Fertigation: Optimizing the Utilization of Water and Nutrients - SSWM

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Global Aspects of Fertigation Usage Uzi Kafkafi Department of Field Crops, Faculty of Agricultural, Food & Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, P.O. Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel. E-‐mail: kafkafi@agri.huji.ac.il. Abstract Shortage of water for desert agriculture was the first stimulus for the development of drip irrigation in Israel in 1960. Incorporation of fertilizers and clogging problem led to the development of the second generation of drippers, which featured turbulent flow. Within 40 years the principle of delivering water and nutrients to a specific zone near the plant roots has spread all over the world, and is now applied to greenhouses, row crops, vegetables and plantations. Computer-‐controlled irrigation and fertilization led to savings in labor costs and to accurate timing of irrigation. The flexibility of the fertigation system, at all scales from the individual small farmer using gravity driven irrigation to huge plantations and field areas, is one aspect that has quickly led to world-‐wide acceptance. The shortage of irrigation water worldwide is another factor that drives the expansion of fertigation, as well as the ability to safely use recycled sewage water for agriculture. Keywords: crops, development steps, global expansion, nutrients supply rate, N form, subsurface drip irrigation. Introduction An old proverb says: “Necessity is the mother of all inventions”. Subsurface trickle irrigation using a system of canvas tubes was tried by Robey (1934). In Israel, where water scarcity was the main stimulus, adoption of drip irrigation started from zero in 1960 and reached 6,000 ha by 1974; practical acceptance proceeded faster than research (Ravitz and Hillel, 1974). Flood and canal irrigation methods date back thousands of years in Egypt, Mesopotamia, India and China, and are still in use. Irrigation of small plots with water carried by hand in buckets is still practiced in many countries. 8
The worldwide irrigated areas are presented as percentages of the total land area in a map produced by the FAO (Siebert et al., 2005). The most heavily irrigated areas are in China and India, the world’s most populated countries. Drip irrigation of closely spaced row-‐planted crops such as wheat and rice is not economic, therefore, the sprinkler or flood systems are common. Today, leisure industries and facilities such as football pitches, golf courses and tennis courts have adopted subsurface trickle irrigation systems to extend their availability, albeit at high costs. “Fertigation” – “fertilization” plus “irrigation” – was applied to tomatoes grown on sand dunes in a field experiment performed in 1969 (Sagiv and Kafkafi., 1974), and Goldberg et al. (1971) reported the distribution of minerals and nutrients from a point source of irrigation to roots. Fertigation has now spread all over the world. Benefits of drip irrigation and fertigation Technological turning points in drip irrigation development in Israel 1960 1965 1976 1980 1983 1990 2000 Use of a perforated rubber tube for subsurface irrigation (Blass, 1964). First plastic linear-‐flow dripper produced by Netafim was used in the field in the southern Negev. Precipitated chemicals blocked the flow, which resulted in the development of the turbulent flow dripper (1970). Pressure-‐regulated dripper is developed, allowing constant flow in spite of pressure fluctuations of 3.5 atmospheres. It provides regulated flow and self cleaning. First use of drip irrigation in large areas of corn and cotton fields. Increases yields by ~25-‐35%. Enclosure of the dripper within a smooth tube is developed, to enable mechanical rolling and spreading (multi-‐season pressure regulation). Special stick-‐in drippers developed for greenhouse use. New family of integral drippers, especially suited for subsurface drip irrigation. Expected benefits from fertigation 1. 2. 3. 4. Improved nutrient availability. Enhanced plant nutrient uptake. Reduced fertilizer application rates and water requirements. Minimized nutrients losses through leaching. 9
Page 1 and 2: Fertigation Proceedings: Selected P
Page 3 and 4: © All rights held by: Internationa
Page 5: Yield and Fruit Quality of Tomato a
Page 8 and 9: Preface Irrigation is a crucial com
Page 12 and 13: 5. 6. 7. Prevents salt injuries to
Page 14 and 15: Fertigation reduces the amount of h
Page 16 and 17: Fertilizer delivery There are two m
Page 18 and 19: concentration can result in ammonia
Page 20 and 21: Scheduling fertigation Nutrient ele
Page 22: soil temperatures are high, i.e., u
Page 25: Kafkafi, U. 1994. Combined irrigati
Page 29 and 30: Introduction The rapid economic dev
Page 31 and 32: However, small changes in the assum
Page 34 and 35: and industrial feedstocks (Table 1)
Page 36: Environmentally sound nutrient mana
Page 39 and 40: fertilizers also show promise for i
Page 41: Matson, P., P. Loiseau, and S.J. Ha
Page 45: minimizing detrimental effects of e
Page 48 and 49: Fig. 2. Schematic representation of
Page 50: Deficiencies of K and/or Mg cause m
Page 53: nutritional status of the plants. T
Page 56 and 57: Conclusions The existing data indic
Page 59: Close, D.C., C.L. Beadle, and M.J.
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Wang, Y.J., M. Wisniewski, R. Melia
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strongly for potable water, but whi
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In Asia, 84% of the water is used f
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Discussion Value of nutrients in TW
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sources are presented in Table 3. T
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Fig. 4. P concentration in soil pro
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Cornel, P. ,and B. Weber. 2004. Wat
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Introduction “Fertigation” is a
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Young bearing trees Thompson et al.
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Fig.3. Effects of fertilizer source
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(TSS) yield was 16% greater with fe
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surficial aquifer underneath citrus
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Fig. 8. Comparison of the effects o
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Fig. 10. Fruit yield responses (6-
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Fertigation of Deciduous Fruit Tree
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demand more precisely than in syste
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In sandy soils, it is also possible
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supplied N at about 63 kg/ha, indic
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Phosphorus Fertigation is known to
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Conclusions Fertigation offers the
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Neilsen, D., P. Millard, L.C. Herbe
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consumed as table grapes, 16% are d
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Table 1. Estimates of approximate p
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affected by rootstock (Treeby et al
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The table grape fertigation decisio
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References Alexander, D. McE. 1957.
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Henschke, P.A., and V. Jiranek. 199
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Zerihun, A., and M.T. Treeby. 2002.
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integration of this knowledge into
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Table 1: Concentrations of macro-
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y moderate application rates (maxim
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Fig. 7. Outgrowth but not the numbe
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scarcity, micro-‐irrigation sys
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Conclusions The presented case stud
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Fertigation in Greenhouse Productio
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Table 2. Target values for nutrient
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Table 4. Water and nitrogen efficie
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quantity and quality is therefore s
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To control the model, the moisture
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(1) (2) Table 6. Results of a 3-
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References Adams, P. 1991. Effects
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Effects of Fertigation Regime on Bl
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incidence of BER in pepper fruits (
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eported an increase in the incidenc
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oth the fruits and the young leaves
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The use of the ECS reduced the inci
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Fig. 5. The effects of Mn on the Na
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Bar-‐Tal, A., and E. Pressman.
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Maynard, D.N., W.S. Barham, and C.L
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Fertigation in Micro-‐irrigated
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other irrigation systems. These hig
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secondary elements, and micro-‐
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supplied by applying part of the fe
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Locascio, S.J., and J.M. Myers. 197
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Yield and Fruit Quality of Tomato a
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Table 1. Effects of K:Ca ratios on
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Munson, R.D. 1985. Potassium in Agr
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nutrients, and certain species are
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via drip lines with a dripper for e
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Prior to the start of the greenhous
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Both Chlamydomonas spp. and Scenede
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Ravina, I., E. Paz, Z. Sofer, A. Ma
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common methods of irrigation includ
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then be used to describe crop water
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In aiming to optimize fertigation e
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Interactive Effects of Nutrients an
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nutrient levels, especially when th
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supply will not improve plant growt
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