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Wednesday <strong>28</strong> <strong>Feb</strong>ruary <strong>2018</strong><br />

Pension Today<br />

C002D5556<br />

BUSINESS DAY<br />

In Association with<br />

31<br />

More insights into micro-pension scheme<br />

A<br />

micro-pension<br />

plan has a distinct<br />

accumulation<br />

phase as<br />

well as a payout<br />

phase. During the accumulation<br />

phase, a member<br />

contributes towards accumulating<br />

balances. The<br />

value of such accumulation<br />

depends on the amount<br />

of contributions less preretirement<br />

withdrawals plus<br />

returns (net of investment<br />

management expenses) obtained<br />

from the investment<br />

of funds.<br />

It is usual for administrative<br />

expenses to be borne by<br />

the members collectively.<br />

These however need to be<br />

transparent and benchmarked.<br />

The accumulation<br />

phase is followed by the<br />

pay-out phase, which commences<br />

after retirement<br />

in most cases. During this<br />

phase, the member receives<br />

income from the pension<br />

fund either as a lump sum<br />

or in a phased manner.<br />

Product Features<br />

A pension product for<br />

low-income groups should<br />

be designed to take into account<br />

the constraints faced<br />

by, and the needs of these<br />

individuals. As income<br />

streams may be uncertain or<br />

volatile, the product should<br />

offer a degree of financial<br />

flexibility calling for low<br />

or no minimum contribution<br />

requirements so as to<br />

encourage membership.<br />

However, contributions that<br />

are set too low or which are<br />

paid in a sporadic manner<br />

may not provide sufficient<br />

income security.<br />

Experience with micro-savings<br />

indicates that<br />

low-income groups prefer<br />

lower-value and frequent<br />

deposits rather than infrequent<br />

larger-value deposits.<br />

As there are competing<br />

demands on their resources,<br />

it is difficult for these<br />

groups to accumulate large<br />

amounts. In order to facilitate<br />

the making of frequent<br />

deposits and to remove<br />

prohibitive time and travel<br />

costs, convenient door-todoor<br />

deposit collection is<br />

favoured.Furthermore, the<br />

product features should be<br />

uncomplicated to enable all<br />

individuals, including those<br />

with low levels of financial<br />

literacy understand and<br />

monitor them.<br />

The duration of pension<br />

products should be longterm,<br />

though a roll-over<br />

option after each ten-year<br />

term may be less daunting<br />

for low-income groups. The<br />

age at which the first withdrawal<br />

is permitted may or<br />

may not coincide with the<br />

retirement age.<br />

The other design alternatives<br />

are to provide either<br />

easy withdrawal options<br />

or loans against deposited<br />

amounts. But these features<br />

result in increased transaction<br />

costs and reduces the<br />

period over which compounding<br />

occurs; resulting<br />

in a lower level of accumulated<br />

balances and hence<br />

retirement income. The<br />

tradeoffs between current<br />

needs and future income<br />

security in retirement.<br />

Risk Management<br />

In the pay-out phase,<br />

longevity, investment and<br />

inflation risks need to be addressed.<br />

In addition, survivors’<br />

benefits and disability<br />

insurance are also essential.<br />

Survivors’ benefits are particularly<br />

important.<br />

Longevity risk derives<br />

from the fact that although<br />

each individual will die<br />

eventually; the age, the<br />

cause, and the place of his<br />

or her death are not known.<br />

Some may die within a short<br />

period after retirement,<br />

while others may live for a<br />

much longer period. The<br />

latter category of persons<br />

may find their financial<br />

resources exhausted, while<br />

those dying early in retirement<br />

may not face this challenge.<br />

The earlier the age at<br />

which the first withdrawal<br />

is permitted, the longer<br />

the period for which the<br />

accumulated balances will<br />

be required to be used to<br />

finance income in old age.<br />

Investment risk refers<br />

to the risk of return from<br />

the portfolio that the pension<br />

fund invests in. In the<br />

risk-return continuum, a<br />

lower degree of risk is desirable<br />

for micro-pension<br />

plans because of the lower<br />

risk-bearing capacity of the<br />

low-income population. In<br />

order to ensure an adequate<br />

rate of return on small deposits,<br />

the transaction costs<br />

involved need to be kept<br />

low. This is a challenge that<br />

must be met both through<br />

technology-based solutions<br />

and deliberate efforts to<br />

realize economies of scale<br />

Micro-pensions<br />

must offer a<br />

reliable means<br />

for the collection<br />

of small-value<br />

deposits on a<br />

frequent basis<br />

at locations<br />

convenient to the<br />

customer<br />

and scope.<br />

Taking into account the<br />

lengthy time horizon within<br />

which micro-pensions operate,<br />

inflation risks are<br />

important, and particularly<br />

so in view of the limited resources<br />

of the poor. In much<br />

of Africa, inflation risk is<br />

one of the main reasons<br />

why savings for old age are<br />

placed in assets, such as by<br />

investing in land, housing<br />

and livestock.<br />

Micro-pensions must<br />

offer a reliable means for<br />

the collection of small-value<br />

deposits on a frequent basis<br />

at locations convenient to<br />

the customer. Given the<br />

large demography in Nigeria,<br />

a challenge is to put<br />

in place a truly nationwide<br />

distribution channel for<br />

micro-pensions.<br />

Micro-credit loans are<br />

essentially short-term in nature<br />

and range between one<br />

and three years, with a oneyear<br />

term being the most<br />

common. Although repeat<br />

loans are often observed,<br />

the time horizon is usually<br />

not as long as that of micro<br />

pension schemes. Hence,<br />

the two financial services<br />

(loans and deposits) may<br />

not overlap entirely and to<br />

that extent there may not be<br />

cost savings.<br />

Micro Pensions functions<br />

include the following;<br />

firstly, the reliable collection<br />

of contributions, taxes and<br />

other receipts, including<br />

any loan payments. The<br />

second concerns the payment<br />

of benefits for each<br />

of the schemes in a timely<br />

and correct way. The third<br />

involves securing financial<br />

management and productive<br />

investment of provident<br />

and pension fund assets.<br />

The fourth core function<br />

is maintaining an effective<br />

communication network,<br />

including the development<br />

of accurate data and recordkeeping<br />

mechanisms to<br />

support collection, payment<br />

and financial activities. The<br />

fifth is the production of<br />

financial statements and<br />

reports that are tied to providing<br />

effective and reliable<br />

governance, fiduciary responsibility,<br />

transparency,<br />

and accountability. The<br />

sixth function, it is to provide<br />

customers with appropriate<br />

financial education<br />

and to increase financial<br />

literacy.<br />

Communication<br />

The communication<br />

strategy with potential customers<br />

should be creatively<br />

managed. For instance; for<br />

products such as micropensions<br />

that operate with a<br />

lengthy time horizon, offering<br />

fixed interest rates may<br />

be difficult; accordingly,<br />

flexible interest rates may<br />

be more appropriate. The<br />

concept of flexible interest<br />

rates may however be hard<br />

to explain to customers<br />

with low levels of financial<br />

literacy. It is therefore incumbent<br />

upon institutions<br />

to effectively explain the<br />

product to customers, it’s<br />

important that the potential<br />

customers are equipped<br />

with sufficient knowledge<br />

to enable them to explain<br />

the products to their family<br />

members.

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