchenware, and airplane parts, among others. Calcium carbonate, fluoride, and titanium are used for toothpaste. Lithium is an integral component of the batteries of our smartphones. Plenty of things we use have components that came from mining. We can go on for hours enumerating them all. The raw materials that we need to manufacture various products come from several mines around the world. Copper for example comes from mines in more than 50 countries, the largest of which is the Escondida Copper Mine. The Escondida Copper Mine in the Atacama Desert of Northern Chile, had an estimated 32 million tonnes of copper reserves in 2012. In 2013, the mine produced 1.1 million tonnes of copper, equivalent to around five percent of total global copper production in that year. Aluminum comes from the rock called bauxite, with Australia as the biggest producer, producing almost 80 million tonnes of bauxite in 2014. This is equivalent to around 30% of the world's total output for that year. The largest bauxite mine in the world is the Huntly Mine in Australia, which produced 18 million tonnes of Bauxite in 2006. In the case of the Philippines, copper, gold, and nickel are mostly mined and exported. The largest gold producers in the Philippines are Masbate Gold Project in Masbate Island, Didipio Copper Gold Project in Nueva Vizcaya, and Padcal Copper- Gold Operation in Benguet. The Toledo Copper Operation in Cebu, meanwhile, is the largest copper producer in the country. And the largest direct shipping nickel ore producer is the Rio Tuba Nickel Project in Palawan. There are more mines for different materials around the world including mines for coal, diamond, graphite, gypsum, lithium, natural gas, platinum, salt, selenium, sulphur, talc, titanium, and uranium, to name a few. Since mining involves intensive earth excavation and use of various chemicals for ore processing, mining, if haphazardly done, can negatively impact the environment and local communities where it operates. But such impacts can be avoided by practicing responsible mining. A responsible mine follows the law and uses best international practices for its operations, social programs, and environmental management. Responsible mines exist and they play a major role in economic improvement and community development. Three examples of responsible mining companies in the Philippines are OceanaGold Philippines Inc. (OGPI), Rio Tuba Nickel Mining Corp. (RTNMC) and Silangan MIndanao Mining Co., Inc. (SMMCI). OGPI, an open pit gold-copper mine in Nueva Vizcaya, focuses on improvement of local education opportunities, community health and infrastructure, cultural preservation, business and development opportunities, conservation of the environment, and local employment support through its 'We Care" Program. "OceanaGold is now ready to construct our 18-classroom building. They also provide us with instructional materials, and other supports such as special trainings. With the support of OceanaGold, I believe that ENVHS will become a very good school. We will meet the standard given to us by the Department of Education.", Osmundo Espejo, school principal of Eastern Nueva NOVEMBER 2016 Mining Engineering and Its Importance 17
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GineersNow Engineering Magazine November 2016 Issue No 009

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