Maintworld 3/2017
In this issue: Using Technology and Innovation to Manage Mega-Maintenance Challenges Identify the Root Cause of a Misalignment Condition Elements of a Good Preventive Maintenance Program
In this issue:
Using Technology and Innovation to Manage Mega-Maintenance Challenges
Identify the Root Cause of a Misalignment Condition
Elements of a Good Preventive Maintenance Program
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3/<strong>2017</strong> www.maintworld.com<br />
maintenance & asset management<br />
Using Technology and<br />
Innovation to Manage<br />
Mega-Maintenance<br />
Challenges<br />
p 28<br />
IDENTIFY THE ROOT CAUSE OF A MISALIGNMENT CONDITION P 14 ELEMENTS OF A GOOD PREVENTIVE MAINTENANCE PROGRAM P 32
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WHAT MOVES YOUR WORLD
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moogglobalsupport.com
Dear friends,<br />
AS MOST OF YOU KNOW, the European Federation of National Maintenance<br />
Societies (EFNMS, www.efnms.org) is the umbrella organization for the nonprofit<br />
National Maintenance Societies in Europe. We would like to take this<br />
opportunity to review the EFNMS activities and cooperations.<br />
EFNMS is running several activities to provide added value to the members<br />
of the 24 National Maintenance Societies (its members): Workshops (in<br />
the topics of Benchmarking, Asset management, and Safety), Certifications<br />
(Maintenance Managers and Maintenance Technicians Specialists), Congress<br />
(EuroMaintenance, bi-annually), Surveys<br />
(in the topics of Maintenance KPIs and Asset<br />
management), Handbook (Global Maintenance<br />
and Reliability Indicators (GMARI), Harmonizing<br />
EN 15341 KPIs and SMRP metrics), and, recently,<br />
building a maintenance Body of Knowledge<br />
(BoK).<br />
EFNMS also has international cooperations in<br />
order to provide more added value: It is a member<br />
of the Global Forum on Maintenance and Asset<br />
Management (GFMAM, www.gfmam.org), having<br />
active participation in the development of its projects. In cooperation with<br />
the Salvetti Foundation, it is giving four maintenance awards (www.salvettifoundation.com/awards).<br />
Finally, EFNMS is a partner of the European Agency<br />
for Safety and Health at Work (OSHA, osha.europa.eu) and it is actively<br />
participating in its campaigns.<br />
More activities have been scheduled and results are soon expected (either<br />
within EFNMS or through the international cooperations) and the updates<br />
can be found on the official site. In parallel, Iceland and Hungary have joined<br />
EFNMS during <strong>2017</strong> and Romania is planning to join during 2018. In conclusion,<br />
a positive future for EFNMS is expected, to the benefit of everyone involved<br />
in the Maintenance field.<br />
We hope to see you all at the EFNMS activities and, even better, at the high<br />
quality EuroMaintenance2018 congress (www.euromaintenance2018.org) at<br />
Antwerp - Belgium, 25-28/09/2018!<br />
More activities have been scheduled and<br />
results are soon expected (either within EFNMS<br />
or through the international cooperations) and<br />
the updates can be found on the official site.<br />
Sincerely yours,<br />
Cosmas Vamvalis<br />
EFNMS Chairman<br />
48<br />
The<br />
benefits of<br />
vibration analysis are<br />
widely recognised<br />
in terms of reduced<br />
maintenance costs and<br />
the increased safety<br />
and plant efficiency it<br />
helps to provide.<br />
4 maintworld 3/<strong>2017</strong>
IN THIS ISSUE 3/<strong>2017</strong><br />
42<br />
Backlog management has<br />
a number of different but<br />
interdependent focuses:<br />
Backlog Work Order Quality,<br />
Age of Backlog and Backlog Size<br />
Management.<br />
34<br />
Benchmarking allows<br />
a company to compare<br />
its own practices<br />
and processes to the<br />
practices applied in<br />
the best firms of the<br />
industrial branch.<br />
6<br />
10<br />
Revolutionize Your Business<br />
with AI and Machine Learning:<br />
The Productivity Boost of the<br />
Century<br />
Developing Leadership in<br />
Maintenance and Reliability<br />
How to Identify the Root Cause<br />
14<br />
of a Misalignment Condition<br />
18<br />
Enjoy Success with Small<br />
Vibrometers<br />
IIoT Simplifies Predictive<br />
22<br />
Maintenance Solution<br />
Deployment and Maintenance<br />
Bearing Grease Replenishment -<br />
24<br />
On-Condition or Time-Based?<br />
Using Technology and<br />
28<br />
Innovation to Manage Mega-<br />
Maintenance Challenges<br />
Elements of a Good Preventive<br />
32<br />
Maintenance Program<br />
34<br />
38<br />
Demonstrating Value with<br />
Benchmarking<br />
What are you willing to do to<br />
improve reliability?<br />
Effective Backlog Management<br />
42<br />
Bearing Condition Monitoring<br />
44<br />
Using Ultrasound<br />
48<br />
Auto Correlation Simplifies<br />
Vibration Analysis, and<br />
Enhances Efficiency of Rotating<br />
Machinery Maintenance<br />
Issued by Promaint (Finnish Maintenance Society), Messuaukio 1, 00520 Helsinki, Finland tel. +358 29 007 4570 Publisher<br />
Omnipress Oy, Mäkelänkatu 56, 00510 Helsinki, tel. +358 20 6100, toimitus@omnipress.fi, www.omnipress.fi Editor-in-chief<br />
Nina Garlo-Melkas tel. +358 50 36 46 491, nina.garlo@omnipress.fi, Advertisements Kai Portman, Sales Director, tel. +358 358<br />
44 763 2573, ads@maintworld.com Subscriptions and Change of Address members toimisto@kunnossapito.fi, non-members<br />
tilaajapalvelu@media.fi Printed by Painotalo Plus Digital Oy, www.ppd.fi Frequency 4 issues per year, ISSN L 1798-7024, ISSN<br />
1798-7024 (print), ISSN 1799-8670 (online).<br />
3/<strong>2017</strong> maintworld 5
TECHNOLOGY<br />
Machine learning has typically been linked with industries such as transportation<br />
and banking, but there are many uses for machine learning within the industrial<br />
sector. This article focuses on four industries within the industrial sector<br />
that are primed to take advantage of the application of machine learning and<br />
leverage the many benefits it can bring.<br />
The Productivity<br />
Boost of the<br />
Century<br />
RICHARD IRWIN,<br />
Bentley Systems,<br />
richard.Irwin@<br />
bentley.com<br />
x 6 maintworld 3/<strong>2017</strong>
TECHNOLOGY<br />
BEFORE STARTING, it is important to<br />
point out that there are many options<br />
and techniques available to gain more<br />
insight and make better decisions on the<br />
performance of your assets and operation.<br />
It all comes down to knowing what<br />
the best fit is for your needs and what<br />
type of data you are using.<br />
Machine learning makes complex<br />
processes and data easier to comprehend,<br />
and it is ideal for industries that<br />
are asset and data-rich. A great deal of<br />
data from various data sources are required<br />
in machine learning, and a data<br />
scientist or analyst may be needed to<br />
EARLY ADOPTERS OF<br />
MACHINE LEARNING ARE<br />
REAPING THE BENEFITS IN<br />
THE SPEED OF INFORMA-<br />
TION DELIVERY, COSTS,<br />
AND USEFULNESS.<br />
help set up and interpret the results.<br />
While it is possible to build your own ML<br />
platform, this design takes time, specific<br />
skills, and investment in a platform such<br />
as Microsoft Azure for a secure, private<br />
cloud platform for developers and data<br />
scientists. Alternatively, purchasing machine-learning<br />
capabilities off the shelf,<br />
as part of an asset performance management<br />
software solution, or outsourcing<br />
to a third party are options, provided you<br />
ensure input from in-house skills.<br />
Whatever path is chosen, the benefits<br />
machine learning can offer to big data<br />
are only just being brought to fruition.<br />
Opportunity is rapidly developing with<br />
productivity advancements at the heart<br />
of the data-rich industry in which you<br />
work. Here are some examples leading<br />
the way in this fast-moving digital transformation.<br />
Electric and Power<br />
We are all familiar with the term “smart<br />
grid” – the electrical supply network that<br />
utilizes digital technology and measures<br />
to detect and react to usage issues. In<br />
today’s turbulent times, electric utility<br />
companies are affected by ageing assets,<br />
increasing energy demand, and higher<br />
costs; the ability to recognize equipment<br />
failure and avoid unplanned downtime,<br />
repair costs, and potential environmental<br />
damage is critical to success across all<br />
areas of the business.<br />
Machine learning is augmenting the<br />
smart grid to better leverage and gain<br />
insight from the IoT with an enormous<br />
number of connected assets spread<br />
across a large network. Transformers,<br />
pylons, cables, turbines, storage units,<br />
and more — the potential for equipment<br />
failure is high and not without risk, so<br />
predicting failures with data and models<br />
is the new answer to keeping the network<br />
running smoothly. Another example<br />
of how machine learning helps the<br />
utilities industry is evidenced through<br />
demand forecasting, where predicting<br />
usage and consumption from numerous<br />
parameters can give a utility the advantage<br />
of being able to respond in advance,<br />
and balance supply with demand levels<br />
Smart meters can also be leveraged more<br />
individually so that customer recommendations<br />
regarding efficiency can<br />
be made. Machine learning also allows<br />
thermal images and video to be analyzed<br />
without the human eye to spot differences<br />
or anomalies in equipment. Additionally,<br />
asset health indexing can be<br />
leveraged to automate the analysis of extending<br />
asset life with machine learning,<br />
which is a low cost alternative to capital<br />
replacement.<br />
Oil and Gas<br />
In the oil and gas industry, the ability to<br />
recognize equipment failure and avoid<br />
unplanned downtime, repair costs, and<br />
potential environmental damage is<br />
critical to success across all areas of the<br />
business, from well reservoir identification<br />
and drilling strategy, to production<br />
and processing. In terms of maintaining<br />
reliable production, identifying equipment<br />
failures is one of the main areas<br />
where machine learning will play an important<br />
role. Predictive maintenance is<br />
the failure inspection strategy that uses<br />
data and models to predict when an asset<br />
or piece of equipment will fail so that<br />
maintenance can be planned well ahead<br />
of time to minimize disruption. With the<br />
combination of machine learning and<br />
maintenance applications leveraging<br />
IoT data to deliver more accurate estimates<br />
of equipment failure, the range<br />
of positive outcomes and reductions<br />
in downtime and the associated costs<br />
means that it is worth the investment.<br />
As well as predicative maintenance,<br />
the oil and gas industry has already started<br />
using machine learning capabilities<br />
in other areas. These include: reservoir<br />
modelling, where advanced analytics are<br />
used to make improved estimates on the<br />
properties of reservoirs based on historical<br />
data and models; video analysis<br />
that can be employed to detect patterns<br />
associated with anomaly detection; and<br />
case-based reasoning, which can help<br />
by siphoning out numerous parameters<br />
that account for well blow outs and leakages<br />
from a large example set of previous<br />
cases in order to come up with solutions.<br />
The application of machine learning has<br />
the potential to transform the oil and gas<br />
industry, which is even more crucial during<br />
the recent downturn in production<br />
and spending.<br />
Water Utilities<br />
Like the electric utilities mentioned previously,<br />
water companies also face the<br />
same challenges of an ageing infrastructure,<br />
rising costs, tighter regulations,<br />
and increasing demand. With that, they<br />
also share the same benefits that machine<br />
learning offers, such as identifying<br />
equipment failure before it happens —<br />
Common forms of<br />
machine learning<br />
techniques:<br />
SUPERVISED LEARNING –<br />
using “trained” data<br />
• Linear Regression - Linear<br />
regression is used when data<br />
has a range, such as sensor<br />
or device driven data, and is<br />
used to estimate or predict a<br />
response from one or more continuous<br />
values<br />
• Classification – Classification is<br />
typically used for data that can<br />
be categorized, such as whether<br />
an email can be classified as<br />
genuine or spam.<br />
UNSUPERVISED LEARNING – using<br />
data without labelled responses<br />
• Clustering – The task of grouping<br />
a set of objects then deriving<br />
meanings from hidden<br />
patterns in the input data by<br />
putting the objects into similar<br />
groups.<br />
• Neural Networks – A rule-based<br />
computer system modelled on<br />
the human brain’s processing<br />
elements.<br />
3/<strong>2017</strong> maintworld 7
TECHNOLOGY<br />
not just to predict a failure, but also to<br />
identify what type of failure will occur.<br />
Other benefits of machine learning in<br />
the water industry include meeting supply<br />
and demand with predictive forecasting<br />
and making smart meters “smarter”<br />
to help curb waste, such as during water<br />
shortages.<br />
Water distribution is another area<br />
that can be optimized with the application<br />
of artificial intelligence. Machine<br />
learning can be used in this scenario to<br />
speed up the decision-making process<br />
of how demand can be met by analyzing<br />
how much water needs to be supplied<br />
from the various locations (reservoirs,<br />
desalination plants, and rivers), as well<br />
as the pumping considerations and<br />
water movement, including associated<br />
costs and constraints. Machine learning<br />
will help determine the optimal low-cost<br />
methods of configuring network transfers,<br />
optimizing supply options, enhancing<br />
the raw water supply network, and<br />
determining the cheapest time to transfer<br />
water across the network.<br />
Flood detection can utilize machine<br />
learning by analyzing data from sensors,<br />
weather, geospatial location, alarms, and<br />
more to provide precise predictions and<br />
classifications of when and where floods<br />
are likely to occur at any given time;<br />
these predictions are based on current<br />
and historical data from all sources. This<br />
information would help utilities save<br />
time and costs, reduce false alarms, and<br />
lessen the impact on the environment.<br />
Manufacturing<br />
Manufacturing has always been the main<br />
industry when mentioned alongside<br />
machine learning, and for good reason, as<br />
the benefits are very real. These benefits<br />
include reductions in operating costs,<br />
improved reliability, and increased productivity<br />
— three goals that relate to the<br />
holy trinity of manufacturing. To achieve<br />
this, manufacturing also requires a digital<br />
platform to capture, store, and analyze<br />
data generated by control systems<br />
and sensors on equipment connected via<br />
the IoT. Preventative maintenance is key<br />
in improving uptime and productivity,<br />
so greater predictive accuracy of equipment<br />
failure is essential with increased<br />
demand. Furthermore, by knowing what<br />
is about to fail ahead of time, spare parts<br />
and inventory can use the data to ensure<br />
they align with the prediction. Improving<br />
production processes through a<br />
robust condition monitoring system can<br />
give unprecedented insight into overall<br />
equipment effectiveness by monitoring<br />
air and oil pressures and temperatures<br />
regularly and consistently. Other areas<br />
MACHINE LEARNING IS IDEAL<br />
FOR INDUSTRIES THAT ARE<br />
ASSET AND DATA-RICH.<br />
of use include quality control optimization<br />
to ensure quality is consistent<br />
throughout the manufacturing process.<br />
For example, adaptive algorithms can<br />
be used to inspect and classify defects in<br />
products on the production line with pattern<br />
recognition to reject defects, from<br />
damaged fruit to deformed packaging.<br />
Digitalization and<br />
transformation with<br />
machine learning<br />
Early adopters of machine learning<br />
are already reaping the benefits in the<br />
speed of information delivery, costs, and<br />
usefulness. As the technology advances,<br />
each industry is learning from each<br />
other, further advancing the use and<br />
influence of artificial intelligence. This<br />
gives you more information and insight<br />
to make smarter decisions. Bentley<br />
Systems’ users are combining machine<br />
learning with Bentley’s other digitalization<br />
technologies to make this process<br />
even more beneficial – by making it<br />
model-centric and adding visualization<br />
dashboards, cloud-based IoT data, analytics,<br />
and reality modelling to machine<br />
learning, the result is a complete solution<br />
for operations, maintenance, and<br />
engineering.<br />
Having a machine learning strategy<br />
in place will give you unprecedented<br />
insight into your operation and will lead<br />
to serious benefits in efficiency, safety,<br />
optimization, and decision making. The<br />
digital transformation for industry is<br />
now at a tipping point, with technologies<br />
all converging at the same time – a<br />
whole range of problems that once took<br />
months to address are now being resolved<br />
in a matter of minutes, all thanks<br />
to machine learning.<br />
8 maintworld 3/<strong>2017</strong>
APM Solutions to<br />
Keep You on Target<br />
nexusglobal.com/apmsolutions
LEADERSHIP<br />
Developing<br />
Leadership<br />
in Maintenance<br />
and Reliability<br />
Does your organization have what it takes to be successful in leading maintenance<br />
and reliability improvement across the facility and the corporation? Below, we will<br />
share with you the story of one young leader who has had the opportunity to<br />
lead two different organizations. Let us see what we can learn from the successes<br />
and the failures that could advance your maintenance and reliability efforts.<br />
10 maintworld 3/<strong>2017</strong>
LEADERSHIP<br />
BILL LEAHY, RMIC,<br />
Senior Instructor<br />
Eruditio, LLC,<br />
BLeahy@<br />
EruditioLLC.com<br />
SHON ISENHOUR,<br />
CMRP CAMA, Partner<br />
Eruditio, LLC,<br />
SIsenhour@<br />
eruditiollc.com<br />
TWICE IN MY LIFE I have been charged<br />
with leading a group of 40 or so skilled<br />
workers. Once a success, and once was<br />
a glorious failure. In generalities, the<br />
situation was identical. A young leader,<br />
new to a profession, put in command<br />
of a highly skilled team with hundreds<br />
of years of collective experience. The<br />
expectation was that I had all the training,<br />
skills and natural ability to hit the<br />
ground running. As a Junior Army Officer,<br />
I had a good run as Platoon Leader. I<br />
affected change and together my platoon<br />
and I achieved our unit KPI’s. After a<br />
few more years of service I left the Army<br />
and took with me a high level of leadership<br />
confidence into the manufacturing<br />
world. I took on a cross-functional team<br />
of technicians and dreamt up a grand<br />
five-year Manufacturing and Reliability<br />
Improvement Plan for the site. Then I<br />
promptly crashed and burned. Despite<br />
past experience doing identical leadership<br />
tasks, I failed. To better understand<br />
the situation, I started asking what variables<br />
changed? This is what I discovered:<br />
I was spoiled in the Army. That system<br />
is established to ensure young leaders<br />
enjoy success despite themselves.<br />
Imagine a world where your boss, his<br />
boss, his boss, and his boss all held your<br />
job at some point in time. Even more,<br />
they had to be good at it to get promoted<br />
to positions of greater responsibility.<br />
Your senior employee is attached at your<br />
hip, trusts in and enforces your decisions,<br />
and never hesitates to provide<br />
necessary course corrections. There are<br />
many others just like you doing the exact<br />
same job. You are all friends and share<br />
best practices regularly. Everyone knows<br />
their job, has been trained to standard<br />
and is held accountable to it. Every procedure<br />
you need is published in easy to<br />
read manuals with pictures. And, there is<br />
a place called The Center for Army Lessons<br />
Learned that you can tap into. I realized<br />
it wasn’t so much me, but the expert<br />
support and training I received that<br />
was responsible for the success I had.<br />
Regretfully, this support system did<br />
not follow me into maintenance. No<br />
matter how many reliability engineering<br />
books I read, I could not prepare myself<br />
to stand alone in front of a maintenance<br />
team that had survived 12 maintenance<br />
bosses in as many years. The first year<br />
was exhausting and brutal. I acted alone<br />
while trying to reinvent the wheel. False<br />
starts and failed initiatives marked time.<br />
I quickly began questioning my competency<br />
and career path.<br />
What it boiled down to was, I needed<br />
the same sort of expert support I had<br />
in the Army. I needed: a coach to walk<br />
me through a Failure Mode Effects<br />
Analysis and Root Cause Analysis, a<br />
mentor to guide me through change<br />
management and work culture intricacies,<br />
peers to bounce ideas off regularly,<br />
and employees that were at a minimum<br />
aware of maintenance and reliability<br />
best practice, concepts, and language.<br />
I knew no one that had done the things<br />
I was reading about before. My boss<br />
hadn’t, I hadn’t, and my employees had<br />
never been exposed to it. So, I started at<br />
the top. I targeted the mill manager for<br />
sponsorship. As he became aware of reliability<br />
and maintenance improvement<br />
paybacks, resources became available.<br />
Technicians started attending training.<br />
I was provided opportunities outside of<br />
the company to develop my skill and become<br />
an expert in practical application.<br />
I also built my network of reliability and<br />
NO MATTER HOW MANY RELIABILITY<br />
ENGINEERING BOOKS I READ, I COULD NOT<br />
PREPARE MYSELF TO STAND ALONE IN<br />
FRONT OF A MAINTENANCE TEAM THAT<br />
HAD SURVIVED 12 MAINTENANCE BOSSES<br />
IN AS MANY YEARS.<br />
3/<strong>2017</strong> maintworld 11
LEADERSHIP<br />
maintenance peers within the company<br />
and beyond. It started slowly but by end<br />
of year two the Manufacturing and Reliability<br />
Plan revision meetings evolved<br />
from a one man show to a cross functional<br />
team of leaders, techs, and operators.<br />
The maintenance plan transformed<br />
from an individual business venture into<br />
a cooperative. A maintenance culture<br />
that valued training, partnership, and accountability<br />
began to take root.<br />
Five Points to Success<br />
The Army made it simple and to the<br />
point. I didn’t understand the advantages<br />
their system provided and why<br />
it worked at the time. It took a year of<br />
constant failure and much reflection to<br />
realize how and more importantly why<br />
they placed so much value on training,<br />
partnering and mentoring. Here are the<br />
five things I took away from the Army<br />
and built into my reliability improvement<br />
strategy.<br />
First, find experience. Sources of<br />
1| expert knowledge are available, if<br />
not in your company they are certainly<br />
available outside of it though organizations<br />
like EFNMS (European Federation<br />
of National Maintenance Societies) and<br />
SMRP (Society of Maintenance and Reliability<br />
Professionals). You need these<br />
experts to help paint the picture of what<br />
a good facility can look like. If you have<br />
never seen it, it can be hard to picture in<br />
your mind. Ask to visit world class sites<br />
or collect real world examples and case<br />
studies from successful sites. You need<br />
this experience and these examples to<br />
explain it to your organization.<br />
Second, we encourage young<br />
2| maintenance leaders to network<br />
as much as possible. Look for others that<br />
are experiencing the same things you are<br />
that you can talk to and compare notes.<br />
You can find them at conferences, local<br />
chapter events, and possibly even in your<br />
own organization.<br />
Third, find a mentor who will answer<br />
your questions and push you<br />
3|<br />
along. This is someone who will show<br />
you what to do differently and work with<br />
you when you get stuck using a tool or<br />
process.<br />
Fourth, constantly advocate for additional<br />
training, for you and your<br />
4|<br />
staff, from sources beyond the company.<br />
This outside information brings new<br />
perspectives and ideas to keep the organization<br />
moving forward.<br />
Fifth, document and share. Create<br />
5| standardized processes and tools<br />
where you can and roll them out across<br />
the group of young leaders to facilitate<br />
both onboarding, benchmarking, and<br />
understanding.<br />
Now if you are trying to create a reliability<br />
culture at the corporate level, I<br />
would ask are you providing for these<br />
needs and ensuring these new young<br />
leaders have the support they need from<br />
all levels or are you leaving them to reinvent<br />
the wheel in a vacuum?<br />
12 maintworld 3/<strong>2017</strong>
Why gamble<br />
with Reliability<br />
education?<br />
eruditio is a<br />
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CONDITION MONITORING<br />
Fig.1: Over 50% of machine failures are due to misalignment<br />
How to Identify<br />
the Root Cause of a<br />
Misalignment Condition<br />
GREG LEE,<br />
Senior Project<br />
Manager<br />
PRUFTECHNIK<br />
Inc. USA<br />
It is well known that misalignment is one of the greatest<br />
causes of failure in rotating equipment. In fact, research<br />
demonstrates that more than 50 percent of machine<br />
breakdowns are the direct result of poor alignment. But<br />
correcting misalignment can be a challenge.<br />
MISALIGNMENT CAN HAVE many causes.<br />
Alignment is not a static condition.<br />
Alignment changes when a machine<br />
warms up, its alignment can shift with<br />
the thermal expansion of its parts. When<br />
a machine vibrates, its skids can move<br />
and affect its alignment. When minor<br />
process parameters such as pressure or<br />
temperature are modified, alignment<br />
can change. Even the simple and natural<br />
succession of the seasons can alter alignment<br />
and put machine assets at risk.<br />
Effectively countering the factors that<br />
influence or alter alignment depends<br />
on understanding how the alignment<br />
14 maintworld 3/<strong>2017</strong><br />
of your machine changes over time and<br />
with use. It depends on accurate and<br />
careful analysis of the trends in your<br />
alignment data.<br />
It Can Be Difficult to Identify<br />
the Cause of Misalignment<br />
The root cause of a misalignment condition<br />
is not always obvious. Vibration<br />
analysis might uncover a misalignment<br />
problem, but it won’t necessarily identify<br />
the reason for it. Capturing alignment<br />
data before equipment is removed or disassembled,<br />
even when maintenance is<br />
undertaken for non-alignment reasons,<br />
may, over time, reveal hidden causes of<br />
misalignment. Periodically checking and<br />
recording alignment conditions generates<br />
useful information about correctable<br />
conditions that, if addressed, will<br />
reduce breakdowns, increase productivity,<br />
and save money.<br />
Maybe it’s a<br />
Foundation Problem<br />
Capture and analysis of alignment data<br />
trends proved useful at a co-generation<br />
plant in the San Francisco area. In this<br />
real life example, a plant operator found<br />
that his machines needed realignment
CONDITION MONITORING<br />
every six months. The requirement was<br />
always the same, the turbine needed to<br />
be shimmed up another 0.05-0.1 mm.<br />
By analyzing the alignment trends over<br />
time, it was discovered that the turbine<br />
foundation, built on fill dirt in an area of<br />
land recovered from San Francisco Bay,<br />
was slowly sinking. Vibration analysis had<br />
identified the misalignment problem, but<br />
only analysis of the gap and offset alignment<br />
trends revealed the reason why.<br />
Maybe it’s a Weather Problem<br />
Capture and analysis of alignment trends<br />
also assisted in correcting pump alignment<br />
problems in a high desert environment.<br />
In this case, a pump and pipe assembly,<br />
which had been properly installed<br />
and aligned, was inexplicably running in<br />
and out of alignment. Again, vibration<br />
analysis exposed the misalignment, but<br />
it was analysis of alignment trends that<br />
identified the source of the problem.<br />
Trend charts revealed that seasonal temperature<br />
extremes were negatively affecting<br />
alignment. In the western American<br />
desert, summer heat often runs above 110°<br />
F (43° C), while in the winter tempera-<br />
Fig. 2: Measurement results showing<br />
machine misalignment<br />
Fig. 3: Trend diagram showing seasonal temperature<br />
changes and impact on the alignment condition<br />
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CONDITION MONITORING<br />
tures sometimes fall below 0° F (-18° C).<br />
The reason for misalignment was easy to<br />
identify when examining the trends in<br />
the coupling clearances. As the outside<br />
temperatures changed with the seasons,<br />
a corresponding misalignment of the<br />
pump and pipe assembly became readily<br />
apparent.<br />
Monitoring Machine Health<br />
Knowing the condition of your machines<br />
can help avoid or mitigate costly<br />
breakdowns and failures. While keeping<br />
an eye on vibration levels is one wellestablished<br />
way to monitor the health of<br />
rotating machines, capture and analysis<br />
of actual alignment data will take your<br />
understanding and preparedness to the<br />
next level. Instead of merely signalling<br />
that a problem is already occurring,<br />
periodically checking the state of your<br />
alignment may allow you to anticipate<br />
or even avert the need for major repairs.<br />
Fully understanding how alignment data<br />
changes over time is central to maintaining<br />
operational readiness and effective<br />
alignment protection. When alignment<br />
data are collected and presented graphically<br />
in the form of trend lines or charts<br />
with specially designed software, exploring<br />
and understanding alignment data<br />
trends is easy. Alignment trend analysis<br />
is especially useful in identifying problems<br />
due to:<br />
Thermal Expansion – As machines<br />
warm up or cool down, alignment can<br />
change significantly. A “hot” alignment<br />
can help, but it will not capture all the<br />
elements of the changing alignment<br />
condition. Over time, machines that are<br />
not setup and adjusted to accommodate<br />
thermal expansion and contraction reveal<br />
dynamic misalignment problems by<br />
their high rates of failure.<br />
Seasonal Effects – Seasonal changes in<br />
temperature can dramatically alter the<br />
alignment of rotating equipment. Where<br />
PERIODICALLY<br />
CHECKING AND RECORDING<br />
ALIGNMENT CONDITIONS<br />
GENERATES USEFUL<br />
INFORMATION ABOUT<br />
CORRECTABLE CONDITIONS.<br />
Fig. 4: Vertical offset and gap indicating a constant settling of the<br />
turbine over the past 1.5 years<br />
pumps or exposed piping are located in<br />
an outdoor environment, the equipment<br />
is exceedingly vulnerable to significant<br />
seasonal effects and temperature extremes<br />
that impact alignment.<br />
Alteration in Process Parameters –<br />
Even small changes in the temperature,<br />
pressure, or other operating parameters<br />
can alter the dynamic forces and alignment<br />
of machines.<br />
Sub-Structures or Bases – Machine<br />
bases, skids, or plinths can move causing<br />
changes in alignment. Relocation<br />
of machines to operating facilities that<br />
have different substructures or different<br />
degrees of rigidity or flatness can negatively<br />
affect alignment.<br />
Uncertainty in Vibration Data –<br />
Sometimes vibration data does not<br />
clearly uncover a misalignment condition<br />
in time. Periodic measurement and<br />
analysis of alignment data can help identify<br />
all of these problems before critical<br />
failures occur. At the end of the day,<br />
timely information about actual alignment<br />
conditions will always be the best<br />
weapon in your arsenal to counter the<br />
forces that trigger alignment problems.<br />
Capture and analysis of alignment data<br />
trends will provide that information.<br />
16 maintworld 3/<strong>2017</strong>
CONDITION MONITORING<br />
Enjoy<br />
Success<br />
with<br />
Small<br />
Vibrometers<br />
How can a simple vibrometer successfully<br />
detect defects? This article contains<br />
a guide for reading the measurement<br />
results and how to reliably determine<br />
machine condition.<br />
EXPERIMENTAL ARTICLES on vibration<br />
diagnostics are almost always written<br />
about using a powerful analyzer. From<br />
my long experience in this area, I have<br />
only exceptionally met with a description<br />
of using a simple vibrometer. The<br />
usual opinion among maintenance people<br />
is that a powerful analyzer is needed<br />
for a real diagnosis; this is a myth. In my<br />
opinion even with a simple vibrometer,<br />
90 percent of defects can be accurately<br />
determined, and for the remaining 10<br />
percent it will at least point you in the<br />
right direction.<br />
A Simple Vibrometer -<br />
What Is It?<br />
A simple vibrometer must be able to carry<br />
out at least two basic measurements:<br />
- RMS vibration velocity measurement<br />
in the 10-1000 Hz band (referred<br />
18 maintworld 3/<strong>2017</strong><br />
RADOMIR<br />
SGLUNDA,<br />
Managing Director,<br />
Adash Ltd.,<br />
sglunda@adash.cz<br />
to as velocity in this article)<br />
- RMS vibration acceleration measurement<br />
in the 500-15000 Hz band (referred<br />
to as acceleration).<br />
If band frequency ranges are slightly<br />
different, this is not a defect. It is important<br />
that when measuring acceleration,<br />
speed frequency and its harmonics have<br />
been removed. The aim of measuring<br />
velocity is to detect mechanical defects<br />
such as an imbalance, misalignment,<br />
looseness and soft-foot. The purpose of<br />
acceleration is to determine the condition<br />
of the roller bearings and gears.<br />
If the vibrometer can also measure<br />
TRUE PEAK values, display time signal<br />
and evaluate the signal spectrum, then<br />
these measurement types will make the<br />
analysis even more reliable.<br />
The Basic Scheme<br />
of the Machine<br />
Simple machines have a drive part, usually<br />
an electric motor, and a driven part<br />
such as a fan, or pump. Both parts are<br />
usually connected by a shaft coupling<br />
and both shafts are mounted on rolling<br />
bearings. From now on we will refer to<br />
the driven part as “a fan”.<br />
A measurement point is a place on the<br />
machine where the vibration sensor is<br />
placed.<br />
There are standards that determine<br />
where the machine needs to be
CONDITION MONITORING<br />
measured, but we will not be dealing<br />
with them. They typically need many<br />
more measurement points than the<br />
five points that will be enough for our<br />
measurement. The machine has four<br />
roller bearings and we should select four<br />
measuring points as close as possible to<br />
these bearings. These four points must<br />
be radial, i.e. perpendicular to the shaft.<br />
Do not worry about whether to measure<br />
vertically or horizontally. You can<br />
choose any direction between these two<br />
directions. The last fifth point will be axial,<br />
i.e. parallel to the shaft. Put it on the<br />
coupling and it doesn’t matter whether<br />
it is on the engine or the fan. This fifth<br />
point is therefore perpendicular to the<br />
previous four.<br />
approximately +/- 5%. If the same test is<br />
carried out without a pad, the results will<br />
vary by +/- 50%. (See Figure 1)<br />
We deliberately did not mention<br />
measuring with a sensor that has no<br />
magnetic base, and that is just pushed<br />
onto the machine by hand. This method<br />
is unrepeatable. Unfortunately, it is<br />
sometimes used in maintenance and<br />
so the results are disappointing. Sometimes<br />
the whole vibration diagnostics<br />
programme is rejected, the only reason<br />
being unprepared measuring points.<br />
THE USUAL OPINION<br />
AMONG MAINTENANCE<br />
PEOPLE IS THAT A<br />
POWERFUL ANALYZER<br />
IS NEEDED FOR A REAL<br />
DIAGNOSIS; THIS IS A<br />
MYTH. IN MY OPINION<br />
EVEN WITH A SIMPLE<br />
VIBROMETER, 90 PERCENT<br />
OF DEFECTS CAN BE<br />
ACCURATELY DETERMINED.<br />
Once the measuring points have been<br />
chosen, they need to be prepared for<br />
the measurement. It is not possible to<br />
simply take the sensor with a magnetic<br />
base and put it on the uneven surface of<br />
the machine. Measuring pads must be<br />
stuck on the selected locations before<br />
measurements are taken. They have a<br />
flat surface. In addition, they guarantee<br />
that you will always measure at the same<br />
machine location. The basic rule for taking<br />
measurements is to make sure the<br />
measurement conditions are 100 percent<br />
repeatable. That is exactly what the<br />
measuring pads guarantee. Let’s try, for<br />
example, 10 repeated measurements in<br />
one place i.e. put the sensor on the pad,<br />
measure it and then remove it from the<br />
pad. You will find that the measurements<br />
are almost identical. They will vary by<br />
Figure 1. Measurement pad glued onto the<br />
machine surface (1), magnetic base (2),<br />
acceleration sensor (3).<br />
How to Find Warning and<br />
Alert Vibration Levels<br />
The first measurement has already been<br />
taken and the results obtained. But what<br />
do the numbers mean? Are the vibration<br />
readings low or high? With what should<br />
the results be compared? The easiest<br />
way is to use ISO 10816, but the limits<br />
given here have one significant defect.<br />
They apply to machines with speeds of<br />
600-3000 RPM. Let’s suppose the fan is<br />
unbalanced. The centrifugal force that<br />
causes vibration will vary significantly<br />
for 600 RPM and 3000 RPM. The dependence<br />
of the force on the speed is<br />
quadratic, i.e. 2x higher speed means 4x<br />
higher force. Therefore, the weight of<br />
the heavy point on the rotor may not create<br />
a problem at 600 RPM but will cause<br />
the fan to destruct at 3000 RPM. The<br />
warning and danger limit values should<br />
depend on the speed. (See Figure 2)<br />
If several similar machines are<br />
measured, then the situation is simpler<br />
because we can compare the values from<br />
all machines. If we get results equal to<br />
1.8, 2.1, 1.9 and 4.5 from the same point,<br />
then it is obvious that 2.0 means good<br />
machine condition. A machine condition<br />
with a value of 4.5 should be investigated<br />
further.<br />
The first step deals with regular<br />
measurements and monitoring the<br />
3/<strong>2017</strong> maintworld 19
CONDITION MONITORING<br />
Figure 2.<br />
vibration trend. If it is stable and has a<br />
permissible value, then the machine is in<br />
good condition and there is nothing else<br />
to do. If the value gradually increases and<br />
the warning threshold is exceeded, the<br />
second step of the evaluation must be<br />
carried out.<br />
The aim of the second step of the<br />
evaluation is to find the cause of the increased<br />
vibration. I will now describe the<br />
procedure of deeper analysis.<br />
Bearing Condition<br />
Needs Acceleration<br />
INCREASED ACCELERATION VALUE<br />
If the acceleration value has increased<br />
and the increase is only in one radial<br />
location, then it is easy. The problem is<br />
the poor condition of the roller bearing<br />
at this point. If the gears are measured,<br />
then the acceleration values can be increased<br />
in more places and it shows a<br />
problem with the gearing.<br />
Imbalance, misalignment and<br />
looseness need velocity<br />
IMBALANCE OR LOOSENESS<br />
The values are significantly increased on<br />
only one part (either the motor OR fan).<br />
If the increases in both radial directions<br />
are similar, then it is most probably an<br />
imbalance. If you have a signal spectrum<br />
at your disposal, you can find the significant<br />
value only on the speed frequency.<br />
If the increase differs significantly in<br />
both radial directions, or there is only a<br />
vertical increase, then it is most probably<br />
due to looseness. You should measure<br />
each machine foot. You would probably<br />
find significantly higher values on one of<br />
them.<br />
Electrical defect<br />
generates vibrations<br />
ELECTRICAL DEFECT OF THE MOTOR<br />
When the electric motor vibration looks<br />
like imbalance is the problem, then you<br />
should always also consider electrical<br />
defect. The electric motor may have<br />
winding defects, and despite this the<br />
vibration behaviour indicates an imbalance.<br />
Therefore a switch-off test on the<br />
motors should always be carried out.<br />
After switching off the power, one of two<br />
situations will occur.<br />
1) The velocity decreases slowly along<br />
with the rpm drop. This is a true imbalance.<br />
2) Immediately after switching off,<br />
the velocity increases for a very short<br />
time (1 sec), by a multiple and then drops<br />
to a very low value where it remains<br />
until the machine stops. This is an electromagnetic<br />
problem. The force field is<br />
not uniform and shifts the rotor off its<br />
mechanical centre of gravity. In the vibrations<br />
it will manifest as an imbalance.<br />
After switching off, the force is instantly<br />
lost and the rotor jumps back to the<br />
mechanical centre of gravity. This shock<br />
causes an increase in the value. Then the<br />
rotor starts spinning normally and the<br />
vibrations disappear.<br />
Mechanical imbalance<br />
Electrical fault<br />
MISALIGNMENT<br />
If the velocity in the axial direction increases<br />
(usually it is higher than in the<br />
radial), always check the coupling and<br />
the alignment. It is misalignment that<br />
causes vibrations in the axial direction. If<br />
you have a spectrum, you can find higher<br />
values on the speed frequency and several<br />
harmonics.<br />
RESONANCE<br />
The velocity significantly increases on<br />
both parts (motor and fan) and only<br />
in the vertical directions. Take measurements<br />
across the frame below the<br />
machine. If there is a low value where<br />
the frame is supported, and high values<br />
between the supports then there is a<br />
resonance problem.<br />
A coast down measurement or<br />
gradual reduction of speed (frequency<br />
changer) will help. In case of resonance,<br />
the vibrations will decrease dramatically<br />
with a small speed change. If the<br />
standard operating speed cannot be<br />
changed, the frame must be additionally<br />
reinforced.<br />
Those who do Nothing,<br />
Make no Mistakes<br />
A lot of maintenance staff are unnecessarily<br />
nervous about carrying out vibration<br />
diagnostics. Simple devices are developed<br />
just for those who have no deep<br />
knowledge. If you take regular measurements,<br />
you will find that you have a<br />
much better overview of the condition<br />
of your machines. You will also certainly<br />
notice a decrease in the number of unexpected<br />
temporary shutdowns.<br />
EVEN WITH A SIMPLE VIBROMETER, 90 PERCENT<br />
OF DEFECTS CAN BE ACCURATELY DETERMINED.<br />
20 maintworld 3/<strong>2017</strong>
The Uptimization Experts.<br />
What does<br />
DOWNTIME<br />
mean to you?<br />
marshallinstitute.com
INDUSTRIAL INTERNET<br />
IIoT Simplifies<br />
Predictive Maintenance Solution<br />
Deployment and Maintenance<br />
There is a revolution happening. It is a slow burn right<br />
now but it is slowly gaining momentum throughout the<br />
world. It is the Industrial Internet of Thing (IIoT) revolution<br />
and it will change the IT manufacturing environment<br />
dramatically over the next 20 years.<br />
STAN BRUBAKER,<br />
President of Beeond,<br />
Inc.,<br />
stan.brubaker@<br />
beeond.net<br />
IIOT IS NOT JUST A BUZZWORD, but a<br />
real phenomenon that is being driven<br />
by standards organizations like OPC<br />
Foundation, OMAC and AMT. Additionally,<br />
Germany has a strategic initiative,<br />
known as INDUSTRIE 4.0, that is leading<br />
the European Union into the IIoT<br />
world so their manufacturing sector can<br />
remain globally competitive.<br />
So, why is there such excitement<br />
around IIoT and what do the OPC<br />
Foundation (opcfoundation.org) Organization<br />
for Machine Automation and<br />
Control (omac.org) and The Association<br />
for Manufacturing Technology (AM-<br />
TOnline.org) organizations have to do<br />
with it?<br />
The OPC Foundation has developed<br />
the OPC Unified Architecture (UA)<br />
Specification which enables IIoT in<br />
the manufacturing environment. UA<br />
enables information to be easily passed<br />
between sensors, machines, controls,<br />
monitoring devices and the cloud in a<br />
highly secure, flexible and open way with<br />
no custom integration code. The OMAC<br />
and AMT organizations, in partnership<br />
with the OPC Foundation, developed the<br />
Packaging Machine Language (PackML)<br />
and MTConnect version of the UA specification,<br />
respectively. It is the combination<br />
of OPC UA with these established<br />
industry standards that enables a much<br />
simpler and lower cost predictive maintenance<br />
solution.<br />
Users Spend an Inordinate<br />
Amount of Time and Money<br />
on Solution Integration and<br />
Maintenance<br />
The Manufacturing community (users)<br />
is dissatisfied with the amount of time,<br />
expense and complexity required to<br />
integrate and extract key metrics and<br />
Figure 1 - OPC UA / PackML Enabled Production Line<br />
Stan Brubaker and Beeond, Inc. provide IIoT<br />
consulting services with a focus on OPC UA<br />
adoption as an enabling technology. Stan<br />
has 20+ years in the product development<br />
and manufacturing execution systems (MES)<br />
business. This time includes 8 years managing<br />
software product development followed<br />
by 15 years managing large MES programs<br />
and projects and helping manufacturing<br />
companies realize business value from technology.<br />
Stan has a Bachelor of Science in<br />
Computer Science and an MBA from Penn<br />
State University and is a certified Project<br />
Management Professional (PMP).<br />
22 maintworld 3/<strong>2017</strong>
INDUSTRIAL INTERNET<br />
statuses between and from the machines<br />
they purchase from their suppliers and<br />
deploy in their plants. Each supplier has<br />
a different approach, naming convention,<br />
communication protocols, metrics<br />
and statuses. The complexity grows exponentially<br />
as more and more machines<br />
are added to the plant. There is very little<br />
standardization. This is all changing.<br />
The combined efforts of the OPC Foundation,<br />
OMAC and AMT have created a<br />
standard specification that when applied<br />
makes all machines look and act the<br />
same. What they actually do, e.g. washing,<br />
filling, capping, labelling, and casing<br />
and palletizing, are very different, but<br />
they are easily integrated to each other,<br />
to supervisory systems, and to the Cloud<br />
with little effort.<br />
Key Predictive Maintenance<br />
Metrics are in the Standard<br />
Both the OPC UA PackML and the OPC<br />
UA MTConnect specifications include<br />
standard machine states and maintenance<br />
metrics, e.g. uptime, downtime,<br />
reason codes, etc. so that all machines<br />
look and act the same. And OPC UA allows<br />
this information to be automatically<br />
accessed in a secure and reliable way.<br />
In UA terms, each machine is a Server of<br />
information and the plant’s Predictive<br />
Maintenance (PM) solution is both a<br />
Client or consumer of information and a<br />
Server providing information to supervisory<br />
systems like a plant HMI or Cloud<br />
solution (see the high-level architecture<br />
depicted in Figure 1).<br />
The power of OPC UA is that solutions<br />
like PM, when brought online, can<br />
automatically Discover the machines<br />
that are available in the plant and the<br />
machines can automatically serve the<br />
PM solution the information they have<br />
and if the machines are UA PackML or<br />
UA MTConnect enabled the semantics,<br />
naming conventions, states, etc. are all<br />
the same. The OPC UA PackML specification<br />
reduces the integration effort<br />
and complexity of machine to machine<br />
and the machine to supervisory solution<br />
information exchange.<br />
In addition to a simpler, lower cost<br />
PM implementation in a single plant,<br />
the OPC UA PackML and MTConnect<br />
standards enable a standard global view<br />
of performance and PM across all plants.<br />
Implementing an enterprise, global solution<br />
historically entailed very significant<br />
implementation, software, and hardware<br />
costs. In this enterprise scenario,<br />
OPC UA with PackML and MTConnect<br />
Beeond's 5 - Step<br />
IIoT Adoption Process<br />
• Faster Time to Market<br />
• Lower Risk and Cost<br />
Figure 2.<br />
1 Assessment<br />
Create an assessment<br />
Scorecard that maps<br />
your application against<br />
the OPC UA specification<br />
2 Roadmap<br />
Define a development<br />
roadmap of phased<br />
releases with work<br />
effort estimates<br />
3 Training<br />
Train developers on how<br />
to implement OPC UA<br />
solutions<br />
4 Development<br />
Develop software to<br />
implement OPC UA<br />
working with your<br />
development staff<br />
5 Compliance<br />
Assure that your product<br />
is compliant and can be<br />
logo certified by the OPC<br />
Foundation<br />
provide the capture and aggregation of<br />
data the plant level and the Cloud easily<br />
consumes, and presents that data. Adding<br />
to the lower cost, some Cloud technologies<br />
now provide a PM solution out<br />
of the box.<br />
Best Practice for Adoption<br />
of OPC UA, MTConnect and<br />
PackML<br />
As manufacturers and technology vendors<br />
put their IIoT and automation<br />
strategies in place, OPC UA must be a<br />
major component of their strategy. Because<br />
OPC UA is so comprehensive and<br />
all encompassing, moving to IIoT enabled<br />
automation means your strategy<br />
must address infrastructure, security,<br />
co-existence, migration and information<br />
model. How to start the adoption<br />
process can be overwhelming, but there<br />
is a practical, common sense approach to<br />
adoption.<br />
Beeond, Inc. (www.beeond.net) has<br />
defined a 5-Step Adoption Process that<br />
will accelerate your move to IIoT while<br />
reducing risk, cost and time to value. The<br />
5-Step Process is structured and organized,<br />
so users and vendors realize value<br />
quickly and cost-effectively.<br />
The 5-Step IIoT Adoption Process<br />
(Figure 2) will help both manufactures<br />
and technology vendors adopt the OPC<br />
UA Specification from concept to certification.<br />
The 5-Steps are:<br />
1. Assessment: Assessment of the company’s<br />
IIoT business, product and<br />
automation goals and requirement;<br />
the result produces an assessment<br />
scorecard that will map current capabilities<br />
and goals against the OPC UA<br />
specification.<br />
2. Roadmap: Defining a plan that addresses<br />
migration strategies, a prioritized<br />
roadmap of functionality<br />
defined in a phased release strategy<br />
and recommendations on tooling and<br />
training.<br />
3. Training: Training of development<br />
staff on how to implement the OPC<br />
UA specification using appropriate<br />
commercial SDKs.<br />
4. Development: Development of the information<br />
model and software modules<br />
needed for compliance, and<br />
5. Compliance: Assurance that product<br />
releases are compliance with the<br />
specification and that OPC UA Logo<br />
Certification, if desired, will be successfully<br />
achieved.<br />
The Benefits of Adoption<br />
Users and vendors who adopt OPC UA<br />
PackML or OPC UA MTConnect will be<br />
able to deploy their Predictive Maintenance<br />
solution faster and realize:<br />
• Lower integration complexity and<br />
cost<br />
• Lower solution maintenance<br />
• Consistent enterprise level view<br />
of performance and PM across all<br />
plants. The 5-Step Adoption Process<br />
will accelerate their move to IIoT using<br />
OPC UA so they realize benefits<br />
such as:<br />
• Understand the value and the return<br />
on investment that OPC UA can bring<br />
to your organization<br />
• Do an assessment and develop an<br />
IIoT realistic adoption roadmap for<br />
your organization<br />
• Experts’ guidance and a practical,<br />
common sense approach will reduce<br />
3/<strong>2017</strong> maintworld 23
LUBRICATION<br />
Bearing Grease Replenishment -<br />
On-Condition or<br />
Time-Based?<br />
ALLAN RIENSTRA,<br />
Director of Business<br />
Development for SDT<br />
International, allan@<br />
sdthearmore.com<br />
Maintaining plant assets at an optimal state of lubrication is a topic receiving lots of<br />
attention. Maintenance and Reliability practitioners dedicate teams to the task, but<br />
not every organization achieves world-class results.<br />
AS MUCH AS 80 PERCENT of all bearing<br />
failures are attributed to poor lubrication<br />
practices including:<br />
• Using the wrong lubricant<br />
• Lubricant deterioration<br />
• Lack of lubricant<br />
• Too much lubricant<br />
• Contamination<br />
• Mixing grease types<br />
• Using sealed bearings, but still providing<br />
a grease nipple access point on<br />
the motor<br />
Figure 1 - Collecting ultrasound<br />
data with SDT270 while<br />
replenishing lubricant.<br />
One glaring mistake that contributes<br />
to early bearing failure is over/under<br />
lubrication. Over and under lubrication<br />
is the product of scheduling grease<br />
replenishment on a time-based instead<br />
of a condition-based schedule, and not<br />
knowing how much grease to inject.<br />
TOO OFTEN BEARINGS ARE<br />
BEING FED NEW GREASE<br />
BEFORE IT IS REQUIRED.<br />
OTHER TIMES THE GREASE<br />
GUN COMES OUT TOO LATE.<br />
Too Often - Too Late<br />
Too often bearings are being fed new<br />
grease before it is required. Other times<br />
the grease gun comes out too late.<br />
Some lubrication technicians guess<br />
at the quantity of grease to inject and<br />
do not even know how much grease is<br />
dispensed with a stroke of their grease<br />
gun. Bearing manufacturers provide<br />
formulae for calculating a theoretical<br />
grease capacity for each bearing, but not<br />
everyone knows how to use them. Still<br />
others simply follow guidelines given by<br />
the motor manufacturer. Often this “bad<br />
advice” is stamped directly on the motor.<br />
To drive home this point, Haris Trobradovic,<br />
one of SDT’s corporate trainers<br />
recently delivered training to a petrochemical<br />
facility in the Middle East.<br />
- During the training, we performed<br />
measurement practice on several machines<br />
(Figure 1). One of the machines<br />
was a fan, scheduled for re-lubrication a<br />
few days later, recalls Haris.<br />
- The customer’s standard greasing<br />
practice is to follow the manufacturer’s<br />
recommendations for both interval and<br />
amount. In other words, they grease on a<br />
time-based schedule and trust the motor<br />
manufacturer to guide on quantity.<br />
Trobradovic used the opportunity<br />
and performed re-greasing exactly as<br />
recommended by the OEM, even though<br />
the Condition Monitoring team had a<br />
different opinion. Their ultrasound data<br />
did not indicate any need for grease replenishment.<br />
The CM team members are<br />
strong advocates for on-condition lubrication<br />
and doing away with time-based.<br />
Following the facility’s lubrication<br />
Figure 2 - Two fan bearings with<br />
different load. Why do they share the<br />
same grease replenishment protocol?<br />
24 maintworld 3/<strong>2017</strong>
LUBRICATION<br />
procedure raised several red flags. Figure<br />
2 shows two bearings driving the<br />
fan. Why would two identical bearings,<br />
but with different loads, have the exact<br />
same grease replenishment protocols?<br />
Maybe it is purely out of convenience;<br />
since the lubricator is there to grease the<br />
drive end bearing, a few strokes might<br />
just as well be pumped into the nondrive<br />
end at the same time.<br />
Another issue that disturbed the SDT<br />
Figure 3 - OEM instructs the owner to<br />
grease on a time-based schedule without<br />
considering the operating environment.<br />
trainer was the instructions stamped on<br />
the motor plate (Figure 3). This stamp<br />
instructs the owner of the motor to add<br />
32.7 grams of grease (grease type not<br />
identified) every 3,068 operating hours.<br />
Haris wondered if the OEM took into<br />
consideration the installation of the<br />
motor in a climate that is very hot and<br />
humid in the summer time, but cold,<br />
snowy, and dry in the winter.<br />
Don’t Mix Incompatible<br />
Grease Types<br />
One refreshing fact was an additional<br />
plate (Figure 4) with details about the<br />
grease type used in the bearing. Mixing<br />
incompatible grease types is an oftencited<br />
cause of premature bearing failure.<br />
This same reminder is provided by the<br />
SDT LUBExpert Ultrasound Tool. Prior<br />
to beginning a lubrication task LUBExpert<br />
reminds the operator of the correct<br />
grease type to use.<br />
Figure 4 - This motor had a secondary<br />
plate reminding lube-techs which grease<br />
type to use.<br />
Continuing with the experiment,<br />
Haris and the CM team attached the<br />
grease gun to the SDT equipment and<br />
greased the drive end bearing following<br />
OEM recommendations. Figure 5 is a<br />
screen shot captured from UAS, the companion<br />
software to LUBExpert. The top<br />
trend is the drive end bearing. Within<br />
four minutes the overall RMS increased<br />
by 7 dBµV while the Crest Factor and<br />
Peak spiked sharply.<br />
Figure 5 - Top trend graph illustrates drive<br />
end bearing after lubrication. It is badly<br />
over greased.<br />
The bottom trend is from the nondrive<br />
end bearing. Adding the requisite<br />
amount of grease had no positive outcome<br />
for the Overall RMS, which stayed<br />
stable at 26 dBµV. The drop in Crest Factor<br />
and Peak readings however, indicates<br />
the bearing may be entering a failed<br />
state. More frequent condition monitoring<br />
with complimentary technologies<br />
such as vibration analysis will ensure<br />
any machine downtime is scheduled on<br />
the client’s terms, not the machine’s.<br />
For those unfamiliar with these data<br />
formats, Overall RMS, Max RMS, Peak,<br />
and Crest Factor are unique condition<br />
indicators developed by SDT to bring<br />
analytical meaning to ultrasound STATIC<br />
data. Sadly, following OEM procedure<br />
resulted in over lubrication of the DE<br />
bearing.<br />
To drive home the point, Haris also<br />
captured DYNAMIC time signals from<br />
the drive end bearing. As seen in Figure<br />
6 the time signal before (bottom) and after<br />
(top) reveals new peaks and impacts<br />
Figure 6 - Dynamic data from drive end<br />
shows the emergence of defects (top) after<br />
bearing was over-greased following OEM<br />
recommendations<br />
forming. Over lubrication causes pressure<br />
to build inside the bearing. Ideally,<br />
the oil wants to feed from the thickener<br />
to form a thin film between the rolling<br />
elements and the race. It can’t do this if<br />
there is too much grease and pressure.<br />
The result is increased friction and impacting,<br />
two phenomena easily detected<br />
with ultrasound specialty tools like<br />
SDT’s LUBExpert.<br />
The Important Role of<br />
Lube-Techs<br />
Finally, Haris collected DYNAMIC time<br />
signals on the non-drive end bearing. In<br />
Figure 7 the bottom time signal shows<br />
dominant peaks that are clearly nonsinusoidal<br />
and indicative of impacting.<br />
After lubrication those peaks are gone.<br />
It appears that replenishing the grease<br />
in the non-drive end had some positive<br />
benefits, and those benefits are clearly<br />
illustrated in UAS time view.<br />
Figure 7 - The non-drive end bearing has<br />
defects as shown by this dynamic time<br />
signal. Ultrasound assisted lubrication with<br />
SDT allowed the CM team to identify this<br />
potential fault.<br />
The bottom line is that following OEM<br />
recommendations to replenish lubrication<br />
on a time-based or time-in-service<br />
protocol are proven wrong time and<br />
again. Following the greasing instructions<br />
stamped on the motor plate led to<br />
the drive end bearing being over greased<br />
and reducing life expectancy.<br />
Another interesting takeaway here<br />
is that, while an ultrasound lubrication<br />
solution – LUBExpert – was used<br />
to monitor the effects of adding grease,<br />
the added benefit for the CM team is<br />
the indication that a failure state may<br />
exist. There was a day not too long ago<br />
when the lubricator was counted on for<br />
keeping his finger on the pulse of the<br />
plant. Solutions like SDT’s LUBExpert<br />
are restoring important responsibilities<br />
to a task that recently has been given to<br />
“lower-skilled” tradespeople.<br />
It is past time that lube-techs be recognized<br />
for the important role they can<br />
play contributing to plant reliability.<br />
3/<strong>2017</strong> maintworld 25
Road Map to Operational<br />
Readiness and Asset<br />
Performance<br />
Ensure a Safe, Reliable, and Compliant Operation<br />
Achieve business goals with a risk-based approach to asset management. Bentley will help get you there.<br />
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and enabling a sustainable business strategy for operational excellence and safety.<br />
© <strong>2017</strong> Bentley Systems, Incorporated. Bentley, the “B” Bentley logo, and AssetWise are either registered or unregistered trademarks or service marks of Bentley<br />
Systems, Incorporated or one of its direct or indirect wholly owned subsidiaries. Other brands and product names are trademarks of their respective owners.
Assess risk based on failure severity, likelihood scores,<br />
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ASSET MANAGEMENT<br />
Using Technology and Innovation to<br />
Manage<br />
Mega-Maintenance<br />
Challenges<br />
Imagine this as your workweek<br />
routine: travel to<br />
work, grab your tools and<br />
climb 80 to 100 metres<br />
to your job site, on occasion<br />
your climb is 160<br />
meters. Sometimes, before<br />
you can make your climb,<br />
you take a boat or a helicopter<br />
to the job. That’s<br />
the life of someone who<br />
maintains onshore and<br />
offshore wind turbines.<br />
Although the renewable<br />
energy industry presents<br />
some extreme issues for<br />
maintenance and service,<br />
every industry has uptime<br />
challenges.<br />
JENS OGRABEK,<br />
Services Manager for<br />
Wind at Moog,<br />
jograbek@moog.com.<br />
MAINTENANCE MANAGERS in any industry<br />
are looking for service and repairs<br />
at increasingly faster turnaround times<br />
as well as less costly parts. Equipment<br />
makers have to figure out how to provide<br />
not only routine service at a faster<br />
pace but also handle priority requests<br />
without slowing down the rest of their<br />
service business, at the risk of delaying<br />
other customers’ repairs. The stakes are<br />
high on all sides. To illustrate that, let’s<br />
explore an example from the wind industry<br />
where we applied technology and<br />
service options for more reliability and<br />
cost savings.<br />
When a windfarm operator keeps a<br />
turbine free from unplanned maintenance<br />
and running at peak efficiency,<br />
it directly contributes to a company’s<br />
revenue and profit. If something does<br />
go wrong, every minute matters. When<br />
a wind turbine comes offline due to unplanned<br />
maintenance, the average daily<br />
cost to a windfarm is several thousand<br />
Euros.<br />
According to a 2011 ReliaWind research<br />
report, pitch system failures<br />
account for 23 percent of all downtime<br />
in wind turbines. This is more than<br />
any other component or system of the<br />
turbine. The ReliaWind report 1 goes on<br />
to note that pitch systems tallied the<br />
highest percentage of all component<br />
failures in wind turbines at more than 21<br />
percent.<br />
When compared to the size of a wind<br />
turbine, a pitch control system appears<br />
1 “Reliability-focused research on optimizing wind energy system design, operation<br />
and maintenance: Tools, proof of concepts, guidelines & methodologies for a new<br />
generation.”<br />
28 maintworld 3/<strong>2017</strong>
ASSET MANAGEMENT<br />
Inside a wind turbine<br />
hub, the pitch system<br />
adjusts the angle of<br />
the rotor blades.<br />
REDUCING THE FREQUENCY AND COST OF MAINTENANCE<br />
TAKES A COMBINATION OF NEW TECHNOLOGY AND CREATIVE<br />
OPTIONS FOR SERVICE<br />
A worker exits a wind turbine’s nacelle<br />
and moves onto the hub to which each<br />
blade attaches.<br />
small. But pitch systems keep a turbine<br />
running and ensure the safety of the<br />
turbine in the event of high winds or<br />
catastrophic events. The pitch control<br />
system monitors and adjusts the inclination<br />
angle of the rotor blades and thus<br />
controls the speed of the rotor. Although<br />
these systems play an outsized role, they<br />
account for less than three percent of a<br />
wind farm’s capital expenses.<br />
I work for a global company, Moog<br />
Inc., which makes high-performance<br />
motion-control technology, including<br />
pitch systems. While we are always<br />
analyzing market trends and developing<br />
new solutions, our services business is<br />
where we reconnect with our customers,<br />
maintenance issues and technology,<br />
both legacy products and new ones.<br />
With the ReliaWind report above as<br />
context, we saw that windfarm operators<br />
were struggling with a variety of manufacturers’<br />
pitch systems. With a goal of<br />
alleviating maintenance and service issues<br />
as our focus, we set out to develop<br />
a new pitch system that required 50<br />
percent less maintenance than products<br />
already on the market made by other<br />
manufacturers and wind turbine designers.<br />
Our new system had fewer working<br />
parts, and we improved the design<br />
through using ultra-capacitors, instead<br />
of batteries, to eliminate backup power<br />
failures and periodic maintenance.<br />
By selecting AC synchronous motor<br />
technology (i.e., brushless, no fans for<br />
cooling), our engineers improved pitch<br />
system motor reliability and reduced periodic<br />
maintenance compared with the<br />
AC Induction or DC motors currently<br />
used by the wind turbine OEMs. These<br />
improvements are helping these new<br />
pitch systems increase reliability over<br />
existing industry designs by a remarkable<br />
223 percent.<br />
Case in Point<br />
Reducing the frequency and cost of<br />
maintenance takes a combination of<br />
new technology and creative options for<br />
service. For example, one of our pitch<br />
system clients had a maintenance issue<br />
in Brazil, a country with government<br />
regulations that can sometimes create<br />
challenges when procuring parts. Some<br />
of the wind turbines in Brazil are located<br />
in extremely remote locations. So our<br />
plan was to do everything possible to<br />
eliminate unscheduled service and be<br />
prepared should something happen. The<br />
customer simply couldn’t afford to wait<br />
weeks for new parts and repairs made<br />
from Europe. All parties concerned realized<br />
it was cheaper to scrap the parts in<br />
Brazil and send a part via a local, authorized<br />
supplier. Our local office in Brazil<br />
worked out a service agreement with our<br />
customer in Brazil to send rotable parts<br />
as clients needed them, and we, in turn,<br />
would keep an inventory of 15 to 30 core<br />
components of the pitch system for the<br />
customer to have on hand. As part of the<br />
plan, if we learned there was a critical<br />
volume of parts and repairs needed, we<br />
would organize a cost-efficient way of<br />
repairing the broken parts. We would do<br />
this by calling on either a localized partner<br />
or Moog technicians with technical<br />
assistance from our global support team.<br />
As our customer’s inventory of reworked,<br />
rotable parts is depleted and<br />
new requests come in for repairs, we<br />
have a trigger point at which we repair<br />
any damaged parts and return them to<br />
our original factory standard. The repairs<br />
are not immediately made to the<br />
client’s damaged parts; instead the client<br />
receives a refurbished, like-new item<br />
that our local supplier may have received<br />
weeks before from another customer. By<br />
eliminating the need to handle separate<br />
components inside each pitch system,<br />
3/<strong>2017</strong> maintworld 29
ASSET MANAGEMENT<br />
we have expedited service and enabled<br />
our clients to get their wind turbines<br />
back online much faster. This improves<br />
the Levelized Cost of Energy, or the net<br />
cost to install and operate a wind turbine<br />
against expected energy output over the<br />
course of the turbine’s lifetime (incentives<br />
excluded). And with rotable stock,<br />
we have enabled our customers in places<br />
like Brazil and elsewhere to reduce inventory.<br />
Tips and Strategies for Service<br />
Whether you are a maintenance manager<br />
relying on service or a manufacturer<br />
providing service, improving repairs<br />
takes flexibility. There has to be a willingness<br />
on all sides to think along new<br />
lines if you want to improve the way you<br />
deliver service and make repairs. Due<br />
to the challenges of wind turbine maintenance<br />
on a global basis, we analyzed<br />
ways we could better meet our wind energy<br />
customers’ expectations.<br />
We sat down with our customers to<br />
look for innovative ways to help them.<br />
In our case, we looked at the problem in<br />
two ways: First, how could we and our<br />
supplier solve the service problem in a<br />
way that best helped our customer? And,<br />
second, in what ways could we do this to<br />
ensure greater reliability of our systems<br />
and save maintenance costs.<br />
To help those customers not ready<br />
for an entirely new system, we are also<br />
providing retrofits using the ultra-capacitors<br />
and have seen vast improvements<br />
in less downtime due to backup failure as<br />
well as maintaining old battery systems.<br />
As a company we take what we learn on<br />
new systems and try to provide the same<br />
benefits for our retrofit customers.<br />
An additional service offering that<br />
Moog has made available to its clients is<br />
hands-on training on the exact system<br />
in the turbine, and on a scale that would<br />
truly make them capable of solving many<br />
of their own challenges and problems in<br />
the field without the need for Moog service<br />
personnel on-site. Our 800-squaremetre<br />
facility in Unna, Germany, provides<br />
technical training programmes to<br />
Moog’s global wind energy customers.<br />
At the centre, a team of expert trainers<br />
delivers customer training programmes<br />
ranging from a basic introduction to<br />
more advanced and focused engineering<br />
courses on products and systems. It is an<br />
investment that pays off for both our clients<br />
and Moog. A trained technician can<br />
diagnose, repair and restore a wind turbine<br />
to full operation in a fraction of the<br />
time it might take to remotely support<br />
an untrained technician. Overall, that<br />
will reduce the turbine’s downtime.<br />
In conjunction with the training centre,<br />
we also offer an around-the-clock<br />
help line. But even the help line is more<br />
efficient when the client placing the call<br />
has received a level of training that helps<br />
our services staff pinpoint a problem<br />
much faster.<br />
The training approach to service and<br />
maintenance has been so successful that<br />
we introduced a similar concept for our<br />
clients in China. We have been able to<br />
help our clients reduce downtime and<br />
the cost of energy by:<br />
• introducing new technologies like<br />
our latest pitch system, which is<br />
easier to maintain and can be monitored<br />
remotely;<br />
• adopting the concept of rotable stock<br />
and on-site support; and<br />
• providing quality training.<br />
And, ultimately, that spells an approach<br />
to maintenance and service that adds up<br />
to a reduced cost of producing energy for<br />
our customers.<br />
WHEN A WINDFARM OPERATOR KEEPS A TURBINE FREE<br />
FROM UNPLANNED MAINTENANCE AND RUNNING AT PEAK<br />
EFFICIENCY, IT DIRECTLY CONTRIBUTES TO A COMPANY’S<br />
REVENUE AND PROFIT.<br />
30 maintworld 3/<strong>2017</strong>
Be a LUBExpert<br />
®<br />
A COMPLETE ULTRASOUND SOLUTION TO MANAGE YOUR ACOUSTIC LUBRICATION PROGRAM<br />
Poor greasing practices are<br />
a leading cause of bearing failure.<br />
Many lube departments re-grease on a wasteful<br />
calendar-based schedule. This leads to over and<br />
under greased bearings that fail to deliver their<br />
engineered value.<br />
LUBExpert tells us when to grease...<br />
and when to stop.<br />
Grease reduces friction in bearings. Less friction<br />
means longer life. LUBExpert alerts you when<br />
friction levels increase, guides you during<br />
re-lubrication, and prevents over and under<br />
lubrication.<br />
Grease Bearings Right<br />
Right Lubricant<br />
Right Location<br />
Right Interval<br />
Right Quantity<br />
Right Indicators<br />
Ultrasound Soluons<br />
sdtultrasound.com/lubexpert
MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT<br />
Elements of a<br />
Good Preventive<br />
Maintenance<br />
Program<br />
Pages from<br />
CMS book.<br />
If your preventive maintenance program does not have the right content, it<br />
will never generate the desired and possible results. If you haven’t updated the<br />
program in the past five years, it probably contains not only too much PM but<br />
also the wrong activities. A good PM program has 90% of all PM activities done<br />
as inspections while equipment is running.<br />
CHRISTER<br />
IDHAMMAR,<br />
Founder and CEO of<br />
IDCON INC., Raleigh<br />
NC, USA,<br />
info@idcon.com.<br />
CLASSICAL EXAMPLES of wrong and excessive<br />
PM are those activities on V-Belt<br />
drives, couplings and many other components<br />
with safety guards. Many PM<br />
programs suggest weekly inspections<br />
of these components by maintenance<br />
and at every shift by operators. On top<br />
of that, a shutdown PM is also done. The<br />
fact is that the design of most guards<br />
makes on-the-run inspection of the<br />
components impossible, and it doesn’t<br />
make sense to inspect something that<br />
cannot be seen.<br />
Many guards are big and heavy, so it<br />
can take two crafts people several hours<br />
to remove the guards, do the inspections<br />
and replace the guards during a shutdown.<br />
Even worse, if they find a problem<br />
on the component during the inspection<br />
and it has to be corrected before start up,<br />
this could lead to a prolonged shutdown<br />
and production losses.<br />
A correctly designed guard allows for<br />
inspections on the run (see Figure 1). In<br />
a route based inspection program, each<br />
of these inspections takes an average of<br />
three minutes including walking time. If<br />
a problem is found during these inspections,<br />
a planned and scheduled corrective<br />
maintenance action will be done<br />
when the opportunity presents itself.<br />
To decide the right content, you must<br />
understand three things:<br />
a. The consequence of component<br />
breakdown<br />
b. How failure can be detected<br />
c. How long before component breakdown<br />
can failure be detected<br />
Consequence of a Breakdown<br />
A breakdown is defined as the point in<br />
time when a component’s function ceases.<br />
The consequence of a breakdown can<br />
be prioritized in the following groups:<br />
a. Personal or environmental damage<br />
b. High costs for production lasses or<br />
Figure 1: The guard on the left is an<br />
example of a bad design for on-the run<br />
inspections. The one on the right is a good<br />
guard design for on-the-run inspections.<br />
32 maintworld 3/<strong>2017</strong>
MAINTENANCE MANAGEMENT<br />
maintenance to correct breakdown<br />
c. Preserve value<br />
As a first step, we advise not to go<br />
into any elaborate and time-consuming<br />
evaluation to find the criticality of equipment;<br />
this can be done later. We use<br />
the following fast approach to evaluate<br />
criticality:<br />
a. What will happen if this equipment<br />
breaks down? For 90% of equipment<br />
the answer is given by reading the<br />
nameplate of equipment and understanding<br />
the process. If there is spare<br />
equipment, you can find out how fast<br />
the spare equipment can be started<br />
b. Ask operators. If you do not know<br />
the answer to the first question, you<br />
should ask an operator. That should<br />
take care of another 50% of the remaining<br />
questions.<br />
c. Consult process and instrumentation<br />
drawings. It is bad if the operator does<br />
not know the answer, but it also identifies<br />
a need for training. Together,<br />
we will look at a process and instrumentation<br />
drawing to learn what<br />
will happen if the equipment breaks<br />
down. This will answer most of the<br />
unanswered questions.<br />
Using this screening process you only<br />
need to analyze what is important to analyze<br />
and you can save more than 90% of<br />
time as compared to processes suggested<br />
in Reliability Centered Maintenance and<br />
similar programs.<br />
Using the above approach, the next<br />
step will be to set up the right PM for<br />
each component (Coupling, valve, cooler,<br />
etc.) of the equipment (e.g. Hydraulic<br />
system).<br />
Documentation and Training<br />
After you have selected the right PM<br />
procedure, you need to document the<br />
procedure. It is important to decide on<br />
the document format, because it should<br />
be used to train people and improve the<br />
procedure in the future. Remember, in<br />
this case we are talking about basic inspection<br />
methods, not predictive maintenance<br />
(PdM) methods such as vibration<br />
analysis and wear particle analysis.<br />
It is easier AND safer to describe a<br />
method with pictures than words. The<br />
document also stands a better chance to<br />
be read and understood when it includes<br />
pictures. IDCON’s Condition Monitoring<br />
Standards books have 100 of the<br />
most common components documented<br />
in this type of format.<br />
At bare minimum, you need to include<br />
“what”, “how”, and especially<br />
Is it<br />
Practical?<br />
•<br />
NO<br />
Go to the next<br />
group<br />
YES<br />
NO<br />
“WHY” an inspection should be done.<br />
It does take time to create these documents,<br />
but once you do, the document<br />
can be re-used for most all components<br />
of the same type, for example a coupling.<br />
Frequencies and other values unique<br />
to the individual component will be<br />
described in the route list or in a hand<br />
held device. Do not make the mistake of<br />
assuming that crafts people or operators<br />
know how to inspect components.<br />
In our experience, crafts people have<br />
been trained to do repairs and trouble<br />
shoot existing problems. Very few have<br />
been trained in inspections to discover<br />
problems before they are actually problems.<br />
Much of this training is a thought<br />
process; you need to teach people to<br />
think about inspections and anticipate<br />
latent problems.<br />
At a minimum, training needs to<br />
include inspection methods for most<br />
common components and systems and<br />
a basic knowledge of instruments and<br />
tools such as high intensity lists, strobes,<br />
hand held IR instruments, optical tools<br />
and leak detectors.<br />
•<br />
Do they know YES<br />
• how?<br />
•<br />
•<br />
NO<br />
Can they be<br />
trained in > x<br />
minutes<br />
YES<br />
Implement<br />
task<br />
•<br />
Decision cycle<br />
Assign Resources<br />
It seldom works well to say, “PM is priority<br />
1 and we will assign different people<br />
to do it as we see the need.” Or worse<br />
still, “Our team decides who will do inspections<br />
today.” Trying to do it this way<br />
almost guarantees the PM effort will fail.<br />
Another common mistake is to assign<br />
the night shift to do PM when they have<br />
nothing else to do. The reason for having<br />
shift maintenance people is so they<br />
can respond to possible emergencies.<br />
If there are no emergencies, they are<br />
not needed on the shift and they can be<br />
moved to daytime work. The best results<br />
are always achieved when special people<br />
are assigned to do inspections on a full<br />
time basis.<br />
Assigning dedicated inspection resources<br />
garners the following:<br />
a. The right people to do the inspections,<br />
including in or adjustments and<br />
repairs<br />
b. The right people trained for this<br />
unique work<br />
c. The ownership and interest for PM<br />
that is necessary for continuously updating<br />
and improving PM work.<br />
d. An easier situation to manage. It can<br />
be very tempting to pull the people<br />
who are supposed to do PM to do<br />
emergency work.<br />
Wherever the assigned resources (PM<br />
inspectors) report to in your organizational<br />
structure, we advise they work<br />
very closely with the supervisor in the<br />
area where the inspections occur. They<br />
must report any findings and what they<br />
have inspected to the supervisor/area<br />
leader once or twice a day. When they<br />
have completed the route, they should<br />
do some of the repairs and adjustments<br />
that are the results of the inspections.<br />
This cuts back on administration and<br />
eases up the friction that can develop<br />
between PM inspectors and the crafts<br />
people who have to do all of the repairs.<br />
It is also important that PM inspectors<br />
start all routes with an interview<br />
with the operators in the area; this not<br />
only improves communication but also<br />
the on-the-job training of operators. The<br />
ultimate goal should be to have the operators<br />
do the majority of PM inspections.<br />
After you have decided the PM activity<br />
that needs to be done and the frequency<br />
you decide who should do it. The<br />
choices (in order of preference) are:<br />
a. Operator<br />
b. Area Maintenance- Mechanical, Electrical,<br />
Instrumentation crafts person<br />
c. In house expert, for example Vibration<br />
Analysis or Wear Particle Analysis<br />
d. Outside expert, for example X-ray,<br />
Acoustic Emission<br />
3/<strong>2017</strong> maintworld 33
BENCHMARKING<br />
Demonstrating<br />
Value with<br />
Benchmarking<br />
How can the service offering that creates the highest value to the customer be<br />
identified? How can industry-wide experience-based data and knowledge be exploited<br />
to provide, and continuously improve asset management services.<br />
SUSANNA KUNTTU,<br />
VTT Technical Research<br />
Centre of Finland Ltd.,<br />
susanna.kunttu@vtt.fi<br />
HELENA<br />
KORTELAINEN,<br />
VTT Technical Research<br />
Centre of Finland Ltd.,<br />
helena.kortelainen@vtt.fi<br />
SUSANNA HORN,<br />
Outotec Oyj, susanna.<br />
horn@outotec.com<br />
MANUFACTURING, mining and process<br />
industry companies around the world<br />
are looking for comprehensive solutions<br />
to raise and keep the overall equipment<br />
efficiency (OEE) at a high level. From<br />
the service provider’s point of view, this<br />
demand requires a deep understanding<br />
of the customer´s operation and<br />
maintenance processes, and of the<br />
various aspects affecting the business.<br />
In a global operation, service sites are<br />
seldom comparable: the installed base<br />
(fleet), environmental conditions, maintenance<br />
practices and processed raw<br />
materials can vary significantly - among<br />
other issues. Service companies focus<br />
on providing the customers with highest<br />
value services to improve their asset performance.<br />
Customer value is, however,<br />
34 maintworld 3/<strong>2017</strong><br />
case-specific. The solutions provided to<br />
one customer might not be as valuable to<br />
the next one due to e.g. customer-specific<br />
competences or external constraints.<br />
Benchmarking is a widely-used<br />
method that allows a company to compare<br />
its own practices and processes to<br />
the practices applied in the best firms of<br />
the industrial branch. A typical objective<br />
is to find justified development targets<br />
- and to benefit from existing good practices<br />
in the industry. Service providers<br />
could exploit benchmarking approaches<br />
together with their customers when<br />
looking for development needs in the<br />
asset management practices. Among<br />
many problems concerning benchmarking,<br />
one challenge is to make companies,<br />
plants or production lines and service<br />
site comparable.<br />
Benchmarking is not<br />
a single method<br />
The commonly applied benchmarking<br />
procedure has been the comparison of<br />
the average values of the particular industrial<br />
sector with the company’s own<br />
values (Komonen et. al 2011). In practice,<br />
benchmarking approaches make<br />
use of a variety of qualitative or quantitative<br />
methods. Qualitative methods are<br />
able to provide detailed and insightful<br />
benchmarking information if the number<br />
of involved companies is modest.<br />
Quantitative methods, in turn, provide a<br />
more efficient way to collect and analyze<br />
large data sets producing benchmarking<br />
information from a large number of<br />
companies. The benchmarking method<br />
and tool presented in this article is quantitative<br />
and requires data from several<br />
companies.<br />
Service provider can utilize<br />
benchmarking to develop<br />
customer service<br />
The benchmarking tool helps to identify<br />
and visualize potential sources of value.<br />
The benchmarking method promotes<br />
service providers’ ability to recognize<br />
improvement potential in customer’s<br />
asset management practices and the<br />
ability to find improvement actions for<br />
the current situation. The method for<br />
demonstrating value with benchmarking<br />
(Valkokari et. al. 2016) was developed in<br />
co-operation with Outotec that provides<br />
asset management services to the mining<br />
industry. The developed benchmarking<br />
approach is generic and applicable to<br />
other industries.<br />
The quality and plausibility of the<br />
data analysis results depends always on<br />
the quality of used data. Benchmarking<br />
methods make no exception. Benchmarking<br />
is typically used by an organisation<br />
that wants to compare own level of<br />
productivity or OEE, or some other key<br />
performance indicators with other companies<br />
in the same industry. If a service<br />
provider carries out the benchmarking,<br />
the potential customer may question<br />
the result due to possible commercial<br />
interests. Thus, transparency of the data<br />
collection and the data analysis is crucial<br />
for the credibility of the results. To make<br />
benchmarking transparent, the service<br />
provider and the customer should carry<br />
out the data collection and analysis in<br />
close cooperation. The common effort<br />
also provides a well-structured opportunity<br />
to discuss aspects related to e.g.<br />
the maintenance function and its successfulness.
BENCHMARKING<br />
Benchmark among similar<br />
companies<br />
In quantitative benchmarking methods,<br />
the basic assumption is that the companies<br />
are similar enough to be compared<br />
if they operate in the same industrial<br />
branch. In real life, the diversity of the<br />
companies can be extensive and poses<br />
a major drawback. If the benchmarked<br />
companies differ too much from each<br />
other, the benchmarked company is<br />
barely able to find the right development<br />
targets or even recognize the companies<br />
that should be a valid reference group.<br />
With the proposed approach based on<br />
categorizing sites to comparable units<br />
and benchmarking them against each<br />
other, the best practices will depend on<br />
the business environment. Thus, the<br />
first step is to recognize similar kinds of<br />
companies that can best learn from each<br />
other.<br />
In this context, similarity means that<br />
companies are comparable according to<br />
the aspects affecting asset performance<br />
and asset management practices. As the<br />
focus is in the development of maintenance<br />
service offerings, the benchmarking<br />
method categorizes sites or<br />
plants according to their maintenance<br />
environment. ”A maintenance environment”<br />
collects together the data arising<br />
from those sites that are similar enough<br />
with respect to external aspects affecting<br />
maintenance activities as illustrated<br />
in Figure 3. Maintenance environments<br />
describe features that affect the requirements<br />
for the maintenance function and<br />
include maintenance policy and maintenance<br />
activities. Features describing<br />
a maintenance environment include for<br />
example: availability of competent employees,<br />
climate effect on maintenance<br />
conduction, life cycle phase of equipment,<br />
maintainability of equipment, etc.<br />
From a service provider’s point of view<br />
these aspects are external and cannot be<br />
controlled by a service provider.<br />
Data collection<br />
The benchmarking method requires a<br />
quantitative data set that contains variables<br />
about the maintenance environment,<br />
applied maintenance practices<br />
and level of success. CMMS or other<br />
databases seldom contain such statistical<br />
data that is relevant from the benchmarking<br />
point of view. Thus, part of the<br />
method development was to establish a<br />
questionnaire for the data collection.<br />
Figure 1.<br />
Example of<br />
data collection<br />
questionnaire<br />
The questionnaire includes 34 questions<br />
that help to categorize the sites to<br />
different maintenance environments,<br />
recognize maintenance practices and<br />
calculate a key performance indicator<br />
to assess the successfulness of a site (see<br />
Figure 1). The service provider carries<br />
out the data collection in normal business<br />
negotiation situations. For this<br />
reason, the length of the questionnaire<br />
has to be reasonable and the questions<br />
should be easy to answer. The number of<br />
the questions is as small as possible and<br />
whenever possible the questionnaire<br />
offers ready alternatives. Pre-defined<br />
answer alternatives also support automated<br />
data analysis that allow discussion<br />
about results immediately after entering<br />
the data items.<br />
Figure 2.<br />
Main phases of<br />
benchmarking<br />
Figure 3. User<br />
interfaces of the<br />
benchmarking<br />
tool, which<br />
allow data<br />
collection and<br />
data analysis in<br />
a meeting with<br />
a customer<br />
Developing targets<br />
based on benchmarking<br />
Benchmarking is a tool to find out potentially<br />
weak points in the operation<br />
and offers an input for detailed discussion,<br />
and planning and prioritizing for<br />
development actions. In the developed<br />
benchmarking method a site under study<br />
is, based on the questionnaire entries,<br />
categorized to one of the pre-defined<br />
maintenance environments according to<br />
its similarity index value. The similarity<br />
index indicates the closeness of the site’s<br />
answers to the profile of a pre-defined<br />
environment. As illustrated in Figure 2,<br />
all sites belonging to the same maintenance<br />
environment are extracted from<br />
the benchmarking database for further<br />
analysis. The best sites of a particular<br />
36 maintworld 3/<strong>2017</strong>
BENCHMARKING<br />
maintenance environment are defined<br />
according to the values of key performance<br />
indicators, like availability or<br />
maintenance cost divided by equipment<br />
replacement value. Comparing maintenance<br />
practices between the benchmarked<br />
site and the best sites points out<br />
the differences in maintenance practices<br />
applied in operation and management.<br />
Investigating reasons and effects of<br />
these differences can reveal targets<br />
for development actions of the benchmarked<br />
site.<br />
Benefits from a service<br />
provider point of view<br />
Outotec Service Business Development<br />
is a function that has been actively looking<br />
for new ways of providing value<br />
to the customer. By developing the<br />
benchmarking concept in cooperation<br />
with different departments within the<br />
company as well as with certain customer<br />
sites, the development team has<br />
been able to structure the data gathering<br />
process. Moreover, it is able to better<br />
utilize installed base knowledge as well<br />
as understanding about the potential<br />
value sources for the customer, on a<br />
very concrete level. The benchmarking<br />
tool presented in Figure 3 can be used<br />
as a sales tool for the services business<br />
for an entire site or for sub-processes or<br />
process islands. It allows a value-based<br />
sales process, and more specifically, the<br />
matching of Outotec’s service offering<br />
against the customer’s actual needs, as<br />
defined on a detailed site assessment. It<br />
allows a transparent sales process, which<br />
can be defined in close cooperation with<br />
the customer. Outotec will be able to<br />
use the tool and its results also in internal<br />
product development, since it will<br />
become more aware of the customers’<br />
key challenges. Addressing the service<br />
product portfolio accordingly will give<br />
Outotec insight to what type of services<br />
the customers value the most.<br />
Summary<br />
There is a need for a systematic assessment<br />
framework for concretizing value,<br />
benchmarking it and ultimately optimizing<br />
the offered service solutions. The<br />
benchmarking method and tool helps<br />
to compare different sites according<br />
to their operational and maintenance<br />
environments. The benchmarking tool<br />
helps to identify and visualize the potential<br />
sources of value. With this approach<br />
based on categorizing sites to comparable<br />
units and benchmarking them<br />
against each other, the service provider<br />
is able to improve its capability in:<br />
• Showing improvement potential in<br />
asset management and make recommendations<br />
of applicable asset<br />
management policies,<br />
• Facilitating sales by optimizing the<br />
customer-specific product and service<br />
offering, and<br />
• Concretising customer value of the<br />
service provision.<br />
REFERENCES Komonen, Kari; Kunttu, Susanna;<br />
Ahonen, Toni (2011). In search of the Best<br />
Practices in Maintenance - New Methods and<br />
Research Results. Handbook 1 st International<br />
<strong>Maintworld</strong> Congress. Helsinki, 22-23.3.2011.<br />
KP-media Oy. Helsinki 2011, pp. 166-177.<br />
Valkokari, Pasi; Ahonen, Toni; Kunttu, Susanna;<br />
Horn, Susanna (2016). Fleet service solutions<br />
for optimal impact (in Finnish). Promaint –<br />
kunnossapidon erikoislehti. Kunnossapitoyhdistys<br />
Promaint ry, 30(1), pp. 36-39.<br />
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RELIABILITY<br />
What are you<br />
willing to do to<br />
improve<br />
reliability?<br />
With strong leadership,<br />
reliability can be improved,<br />
and every employee will<br />
benefit. It is very difficult to<br />
force change, but when<br />
people are motivated<br />
anything is possible.<br />
Photo Steve Potts<br />
JASON TRANTER,<br />
CMRP, Mobius<br />
Institute, jason@<br />
mobiusinstitute.com<br />
38 maintworld 3/<strong>2017</strong><br />
AT OUR MOST RECENT CONFERENCE I had<br />
a very interesting discussion with an enthusiastic<br />
engineer who was frustrated<br />
with the progress made to improve reliability.<br />
He was primarily involved with<br />
condition monitoring, but he took every<br />
opportunity to talk to others about why<br />
equipment failed and what they could<br />
do to avoid failure. But it was rare that<br />
anyone took his advice. His supervisor<br />
was supportive, and would occasionally<br />
set up meetings with people to facilitate<br />
the discussion about reliability improvement.<br />
But again, very little actually<br />
changed…<br />
Does this seem familiar to you? Have<br />
you been trying to improve reliability<br />
but no one seems to take your advice?<br />
Do people agree that what you are suggesting<br />
makes perfect common sense<br />
but then go on doing what they have<br />
always done?<br />
I had two completely different suggestions<br />
for him. We need to create incentive<br />
and buy-in. I wonder if you have<br />
tried either of these. I would recommend<br />
trying both.<br />
Incentive: You need the<br />
support of senior management<br />
When suggestions for change come<br />
from a person who is at the same level of<br />
management, or below, (or from a different<br />
department), there is little incentive<br />
to change. Even if you believe that the<br />
proposed changes should be made, you<br />
are then left with extra work to do (or<br />
having to convince others to make the<br />
change), and justify the time that you<br />
spend pursuing those changes. But if<br />
that is not in your job description, if that<br />
is not how your performance is being<br />
measured, then it is unlikely you will<br />
spend any amount of time or effort on<br />
such a project.<br />
Therefore the directive needs to come<br />
from “above”. If a senior vice president,<br />
for example, made the declaration that<br />
reliability should be improved, and especially<br />
if people’s goals and job description<br />
changed as a result, then you will<br />
have a much greater chance of seeing<br />
change happen.<br />
Upon explaining this point I received<br />
the following response - a response I<br />
have heard many times before – “but I<br />
have explained the benefits of reliability<br />
improvement and made suggestions to<br />
quite senior managers, but they either<br />
nodded their head in agreement - and did<br />
nothing - or suggested I go and speak to<br />
someone else.”<br />
Ah yes, grasshopper, but how did you<br />
make your suggestion? (I didn’t really call<br />
him grasshopper.) The key is in the language<br />
you use and the detail you provide.<br />
How do you gain senior<br />
management support?<br />
As technical people we are often attracted<br />
to technical solutions. We can<br />
understand the logic. We especially like<br />
the common sense solutions. If we had
Successful reliability<br />
programs have one thing<br />
in common…<br />
SECURITY<br />
a strong condition monitoring team.<br />
As a condition monitoring<br />
professional or manager, you may be<br />
faced with starting a condition monitoring<br />
program or tasked to get a program back on<br />
track. There iLearnReliability is a lot to know; multiple technologies,<br />
<br />
monitoring practices, analysis, fault-reporting<br />
and trending, not to mention proper corrective and<br />
routine maintenance to reduce the likelihood of faults from<br />
reoccurring. Where can you start? Where can you learn what you<br />
need, that is economical in respect to time and expense? And where<br />
can you get training that is practical, going further than just filling you<br />
with facts and figures?<br />
iLearnReliability <br />
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RELIABILITY<br />
the time, we might be attracted by the<br />
prospect of solving a problem. However,<br />
for the most part, senior leaders are not<br />
technical people. They are not going to<br />
be involved directly the implementation<br />
of anything you suggest. They are instead<br />
motivated in the areas where their<br />
performance is measured; revenue, cost<br />
reduction, risk mitigation, regulatory<br />
compliance, customer satisfaction, delivering<br />
shareholder value (or whatever<br />
drives your business) and perhaps other<br />
things. Therefore, all they really want to<br />
hear is how you can help them achieve<br />
their goals.<br />
Therefore, rather than discussing<br />
technical issues, regardless of how practical<br />
and sensible they may seem to you,<br />
you need to focus on how reliability improvement<br />
helps them increase revenue,<br />
reduce cost, reduce risk, etc. You need to<br />
RELIABILITY IMPROVEMENT RELIES ON DEVELOPING A<br />
“CULTURE OF RELIABILITY” AND ENGAGING WITH PEOPLE<br />
SO THAT THEY ACTIVELY CONTRIBUTE AND BENEFIT BY THE<br />
RELIABILITY IMPROVEMENT PROCESS.<br />
speak their language. You need to show<br />
how you can help them achieve their<br />
goals. And that’s how you will get their<br />
attention.<br />
There is a lot more that can be said<br />
about how you get their support, and<br />
that is for another article, but here is a<br />
summary:<br />
1. Understand what drives the business<br />
and how it measures success.<br />
2. Assess the risks faced by your organization<br />
(e.g. safety, environmental, production<br />
loss, etc.).<br />
3. Determine why and where the organization<br />
has poor reliability.<br />
4. Evaluate the extent to which reliability<br />
improvement can help close the gap<br />
between the current state and the desired<br />
state. Put a dollar/euro value on that gap.<br />
This is an investment after all.<br />
5. Evaluate the extent to which reliability<br />
improvement can help minimize the risks<br />
faced by your organization. If possible, put<br />
a dollar/euro value on the risk mitigation.<br />
6. Implement one or more pilot projects,<br />
and measure their effect, so that you can<br />
prove that it can work in your organization.<br />
7. Establish a business case that demonstrates<br />
the value of reliability improvement<br />
which is supported by the results achieved<br />
in your pilot projects. Don’t provide technical<br />
information unless requested. Make it<br />
clear how the goals of the senior management<br />
team can be achieved which includes<br />
mitigation of risk.<br />
Are you willing to do that?<br />
Upon making this suggestion I saw his face<br />
go pale. Senior management? Business case?<br />
Investment? Company goals? Pilot projects?<br />
It was a daunting prospect…<br />
Unfortunately, I was making life<br />
very difficult for him. I wanted to<br />
give him a simple solution - but over<br />
30 years of involvement with these<br />
programs, I have not seen anything<br />
else work. People need an incentive to<br />
change. Senior management is in the<br />
best position to create that incentive.<br />
Of course, they need to understand<br />
how each individual employee will<br />
benefit, but regardless, they need an<br />
incentive to do anything.<br />
Buy-in: Allow people to take<br />
ownership of the ideas<br />
If I came to you and suggested you<br />
do something differently, how will<br />
you react? Will you think that I am<br />
implying that you have been doing<br />
something wrong? Will you see it as<br />
more work you have to deal with? Will<br />
you have any buy-in, or ownership, of<br />
the process? What level of personal<br />
motivation will you have to make those<br />
changes; especially if you do not clearly<br />
understand the benefits?<br />
Sure, if I was your supervisor, and I<br />
required you to make a change you may<br />
make it, reluctantly. But unless I was<br />
very clear about the priorities, and I<br />
followed up with requests for progress<br />
reports, the change may not be made.<br />
What if we instead engaged in a<br />
conversation related to a goal you are<br />
trying to achieve or problem you are<br />
trying to solve? What if, during that<br />
discussion, you came to the conclusion<br />
that a change should be made?<br />
And what if you were in a position to<br />
take ownership of that change, and you<br />
knew that you would be recognized for<br />
taking the initiative and helping your<br />
coworkers and the business?<br />
Would you be more likely to make<br />
the change?<br />
If an organization sees the urgent<br />
need to improve reliability, and everyone<br />
has a thirst for making improvements,<br />
then suggestions from others<br />
are more likely to be taken on board<br />
and implemented. But if there is no<br />
push from above, and you do not see<br />
how you personally benefit, and there<br />
is no accountability, then there is very<br />
little reason to make any improvements<br />
whatsoever.<br />
Reliability improvement relies on<br />
developing a “culture of reliability” and<br />
engaging with people so that they actively<br />
contribute and benefit by the reliability<br />
improvement process. When it<br />
40 maintworld 3/<strong>2017</strong>
RELIABILITY<br />
is a win-win, change will happen and<br />
the improvements will be sustained.<br />
If not, frustration will continue.<br />
Are you willing to do that?<br />
Upon making that suggestion I could<br />
again see some doubt. Technical<br />
people are not always great with the<br />
“touchy-feely” stuff. We may be interested<br />
in technical solutions, and<br />
we might want to dictate how things<br />
should be done and maybe even take<br />
credit for the change. That motivates<br />
you, but it doesn’t motivate the other<br />
person. So this is a tough decision to<br />
make. What’s most important, you<br />
or the people who are working with?<br />
What’s most important, you or the<br />
success of the reliability improvement<br />
program (i.e. the success of the<br />
organization)?<br />
Conclusion<br />
With strong leadership, reliability<br />
can be improved, and every employee<br />
will benefit. It is very difficult to force<br />
change, but when people are motivated<br />
anything is possible.<br />
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MONITORING SYSTEM<br />
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T: +31 546 725 125 | E: info@uesystems.eu | W: www.uesystems.eu
ASSET MANAGEMENT<br />
Backlog management has a<br />
number of different but interdependent<br />
focuses: Backlog<br />
Work Order Quality, Age of<br />
Backlog and Backlog Size Management.<br />
This article will focus<br />
on Backlog Work Order quality.<br />
Later editions of <strong>Maintworld</strong>magazine<br />
will cover Time in<br />
Backlog and Backlog Size Management<br />
in more detail.<br />
Effective<br />
Backlog<br />
Management<br />
STEVE GILES,<br />
Marshall Institute,<br />
sgiles@<br />
marshallinstitute.com<br />
WHILE A MAINTENANCE backlog is critical<br />
to an effective Planning and Scheduling<br />
process, it can be viewed negatively<br />
by some groups or individuals.<br />
In reactive organizations, putting<br />
a work order in backlog is viewed as a<br />
negative action. The assumption is made<br />
that the work order has been tossed<br />
into a black hole, never to return to the<br />
light of day. Unfortunately the nature<br />
of a reactive maintenance effort causes<br />
this belief to be correct: work orders<br />
only emerge from backlog when the<br />
condition the task is addressing has deteriorated<br />
to the point where it must be<br />
handled as an urgent or emergency work<br />
order. That, in turn, causes most work<br />
requests to be initially prioritized as<br />
urgent or emergency - piling more fuel<br />
on the fire-fighting nature of a reactive<br />
maintenance programme.<br />
In truth, the primary purpose of a<br />
maintenance backlog of the Planning<br />
and Scheduling process is to allow the<br />
maintenance planner adequate time<br />
to plan, order and receive materials<br />
and services before the task is placed<br />
on a schedule for execution. Without<br />
this window of time, most work will be<br />
scheduled before all the waste in the task<br />
has been removed, and in many cases<br />
before all the required material is on site.<br />
This results in an inefficient task at best,<br />
but also encourages the reuse of faulty<br />
parts resulting in a short-term repair.<br />
Early and accurate identification of<br />
maintenance tasks is key to providing<br />
this planning time. This early identification<br />
combined with realistic priority<br />
setting helps to bring credibility to the<br />
Planning and Scheduling process.<br />
A maintenance backlog is also used<br />
in some organizations to maintain a correctly-sized<br />
maintenance staff by crew.<br />
Backlog Work Order Quality<br />
The maintenance backlog has several<br />
different stages:<br />
Awaiting Planning – newly converted<br />
work requests awaiting the planning<br />
process<br />
In Planning – work orders the planner is<br />
actively planning<br />
Awaiting Materials or Services – planned<br />
and estimated work orders awaiting<br />
delivery of special ordered materials or<br />
for a specialty contractor to commit to a<br />
requested time of execution<br />
Ready to Schedule – work orders that are<br />
fully planned with all materials on the<br />
site and any contract or services needed,<br />
committed to the required timing<br />
Successfully managing the quality<br />
of work orders in the different stages of<br />
the backlog begins with the creation of<br />
the work request. A well-written work<br />
request will result in a well-written work<br />
order. A poorly-written work request will<br />
require someone (normally the planner)<br />
to investigate what the maintenance task<br />
really consists of before it can be converted<br />
to a work order for planning.<br />
Failure to address the quality of work<br />
requests entering the work order system<br />
will reduce the effectiveness of the planner<br />
and lead to at least some of the work<br />
orders not being adequately planned.<br />
Lack of a well-planned work order will<br />
reduce the accuracy of the estimates.<br />
Inaccurate work order estimates lead to<br />
over or understating the amount of real<br />
42 maintworld 3/<strong>2017</strong>
ASSET MANAGEMENT<br />
man-hours held in backlog. That inaccuracy<br />
will hinder the effective scheduling<br />
and the overall credibility of the entire<br />
planning and scheduling process.<br />
Shop Floor Training<br />
These problems can be addressed easily<br />
by providing shop floor training<br />
for everyone involved in creating the<br />
work request. Training combined with<br />
a clear setting of expectations by floor<br />
supervision and ongoing coaching by<br />
everyone involved in the work order<br />
process will lead to clear accurate work<br />
requests.<br />
In a world-class process, the requestor’s<br />
supervisor would be the first<br />
reviewer to quickly provide coaching on<br />
inadequate work requests. By addressing<br />
the inadequate work request at this<br />
point, not only will the work request be<br />
corrected at the source, but the clear<br />
expectation of creating a quality work<br />
request will be quickly established.<br />
The process flow shows the tight<br />
loop between the requestor and their<br />
supervisor, ensuring all information<br />
on the work request is adequate before<br />
sending the work request to the work<br />
request review meeting.<br />
A multifunctional team (primarily<br />
Maintenance and Operations supervision<br />
or management) reviews all open<br />
work requests prior to the start of the<br />
day. This is normally a very short meeting<br />
either approving the work request<br />
and sending it to the planner, or rejecting<br />
the work request.<br />
The process flow details the review<br />
process each work request is given before<br />
being submitted to the planner for<br />
conversion into a work order or deletion.<br />
(Some CCMS’s do not allow the work<br />
request to be deleted, but place a flag on<br />
the work request so that it cannot receive<br />
charges.)<br />
This review will minimize duplicate<br />
work requests and prevent the creation<br />
of duplicate work orders, incorrectly<br />
prioritized work requests, invalid work<br />
requests, and work requests assigned to<br />
the wrong queue.<br />
Monitor Open Work Requests<br />
A good metric to encourage an effective<br />
work request process is to monitor<br />
open work requests by age. Work<br />
requests should have a very short life<br />
– 24 hours to possibly 96 hours. Any<br />
work request older than 24 to 96 hours<br />
indicates a dysfunctional work request<br />
process.<br />
Work request training should be given<br />
to everyone in the organization expected<br />
to create work requests. World<br />
Class practices are to have everyone<br />
responsible for identifying and documenting<br />
maintenance tasks identified<br />
during their normal daily duties. The<br />
cost of CMMS access can sometimes<br />
cause this responsibility to be restricted<br />
to a smaller number of personnel.<br />
If that is the case, a companion system<br />
should be developed (hard copy or electronic)<br />
to expand the responsibility to<br />
identify maintenance tasks as broadly<br />
as possible.<br />
It is important that the work request<br />
training be formally documented to ensure<br />
quality work requests, regardless<br />
of personnel turnover.<br />
In parts 2 and 3, the Age of the Backlog<br />
and Backlog Size Management will<br />
be discussed in detail.<br />
Discover<br />
the hidden<br />
treasure in<br />
Maintenance<br />
Discover<br />
the hidden<br />
treasure in<br />
Maintenance<br />
There is value hidden in every maintenance organization. All companies have the potential to further improve, either by reducing<br />
costs, improve safety, work on the lifetime extension of machinery or by smart maintenance solutions that improves uptime. The<br />
question is where maintenance managers should be looking to fi nd these areas of improvement and where they need to start.<br />
You will fi nd the answer to this question at Mainnovation. With Value Driven Maintenance ® and the matching tools like the VDM<br />
Control Panel, the Process Map and our benchmark data base myVDM.com, we will help you to discover the hidden treasure in<br />
your company.<br />
Do you want to discover the hidden treasure in your maintenance organization?<br />
Go to www.mainnovation.com<br />
CONTROLLING MAINTENANCE, CREATING VALUE.
CONDITION MONITORING<br />
Figure 1.<br />
Bearing Condition Monitoring<br />
Using Ultrasound<br />
Airborne & structure-borne ultrasound has become a major player in bearing condition<br />
monitoring. Once considered just a leak detector, more maintenance & reliability<br />
professionals are beginning to realize all of the benefits associated with using ultrasound<br />
for condition monitoring applications. The P-F Curve, with which we have all<br />
become familiar, reflects that trend.<br />
ADRIAN MESSER,<br />
CMRP, adrianm@<br />
uesystems.com<br />
THE I-P-F CURVE shows Ultrasound as<br />
being the first technology that detects a<br />
failure that is mechanical in nature such<br />
as early stage bearing wear, or subsurface<br />
bearing fatigue (See Figure 1.)<br />
It has been said that at least 60 percent<br />
of premature bearing failures can be attributed<br />
to lubrication, whether it’s over<br />
lubrication, under lubrication, use of<br />
the wrong grease for the wrong application,<br />
or use of a contaminated lubricant.<br />
Ultrasound instruments can be used<br />
to prevent over and under lubricated<br />
bearings. The source of ultrasonic noise<br />
is friction; when a bearing is in need of<br />
grease, there is an increase in friction and<br />
therefore an increase in noise or decibel<br />
level. When listening to the bearing that<br />
is in need of lubrication and watching the<br />
decibel level on the display of an ultrasonic<br />
instrument, as grease is applied the<br />
inspector would notice a gradual drop in<br />
the decibel level, eventually back down<br />
to a more normal level. If the bearing is<br />
already over lubricated, as soon as grease<br />
is applied, the inspector would notice a<br />
gradual increase in the decibel level, letting<br />
them know that the bearing already<br />
had enough grease.<br />
Figure 2. PUMP 3 MTROB 007 Figure 3. PUMP 4 MTROB 010<br />
44 maintworld 3/<strong>2017</strong>
3/<strong>2017</strong> maintworld x
CONDITION MONITORING<br />
How Do I Get Started?<br />
There are two common questions that<br />
many first-time users of ultrasound<br />
have. The first is, “How do I set baselines?”<br />
The second is, “How do I know if<br />
what I’m listening to is good or bad?”<br />
The Comparison Method<br />
One way to get a quick idea as to what is<br />
good and what is bad is by using the comparison<br />
approach. With this method, the<br />
inspector simply compares the decibel<br />
level readings at identical points on<br />
identical machines. Using this method,<br />
the inspector also begins to “train”<br />
their ear as to what rotating equipment<br />
sounds like, and it will become obvious<br />
that a bearing with a particular fault<br />
such as an inner race, or outer race defect,<br />
will sound much different than a<br />
bearing that is in a “good” condition.<br />
The baseline can then be set based on<br />
an average of decibel levels at the compared<br />
points. The software may even<br />
default to the first reading taken and<br />
downloaded. The baseline can then be<br />
changed as more readings are collected.<br />
The Historical Method<br />
The historical method is the preferred<br />
method for establishing baselines and<br />
alarm levels in bearing condition monitoring<br />
routes. Using this method, the inspector<br />
first establishes a route or database<br />
in the ultrasound software. The database<br />
is then loaded into the ultrasonic<br />
instrument. Data is then collected at the<br />
various points along the route. When the<br />
initial round of data has been collected,<br />
it may be necessary to collect data more<br />
frequently than needed in order to build<br />
Figure 4. Pump 4 MTR OB from the ultrasound instrument.<br />
Notice the distinct 175.8Hz harmonics detected.<br />
the history, and get an idea if the decibel<br />
readings are remaining similar in the<br />
historical readings.<br />
For example, when collecting the<br />
initial data for setting the baseline, the<br />
readings may need to be taken once per<br />
week for 4-5 weeks. Once the baseline is<br />
set, the readings need only be taken only<br />
once per month, or every other month<br />
depending on asset criticality and equipment<br />
runtime.<br />
Ultrasound Imaging<br />
Through advancements in ultrasound<br />
instruments and software, the user can<br />
obtain an “image” of the sound that is<br />
being heard to analyse, diagnose, and<br />
confirm mechanical fault conditions in<br />
rotating equipment.<br />
Examples of<br />
Ultrasound Imaging<br />
Let’s take a two motor and pump combination<br />
as an example: 60hp motors<br />
powering water pumps.<br />
While collecting data, both decibel<br />
readings and sound files were recorded.<br />
In Figures 1 and 2 screen shots from the<br />
spectral analysis software show a comparison<br />
between the points “PUMP 3<br />
MTROB 007” and the “PUMP 4 MTROB<br />
010.”<br />
Notice the difference between the<br />
two points. Both motors are operating<br />
under the same conditions, but the<br />
Pump 4 MTR OB point has a much different<br />
spectrum. If you were listening<br />
through the headset of the ultrasound<br />
instrument, it would also have a much<br />
different sound.<br />
Another image of the Pump 4<br />
MTROB point, captured from on board<br />
the ultrasound instrument, can be seen<br />
in Figure 3.<br />
The spectrum analysis software used<br />
has a built-in bearing fault frequency<br />
calculator. By entering in the speed<br />
(rpm) and the number of balls (bearings),<br />
an outer race, inner race, ball pass,<br />
and cage frequency are calculated. For<br />
this particular motor, the speed was<br />
1750rpm and the type and number of<br />
WITH A SHORT LEARNING<br />
CURVE, EASE OF COLLECT-<br />
ING DATA, AND REMOTE<br />
MONITORING SOLUTIONS,<br />
ULTRASOUND CAN BECOME<br />
ANOTHER VALUABLE TOOL TO<br />
USE FOR YOUR CONDITION<br />
MONITORING EFFORTS.<br />
bearings was confirmed and the number<br />
of bearings was 10. The fault frequency<br />
calculated by the spectrum analysis software<br />
that was of interest was an inner<br />
race fault at 175Hz. This is the same fault<br />
harmonic detected on the ultrasound<br />
instrument. Another interesting point<br />
was the fact that the vibration analysis<br />
data was collected two days later, and did<br />
confirm an inner race fault on the Pump<br />
4 motor outboard point.<br />
Conclusion<br />
Implementing ultrasound for condition<br />
monitoring applications is easier<br />
than you think. With a short learning<br />
curve, ease of collecting data, and remote<br />
monitoring solutions, ultrasound can<br />
become another valuable tool to use for<br />
your condition monitoring efforts.<br />
Lubrication PM’s can also become<br />
more effective because ultrasound<br />
trends will show which bearings need<br />
to be lubricated. Therefore, instead of<br />
greasing everything on a time-based lube<br />
route, only the points that are currently<br />
in the lubrication alarm from ultrasound<br />
trends are greased until the decibel level<br />
drops back down to the baseline dB.<br />
If you are only using ultrasound as a<br />
leak detector, I would encourage you to<br />
take a more in depth look into condition<br />
monitoring with ultrasound.<br />
46 maintworld 3/<strong>2017</strong>
28. International Exhibition<br />
for Electric Automation<br />
Systems and Components<br />
Nuremberg, Germany, 28 – 30 November <strong>2017</strong><br />
sps-exhibition.com<br />
Answers for automation<br />
Electric Automation and Digital Transformation<br />
Your free entry ticket<br />
sps-exhibition.com/tickets
CONDITION ADVERTORIAL MONITORING<br />
Auto Correlation Simplifies<br />
Vibration Analysis, and Enhances<br />
Efficiency of Rotating<br />
Machinery Maintenance<br />
Vibration analysis is one of the most successful<br />
techniques for monitoring the condition of rotating<br />
equipment, but unless you are a vibration specialist<br />
the information can often be difficult to decipher.<br />
How can peak value analysis and auto correlation<br />
help improve maintenance efficiency?<br />
VINCENT BURSON<br />
Emerson<br />
48 maintworld 3/<strong>2017</strong><br />
MISALIGNMENT, gear defects, insufficient<br />
lubrication, pump cavitation and rolling<br />
element bearing defects are all problems<br />
associated with rotating machinery that<br />
result in increased vibration. Vibration<br />
analysis is therefore one of the most<br />
important techniques for monitoring<br />
the condition of such machines as part<br />
of a predictive maintenance programme.<br />
The periodic and, where appropriate,<br />
continuous collection of vibration data<br />
enables potential problems to be identified<br />
earlier. This helps to prevent unexpected<br />
failures that can cause safety incidents<br />
and production loss. Maintenance<br />
can be scheduled at appropriate periods<br />
of downtime. The benefits of vibration<br />
analysis are widely recognised in terms<br />
of reduced maintenance costs and the<br />
increased safety and plant efficiency it<br />
helps to provide. However, with a shortage<br />
of experienced plant maintenance<br />
engineers, companies often do not have<br />
personnel with the necessary ability to<br />
correctly interpret the often-complex<br />
vibration data available.<br />
Vibration analysis relies on data collected<br />
from vibration sensors monitoring<br />
the rotating equipment. This data<br />
can be collected manually and periodically<br />
using handheld vibration analysis<br />
devices. Alternatively, equipment critical<br />
to production is often monitored<br />
on a continuous basis (often referred<br />
to as online monitoring) to ensure that<br />
changes that may indicate a potential<br />
problem are not missed in between manual<br />
rounds. Online monitoring systems<br />
also often incorporate protection functionality<br />
that helps to bring equipment<br />
to a safe state (offline) should an issue be<br />
identified.<br />
Signal processing<br />
In general, the analogue signal from a vibration<br />
sensor is routed via an analogue<br />
signal processor, converted into a digital<br />
format and then further processed digitally.<br />
The output of the vibration sensor<br />
is expressed in g units, and the signal<br />
processing may include the conversion<br />
of the signal to velocity units. The<br />
analogue signal (in g or velocity units) is<br />
usually passed through a filter immediately<br />
before being converted into a digital<br />
format, providing assurance that the<br />
digital representation of the analogue<br />
signal is correct.<br />
By far the most common form of signal<br />
processing for analysing vibration<br />
from rotating equipment is the Fourier<br />
Transform. This uses a fast Fourier<br />
transform (FFT) algorithm to enable the<br />
signal to be converted and to construct<br />
the spectrum either in acceleration or<br />
velocity units. This spectral analysis is<br />
helpful in separating the band-limited<br />
signal into periodic components related<br />
to the turning speed of the machine.<br />
Standard spectral analysis is the traditional<br />
method used to gain insight into<br />
machinery problems that create vibration,<br />
but its complexity makes it difficult<br />
for anyone who is not a specialist vibration<br />
engineer to analyse and interpret<br />
the data. In contrast, the peak value<br />
analysis (PeakVue) methodology introduced<br />
by Emerson to help analyse vibration<br />
data has proven to be very effective,<br />
presenting the information in a way that<br />
makes it easier for personnel other than
CONDITION MONITORING<br />
PEAK VALUE METHODOLOGY HAS PROVEN TO BE A<br />
VERY USEFUL TOOL FOR VIBRATION ANALYSIS IN ROTATING<br />
EQUIPMENT APPLICATIONS WHERE NORMAL SPECTRAL<br />
ANALYSIS HAS PROVEN TO BE LESS EFFECTIVE.<br />
vibration specialists to interpret and<br />
identify problems.<br />
Peak value analysis<br />
Peak value analysis technology provides<br />
a simple, reliable indication of equipment<br />
health via a single trend - filtering<br />
out traditional vibration signals to focus<br />
exclusively on impacting faults, where<br />
metal parts come into contact with each<br />
other.<br />
In this method, peak values are observed<br />
over sequential discrete time intervals,<br />
captured, and then analysed. The<br />
analyses are:<br />
A. the peak values (measured in g’s).<br />
B. spectra computed from the peak value<br />
time waveform.<br />
C. the auto correlation coefficient computed<br />
from the peak value time waveform.<br />
All three analysis tools enable the<br />
defect, and often its severity, to be identified.<br />
As a measure of impacting, peak<br />
value analysis readings are much easier<br />
to interpret. A healthy machine that is<br />
correctly installed and well lubricated<br />
shouldn’t have any impacting. This establishes<br />
the zero principle: the peak value<br />
measurement on a healthy machine<br />
should be at, or close to, zero.<br />
As common machinery faults begin to<br />
appear on rotating equipment, the peak<br />
value reading typically can be evaluated<br />
using the so-called Rule of 10’s.<br />
This applies to rolling element bearing<br />
machines operating between 1000 and<br />
4000 rpm. It simply states that when the<br />
peak value levels reach 10, there is some<br />
problem with the machine; when they<br />
double to 20 there is a serious problem;<br />
and when they double again to 40 there<br />
is a critical problem (see Figure 1).<br />
Rule of 10’s example<br />
As an example of how the Rule of 10’s<br />
operates, let’s consider a typical process<br />
pump running at between 900 and 4000<br />
rpm as it passes through the four stages<br />
of bearing failure before progressing to<br />
machine failure.<br />
STAGE 1 -The defect is not visible to the<br />
human eye and there is no change in the<br />
overall vibration, but peak value analysis<br />
already provides an indication that<br />
something is happening. When the peak<br />
value rises to a value of 10, this indicates<br />
that there is a problem with the bearing.<br />
STAGE 2 - Small pits begin to appear<br />
and the bearing has less than 10% of its<br />
service life remaining. Typically, overall<br />
vibration still does not provide an<br />
indication of the developing faults, but<br />
the peak value level continues to climb.<br />
When it doubles to 20, this indicates a<br />
serious problem with the bearing.<br />
STAGE 3 - the bearing damage is now<br />
clearly visible. You may start to see a<br />
small increase in overall vibration of +/-<br />
10 percent. Meanwhile, the progression<br />
in fault severity is obvious using peak<br />
value analysis.<br />
STAGE 4 - the overall vibration may rise<br />
by 20 percent or more. In comparison,<br />
the peak value level continues to increase<br />
sharply – perhaps as high as 40<br />
g’s – and signals that the bearing is approaching<br />
the end of its life.<br />
MACHINE FAILURE - there will be a<br />
marked increase in the overall vibration<br />
at the point of actual failure, but too late<br />
Figure 1. Operators with no special<br />
training in machinery diagnostics can use<br />
peak value analysis measurements to<br />
determine both when a piece of rotating<br />
equipment is healthy and when an<br />
abnormal situation is present.<br />
to support planned maintenance. This is,<br />
in effect, notification that the machine<br />
is shutting down. In contrast, peak value<br />
analysis has been indicating a developing<br />
fault over the past weeks and months.<br />
Immediately prior to failure, peak value<br />
levels may surge rapidly to 50 g’s or<br />
higher.<br />
Operators with no special training in<br />
machinery diagnostics can use peak value<br />
analysis measurements quickly and<br />
easily to determine both when a piece of<br />
rotating equipment is healthy and when<br />
an abnormal situation is present. Once<br />
an abnormal situation has been identified,<br />
detailed diagnostic information<br />
can be extracted from the peak value<br />
analysis waveform or spectrum to determine<br />
the exact nature of the defect. This<br />
method can be used to visualise distress<br />
signals on a machine that are simply not<br />
visible with other vibration measurements.<br />
Earlier indication of developing<br />
defects facilitates optimum maintenance<br />
planning and minimises the impact on<br />
production.<br />
Auto correlation<br />
Auto correlation is a time domain analysis,<br />
computed from the peak value time<br />
waveform that is useful for determining<br />
the periodicity or repeating patterns of<br />
a vibration signal. The auto correlated<br />
waveform can be presented in a circular<br />
format, which makes interpretation of<br />
the data much more straightforward.<br />
On the following page are some examples<br />
of how vibration analysis data<br />
can be viewed, using standard spectrum<br />
analysis, time waveform, auto correlation,<br />
and finally auto correlation in a<br />
circular format.<br />
Conclusion<br />
Peak value methodology has proven to<br />
be a very useful tool for vibration analysis<br />
in rotating equipment applications<br />
where normal spectral analysis has<br />
proven to be less effective. Using auto<br />
correlation and circular displays, problems<br />
can be easily identified without<br />
vibration analysis experience. This helps<br />
to simplify maintenance tasks, enabling<br />
a greater number of devices to be effectively<br />
monitored. Previously difficult to<br />
identify problems will be quick and simple<br />
to diagnose at an early stage, helping<br />
repair work to be scheduled, preventing<br />
machinery failures, reducing overall<br />
maintenance costs and improving plant<br />
safety and efficiency.<br />
3/<strong>2017</strong> maintworld 49
CONDITION ADVERTORIAL MONITORING<br />
ANALYSIS COMPARISONS<br />
STANDARD SPECTRUM ANALYSIS:<br />
TIME WAVEFORM:<br />
When using standard vibration<br />
monitoring to monitor problematic<br />
gearboxes, the levels in the vibration<br />
spectrum do not appear to be that high<br />
- 0.5 mm/sec. Looking at the spectrum<br />
you can see increasing harmonics of<br />
the suspected gear mesh frequency.<br />
To trained personnel, the gear shows<br />
potential signs of misalignment. However,<br />
to anyone who is not a vibration engineer,<br />
this means very little and can be difficult<br />
to analyse.<br />
Using the time domain, the difference in activity levels is more apparent. The high levels<br />
and activity in the top waveform is a huge contrast to the lower time waveform. Modulation<br />
can be seen in the top waveform, but to anyone other than a vibration engineer, this doesn’t<br />
mean a great deal. Note that the scales on both plots are the same at 18g’s.<br />
AUTO CORRELATION:<br />
Comparison gearbox<br />
Noisy gearbox<br />
When the time signal is auto correlated, it produces a value of between 0 and 1. When it<br />
is close to 0 it means the signal consists of random frequencies, which indicates a lack of<br />
lubrication. When close to 1, that shows that there are repeatable signals, such as impacting,<br />
indicating a broken gear tooth or a failing bearing. You can see that there is modulation in<br />
the signal on the noisy gearbox and the readings are close to 1. Even to a layman, diagnosis<br />
of the gearbox is easy.<br />
Top: healthy gearbox clearly showing<br />
lack of gear mesh frequencies. Bottom:<br />
problematic gearbox showing harmonics<br />
of the gear mesh frequency. This diagram<br />
compares vibration readings that were<br />
taken on two gearboxes – one healthy and<br />
one problematic. Note the lack of gear<br />
mesh frequencies in the healthy gearbox<br />
compared to the other.<br />
Comparison gearbox<br />
Noisy gearbox<br />
By showing the auto correlated waveform in a circular format, the difference becomes<br />
obvious and the misalignment of the gear can be clearly seen. In this case, the misalignment<br />
was due to mismatched gears.<br />
50 maintworld 3/<strong>2017</strong>
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