BusinessDay 28 Feb 2018
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Wednesday <strong>28</strong> <strong>Feb</strong>ruary <strong>2018</strong><br />
Pension Today<br />
C002D5556<br />
BUSINESS DAY<br />
In Association with<br />
31<br />
More insights into micro-pension scheme<br />
A<br />
micro-pension<br />
plan has a distinct<br />
accumulation<br />
phase as<br />
well as a payout<br />
phase. During the accumulation<br />
phase, a member<br />
contributes towards accumulating<br />
balances. The<br />
value of such accumulation<br />
depends on the amount<br />
of contributions less preretirement<br />
withdrawals plus<br />
returns (net of investment<br />
management expenses) obtained<br />
from the investment<br />
of funds.<br />
It is usual for administrative<br />
expenses to be borne by<br />
the members collectively.<br />
These however need to be<br />
transparent and benchmarked.<br />
The accumulation<br />
phase is followed by the<br />
pay-out phase, which commences<br />
after retirement<br />
in most cases. During this<br />
phase, the member receives<br />
income from the pension<br />
fund either as a lump sum<br />
or in a phased manner.<br />
Product Features<br />
A pension product for<br />
low-income groups should<br />
be designed to take into account<br />
the constraints faced<br />
by, and the needs of these<br />
individuals. As income<br />
streams may be uncertain or<br />
volatile, the product should<br />
offer a degree of financial<br />
flexibility calling for low<br />
or no minimum contribution<br />
requirements so as to<br />
encourage membership.<br />
However, contributions that<br />
are set too low or which are<br />
paid in a sporadic manner<br />
may not provide sufficient<br />
income security.<br />
Experience with micro-savings<br />
indicates that<br />
low-income groups prefer<br />
lower-value and frequent<br />
deposits rather than infrequent<br />
larger-value deposits.<br />
As there are competing<br />
demands on their resources,<br />
it is difficult for these<br />
groups to accumulate large<br />
amounts. In order to facilitate<br />
the making of frequent<br />
deposits and to remove<br />
prohibitive time and travel<br />
costs, convenient door-todoor<br />
deposit collection is<br />
favoured.Furthermore, the<br />
product features should be<br />
uncomplicated to enable all<br />
individuals, including those<br />
with low levels of financial<br />
literacy understand and<br />
monitor them.<br />
The duration of pension<br />
products should be longterm,<br />
though a roll-over<br />
option after each ten-year<br />
term may be less daunting<br />
for low-income groups. The<br />
age at which the first withdrawal<br />
is permitted may or<br />
may not coincide with the<br />
retirement age.<br />
The other design alternatives<br />
are to provide either<br />
easy withdrawal options<br />
or loans against deposited<br />
amounts. But these features<br />
result in increased transaction<br />
costs and reduces the<br />
period over which compounding<br />
occurs; resulting<br />
in a lower level of accumulated<br />
balances and hence<br />
retirement income. The<br />
tradeoffs between current<br />
needs and future income<br />
security in retirement.<br />
Risk Management<br />
In the pay-out phase,<br />
longevity, investment and<br />
inflation risks need to be addressed.<br />
In addition, survivors’<br />
benefits and disability<br />
insurance are also essential.<br />
Survivors’ benefits are particularly<br />
important.<br />
Longevity risk derives<br />
from the fact that although<br />
each individual will die<br />
eventually; the age, the<br />
cause, and the place of his<br />
or her death are not known.<br />
Some may die within a short<br />
period after retirement,<br />
while others may live for a<br />
much longer period. The<br />
latter category of persons<br />
may find their financial<br />
resources exhausted, while<br />
those dying early in retirement<br />
may not face this challenge.<br />
The earlier the age at<br />
which the first withdrawal<br />
is permitted, the longer<br />
the period for which the<br />
accumulated balances will<br />
be required to be used to<br />
finance income in old age.<br />
Investment risk refers<br />
to the risk of return from<br />
the portfolio that the pension<br />
fund invests in. In the<br />
risk-return continuum, a<br />
lower degree of risk is desirable<br />
for micro-pension<br />
plans because of the lower<br />
risk-bearing capacity of the<br />
low-income population. In<br />
order to ensure an adequate<br />
rate of return on small deposits,<br />
the transaction costs<br />
involved need to be kept<br />
low. This is a challenge that<br />
must be met both through<br />
technology-based solutions<br />
and deliberate efforts to<br />
realize economies of scale<br />
Micro-pensions<br />
must offer a<br />
reliable means<br />
for the collection<br />
of small-value<br />
deposits on a<br />
frequent basis<br />
at locations<br />
convenient to the<br />
customer<br />
and scope.<br />
Taking into account the<br />
lengthy time horizon within<br />
which micro-pensions operate,<br />
inflation risks are<br />
important, and particularly<br />
so in view of the limited resources<br />
of the poor. In much<br />
of Africa, inflation risk is<br />
one of the main reasons<br />
why savings for old age are<br />
placed in assets, such as by<br />
investing in land, housing<br />
and livestock.<br />
Micro-pensions must<br />
offer a reliable means for<br />
the collection of small-value<br />
deposits on a frequent basis<br />
at locations convenient to<br />
the customer. Given the<br />
large demography in Nigeria,<br />
a challenge is to put<br />
in place a truly nationwide<br />
distribution channel for<br />
micro-pensions.<br />
Micro-credit loans are<br />
essentially short-term in nature<br />
and range between one<br />
and three years, with a oneyear<br />
term being the most<br />
common. Although repeat<br />
loans are often observed,<br />
the time horizon is usually<br />
not as long as that of micro<br />
pension schemes. Hence,<br />
the two financial services<br />
(loans and deposits) may<br />
not overlap entirely and to<br />
that extent there may not be<br />
cost savings.<br />
Micro Pensions functions<br />
include the following;<br />
firstly, the reliable collection<br />
of contributions, taxes and<br />
other receipts, including<br />
any loan payments. The<br />
second concerns the payment<br />
of benefits for each<br />
of the schemes in a timely<br />
and correct way. The third<br />
involves securing financial<br />
management and productive<br />
investment of provident<br />
and pension fund assets.<br />
The fourth core function<br />
is maintaining an effective<br />
communication network,<br />
including the development<br />
of accurate data and recordkeeping<br />
mechanisms to<br />
support collection, payment<br />
and financial activities. The<br />
fifth is the production of<br />
financial statements and<br />
reports that are tied to providing<br />
effective and reliable<br />
governance, fiduciary responsibility,<br />
transparency,<br />
and accountability. The<br />
sixth function, it is to provide<br />
customers with appropriate<br />
financial education<br />
and to increase financial<br />
literacy.<br />
Communication<br />
The communication<br />
strategy with potential customers<br />
should be creatively<br />
managed. For instance; for<br />
products such as micropensions<br />
that operate with a<br />
lengthy time horizon, offering<br />
fixed interest rates may<br />
be difficult; accordingly,<br />
flexible interest rates may<br />
be more appropriate. The<br />
concept of flexible interest<br />
rates may however be hard<br />
to explain to customers<br />
with low levels of financial<br />
literacy. It is therefore incumbent<br />
upon institutions<br />
to effectively explain the<br />
product to customers, it’s<br />
important that the potential<br />
customers are equipped<br />
with sufficient knowledge<br />
to enable them to explain<br />
the products to their family<br />
members.