Fertigation: Optimizing the Utilization of Water and Nutrients - SSWM

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Role of Mineral Nutrients in Tolerance of Crop Plants to Environmental Stress Factors Ismail Cakmak Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul, Turkey. E-‐mail: cakmak@sabanciuniv.edu. Abstract Around 60% of cultivated soils worldwide have plant-‐growth-‐limiting problems caused by mineral nutrient deficiencies and toxicities. Therefore, improving the mineral nutritional status of plants under marginal environmental conditions is of great importance for maintenance of crop productivity. In most cases plants growing under marginal environmental conditions (e.g. salinity, low and high temperatures, and drought) receive much more sunlight than they can utilize in photosynthetic electron transport and CO2 fixation. This causes excessive accumulation of absorbed light energy and of photoreductants in the chloroplasts, which leads to activation of molecular O2 to reactive oxygen species (ROS). When ROS are not adequately scavenged, photooxidative damage occurs in the chloroplasts, and leads to chlorophyll damage, lipid peroxidation and, consequently, cell death. By limiting the utilization of absorbed light energy in photosynthesis, environmental stress factors increase the potential for photooxidative damage in chloroplasts. Because an adequate supply of mineral nutrients is indispensable for maintenance of photosynthetic electron transport and carbon metabolism, impairment of the mineral nutritional status of plants under marginal environmental conditions can exacerbate photooxidative damage and limit plant performance. In the present study, several examples are given, which show that plants exposed to environmental stresses require additional supplies of mineral nutrients, particularly nitrogen (N), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca) and zinc (Zn) to minimize the adverse affects of stresses. Enhanced production of ROS in plants under marginal conditions is not caused only by impairment of photosynthetic electron transport. It appears likely that an NADPH-‐dependent oxidase is another important source of ROS, which is stimulated by drought, chilling, and/or salinity. Of the mineral nutrients, K and Zn seem to interfere with the NADPH-‐ oxidizing enzyme and thus to provide additional protection against damaging attack of ROS under salinity, drought and chilling stress. It is concluded that improving the mineral nutritional status of crop plants is of great importance for 35
Page 1 and 2: Fertigation Proceedings: Selected P
Page 3 and 4: © All rights held by: Internationa
Page 5: Yield and Fruit Quality of Tomato a
Page 8 and 9: Preface Irrigation is a crucial com
Page 10 and 11: Global Aspects of Fertigation Usage
Page 12 and 13: 5. 6. 7. Prevents salt injuries to
Page 14 and 15: Fertigation reduces the amount of h
Page 16 and 17: Fertilizer delivery There are two m
Page 18 and 19: concentration can result in ammonia
Page 20 and 21: Scheduling fertigation Nutrient ele
Page 22: soil temperatures are high, i.e., u
Page 25: Kafkafi, U. 1994. Combined irrigati
Page 29 and 30: Introduction The rapid economic dev
Page 31 and 32: However, small changes in the assum
Page 34 and 35: and industrial feedstocks (Table 1)
Page 36: Environmentally sound nutrient mana
Page 39 and 40: fertilizers also show promise for i
Page 41: Matson, P., P. Loiseau, and S.J. Ha
Page 47 and 48: Fig. 1. Record yields (yields under
Page 49 and 50: Violaxanthin high light low light A
Page 52 and 53: enzymes, which suggests a role of s
Page 55 and 56: Chilling Formation of ROS by NADPH
Page 57: Bendixen, R., J. Gerendas, K. Schin
Page 61: Kato, M.C., K. Hikosaka, N. Hirotsu
Page 65 and 66: Potential Development of Fertigatio
Page 67 and 68: TWW, and in the near future this wi
Page 69: irrigation systems is estimated at
Page 72 and 73: The contribution of the nutrients i
Page 74 and 75: from TWW is far larger than the cro
Page 76 and 77: Fig. 5. K concentration (ppm, CaCl2
Page 79 and 80: Role of Fertigation in Horticultura
Page 81 and 82: Results and discussion Young tree g
Page 83: the yield of soluble solids, and by
Page 86 and 87: area. This study demonstrated that
Page 88 and 89: Fig. 5. Fruit yield and total solub
Page 90 and 91: Fig. 7. Five-‐year mean fruit y
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Fig. 9. Fruit yield and soluble sol
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Dasberg, S., A. Bar-‐Akiva, S.
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Deciduous fruit trees are character
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equirements. In the experiments des
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It has been well established that w
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Fig. 6. Soil solution K concentrati
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Effects of fertigation on soil prop
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Haynes, R.J. 1985. Principles of fe
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Manipulating Grapevine Annual Shoot
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publications -‐ general princip
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any indication as to what level of
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asal bunch at 50% cap fall is used
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Table 3. Published total seasonal i
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Conradie, W.J. 1980. Seasonal uptak
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Ruhl, E.H. 1989. Effect of potassiu
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Non-‐Nutritional Fertigation Ef
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(pH 7.5) during a 68-‐day cultu
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These findings suggest a key role f
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the presence of nitrate there is a
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In accordance with the same princip
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Fig. 11. Zinc deficiency-‐induc
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Yamasaki, M.F., and H. Takahashi. 2
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The accurate control over many proc
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Environmental problems In recent ye
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Heemskerk et al. (1997) listed the
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(Voogt et al., 2000). The basic pri
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Table 5. The average soil mineral N
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Table 7. Water quality standards fo
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van den Bos, A.L. 2001. Minimale fo
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1993; Ho and White, 2005; Marcelis
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The composition of the soil solutio
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found that BER incidence was well c
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translocation to plant organs is vi
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that affect the fruit growth rate (
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the relationships between BER incid
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De Kreij, C. 1996. Interactive effe
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Turhan, E., L. Karni, H. Aktas, G.
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Keywords: drip irrigation, irrigati
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irrigation was scheduled by means o
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Frequency of fertigation Fertigatio
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Doss, B.D., J.L. Turner, and C.E. E
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Pitts, D.J., and G.A. Clark. 1991.
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as Ca, N, or Mg. A high K:Ca ratio
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Table 3. Effects of K:Ca ratios on
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Do Algae Cause Growth-‐Promotin
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The nutrient solution contained: as
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the drain solution at the end of th
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Table 1. Occurrence of algae in dif
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Acknowledgements This study was sup
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Fertigation in Arid Regions and Sal
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A saline soil is not a sodic soil;
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through the irrigation water offers
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Principle. For example, when AS was
Page 229 and 230:
Hillel, 2000). Nutrient disturbance
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Fig. 2. The interactive effects of
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