Fertigation: Optimizing the Utilization of Water and Nutrients - SSWM

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Fertigation reduces the amount of heavy work and minimizes the number of man hours involved in traditional methods of irrigation, such as furrow irrigation or flood irrigation. The ability to deliver an exact amount of nutrients and water to a specific plant in the field, at an exactly specified time under the remote control of a computer offers many advantages. It saves labor, avoids traffic movements on wet soils, thereby preventing compaction, saves water by avoiding delivery of water to unplanted areas such as traffic lanes and wide spaces between rows, minimizes evaporative water loss from bare soil by applying fertigation beneath plastic mulch. These advantages have made this system acceptable at all scales of agriculture production systems, from small-‐ holdings to huge plantations. The ability to irrigate undulating soil surfaces enabled vineyards and tree plantations to be established in areas that were not accessible to agriculture before. However, the high costs of trickle systems have confined this irrigation method to locations where labor prices are high, water is scarce, and quality crops have a rich market that can cover the high investment costs. The use of recycled sewage water A particular development of surface and subsurface trickle irrigation is related to the increasing use of recycled sewage water for agriculture. Two main factors drive this development: 1) water shortage – sewage treatment systems and collecting dams for irrigation are already in use; and 2) because of environmental considerations, industrial effluents are reused and currently form about 70% of the water used in Israel’s agriculture (Arlozoroff, 1996). Agricultural water use and comparisons with water resources worldwide were reported by the FAO (2005): the various regions differ markedly in their percentages of renewable water resources, in the decending order: Near East and North Africa – 51%, South Asia – 36%, East Asia – 8%, 90 developing countries – 8%, sub-‐Saharan Africa – 3%, and Latin America – 1%. Withdrawal of water for irrigation was estimated to account for only 8% per cent of the total renewable water resources of the 90 developing countries. However, there are wide variations between regions in the percentages of water used for irrigation: the Near East and North Africa use 53% of their water resources for irrigation, whereas Latin America uses barely 1%. The variations between individual countries are even wider: in 2000, ten countries used more than 40% of their water resources for irrigation, a situation which can be considered critical. An additional nine countries used more than 20% of their water resources for that purpose, a situation that may indicate that they are on the threshold of impending water scarcity. For several countries, relatively low national figures may give an overly optimistic impression of the level of water stress: China, for instance, is facing severe water shortage in the north, whereas the south still has 12
abundant water resources. Already by 2000, two countries, Libya and Saudi Arabia, used volumes of water for irrigation which were several times larger than their annual water resources. Local groundwater mining also occurs in several other countries of the Near East, South and East Asia, Central America and the Caribbean, even if at the national level the water balance may still be positive. Advantages of fertigation over fertilization Fertigation has specific advantages over band placement or broadcast fertilization. Frequent supply of nutrients reduces fluctuations of nutrient concentration in the soil solution. Efficient and precise application of nutrients that matches changing plant physiological demands. Fertilizers are supplied only to the irrigated soil volume. Nutrients can be applied to the soil to compensate for nitrogen (N) leaching caused by excessive rains, when soil or crop conditions would prohibit entry into the field with conventional equipment. Drip fertigation has further advantages (Haynes, 1985) over other methods of fertigation such as sprinkle irrigation. Increased fertilizer use efficiency, because nutrients are applied only to the active root zone, which reduces losses of nutrients through leaching or soil fixation. The crop foliage remains dry, thus reducing incidence of pests or diseases, and avoiding foliage burn. Fertigation can be applied under all weather conditions; it is unaffected by wind, and is free of the runoff associated with sprinkler irrigation. It is the most suitable method for protected and plastic-‐covered crops. Drip fertigation systems Each drip fertigation systems is designed for a specific combination of crop, climate and soil, and comprises the following components in conjunction with a drip irrigation system. 13
Page 1 and 2: Fertigation Proceedings: Selected P
Page 3 and 4: © All rights held by: Internationa
Page 5: Yield and Fruit Quality of Tomato a
Page 8 and 9: Preface Irrigation is a crucial com
Page 10 and 11: Global Aspects of Fertigation Usage
Page 12 and 13: 5. 6. 7. Prevents salt injuries to
Page 16 and 17: Fertilizer delivery There are two m
Page 18 and 19: concentration can result in ammonia
Page 20 and 21: Scheduling fertigation Nutrient ele
Page 22: soil temperatures are high, i.e., u
Page 25: Kafkafi, U. 1994. Combined irrigati
Page 29 and 30: Introduction The rapid economic dev
Page 31 and 32: However, small changes in the assum
Page 34 and 35: and industrial feedstocks (Table 1)
Page 36: Environmentally sound nutrient mana
Page 39 and 40: fertilizers also show promise for i
Page 41: Matson, P., P. Loiseau, and S.J. Ha
Page 45: minimizing detrimental effects of e
Page 48 and 49: Fig. 2. Schematic representation of
Page 50: Deficiencies of K and/or Mg cause m
Page 53: nutritional status of the plants. T
Page 56 and 57: Conclusions The existing data indic
Page 59: Close, D.C., C.L. Beadle, and M.J.
Page 63: Wang, Y.J., M. Wisniewski, R. Melia
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strongly for potable water, but whi
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In Asia, 84% of the water is used f
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Discussion Value of nutrients in TW
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sources are presented in Table 3. T
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Fig. 4. P concentration in soil pro
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Cornel, P. ,and B. Weber. 2004. Wat
Page 80 and 81:
Introduction “Fertigation” is a
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Young bearing trees Thompson et al.
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Fig.3. Effects of fertilizer source
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(TSS) yield was 16% greater with fe
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surficial aquifer underneath citrus
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Fig. 8. Comparison of the effects o
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Fig. 10. Fruit yield responses (6-
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Fertigation of Deciduous Fruit Tree
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demand more precisely than in syste
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In sandy soils, it is also possible
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supplied N at about 63 kg/ha, indic
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Phosphorus Fertigation is known to
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Conclusions Fertigation offers the
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Neilsen, D., P. Millard, L.C. Herbe
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consumed as table grapes, 16% are d
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Table 1. Estimates of approximate p
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affected by rootstock (Treeby et al
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The table grape fertigation decisio
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References Alexander, D. McE. 1957.
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Henschke, P.A., and V. Jiranek. 199
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Zerihun, A., and M.T. Treeby. 2002.
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integration of this knowledge into
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Table 1: Concentrations of macro-
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y moderate application rates (maxim
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Fig. 7. Outgrowth but not the numbe
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scarcity, micro-‐irrigation sys
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Conclusions The presented case stud
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Fertigation in Greenhouse Productio
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Table 2. Target values for nutrient
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Table 4. Water and nitrogen efficie
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quantity and quality is therefore s
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To control the model, the moisture
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(1) (2) Table 6. Results of a 3-
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References Adams, P. 1991. Effects
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Effects of Fertigation Regime on Bl
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incidence of BER in pepper fruits (
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eported an increase in the incidenc
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oth the fruits and the young leaves
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The use of the ECS reduced the inci
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Fig. 5. The effects of Mn on the Na
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Bar-‐Tal, A., and E. Pressman.
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Maynard, D.N., W.S. Barham, and C.L
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Fertigation in Micro-‐irrigated
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other irrigation systems. These hig
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secondary elements, and micro-‐
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supplied by applying part of the fe
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Locascio, S.J., and J.M. Myers. 197
Page 200 and 201:
Yield and Fruit Quality of Tomato a
Page 202 and 203:
Table 1. Effects of K:Ca ratios on
Page 204:
Munson, R.D. 1985. Potassium in Agr
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nutrients, and certain species are
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via drip lines with a dripper for e
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Prior to the start of the greenhous
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Both Chlamydomonas spp. and Scenede
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Ravina, I., E. Paz, Z. Sofer, A. Ma
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common methods of irrigation includ
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then be used to describe crop water
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In aiming to optimize fertigation e
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Interactive Effects of Nutrients an
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nutrient levels, especially when th
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supply will not improve plant growt
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