Fertigation: Optimizing the Utilization of Water and Nutrients - SSWM

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Preface Irrigation is a crucial component in the production of food crops. While various types of flood irrigation have been practiced for thousands of years, water scarcity in more recent years has stretched the innovative nature of man and since the early years of the 60s trickle and other micro-‐irrigation systems have been rapidly developed. Now at the onset of the 21st century, the growing demand on water resources by the agricultural, urban and industrial sectors is, creating even more opportunities for the use of advanced irrigation technologies. Fertigation -‐ the incorporation of soluble fertilizers into irrigation lines enabled -‐ for the first time -‐ harmonization and integration between the application of water and plant nutrients. This was a natural development to meet the requirement of limited root zone development with micro-‐irrigation systems. Fertigation also enables the productive use of saline and marginal soils, sand dunes and mountain slopes bringing them into agriculturally productive soils; it also enables efficient use of nutrients, saving of labor, reduction of weed growth and herbicide usage as well as the use of low quality water. The tremendous potential of fertigation in saving water and fertilizers without compromising the yield and the quality of food and fibre crops, along with the reduction of nutrient losses to the environment makes it an attractive system to which governments should consider assisting farmers in their initial investment requirements. The flexibility of this technique enables its use in small scale farming as well as in large industrial field crops and plantation production systems. The papers in these proceedings describe various issues relating to fertigation in different cropping systems and agro environments. These data can be used as a starting point for the expansion of scientific knowledge and the practical use of fertigation, to meet more and more site specific needs and demands arising from water scarcity and ecological intensification of crop production and the resources needed. The 16 papers presented in these proceedings demonstrate the introduction of intensive field and theoretical efforts of very high scientific knowledge in solving a wide range of practical problems. These studies are wide ranging covering agricultural and horticultural production from vegetable to orchard crops and hydroponics as well as the interactions of nutrients with salinity in plant development. 6
It is my hope that this symposium and its proceedings will serve as a significant step in the development and dissemination of fertigation in the fast growing agriculture of China. Using this technology, scientists, extension officers and farmers have provision for a stable and sustainable production of food for all. Uzi Kafkafi Faculty of Agriculture The Hebrew University of Jerusalem 7
Page 1 and 2: Fertigation Proceedings: Selected P
Page 3 and 4: © All rights held by: Internationa
Page 5: Yield and Fruit Quality of Tomato a
Page 10 and 11: Global Aspects of Fertigation Usage
Page 12 and 13: 5. 6. 7. Prevents salt injuries to
Page 14 and 15: Fertigation reduces the amount of h
Page 16 and 17: Fertilizer delivery There are two m
Page 18 and 19: concentration can result in ammonia
Page 20 and 21: Scheduling fertigation Nutrient ele
Page 22: soil temperatures are high, i.e., u
Page 25: Kafkafi, U. 1994. Combined irrigati
Page 29 and 30: Introduction The rapid economic dev
Page 31 and 32: However, small changes in the assum
Page 34 and 35: and industrial feedstocks (Table 1)
Page 36: Environmentally sound nutrient mana
Page 39 and 40: fertilizers also show promise for i
Page 41: Matson, P., P. Loiseau, and S.J. Ha
Page 45: minimizing detrimental effects of e
Page 48 and 49: Fig. 2. Schematic representation of
Page 50: Deficiencies of K and/or Mg cause m
Page 53: nutritional status of the plants. T
Page 56 and 57: Conclusions The existing data indic
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Close, D.C., C.L. Beadle, and M.J.
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Wang, Y.J., M. Wisniewski, R. Melia
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strongly for potable water, but whi
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In Asia, 84% of the water is used f
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Discussion Value of nutrients in TW
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sources are presented in Table 3. T
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Fig. 4. P concentration in soil pro
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Cornel, P. ,and B. Weber. 2004. Wat
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Introduction “Fertigation” is a
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Young bearing trees Thompson et al.
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Fig.3. Effects of fertilizer source
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(TSS) yield was 16% greater with fe
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surficial aquifer underneath citrus
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Fig. 8. Comparison of the effects o
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Fig. 10. Fruit yield responses (6-
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Fertigation of Deciduous Fruit Tree
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demand more precisely than in syste
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In sandy soils, it is also possible
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supplied N at about 63 kg/ha, indic
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Phosphorus Fertigation is known to
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Conclusions Fertigation offers the
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Neilsen, D., P. Millard, L.C. Herbe
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consumed as table grapes, 16% are d
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Table 1. Estimates of approximate p
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affected by rootstock (Treeby et al
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The table grape fertigation decisio
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References Alexander, D. McE. 1957.
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Henschke, P.A., and V. Jiranek. 199
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Zerihun, A., and M.T. Treeby. 2002.
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integration of this knowledge into
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Table 1: Concentrations of macro-
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y moderate application rates (maxim
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Fig. 7. Outgrowth but not the numbe
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scarcity, micro-‐irrigation sys
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Conclusions The presented case stud
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Fertigation in Greenhouse Productio
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Table 2. Target values for nutrient
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Table 4. Water and nitrogen efficie
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quantity and quality is therefore s
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To control the model, the moisture
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(1) (2) Table 6. Results of a 3-
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References Adams, P. 1991. Effects
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Effects of Fertigation Regime on Bl
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incidence of BER in pepper fruits (
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eported an increase in the incidenc
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oth the fruits and the young leaves
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The use of the ECS reduced the inci
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Fig. 5. The effects of Mn on the Na
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Bar-‐Tal, A., and E. Pressman.
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Maynard, D.N., W.S. Barham, and C.L
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Fertigation in Micro-‐irrigated
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other irrigation systems. These hig
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secondary elements, and micro-‐
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supplied by applying part of the fe
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Locascio, S.J., and J.M. Myers. 197
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Yield and Fruit Quality of Tomato a
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Table 1. Effects of K:Ca ratios on
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Munson, R.D. 1985. Potassium in Agr
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nutrients, and certain species are
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via drip lines with a dripper for e
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Prior to the start of the greenhous
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Both Chlamydomonas spp. and Scenede
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Ravina, I., E. Paz, Z. Sofer, A. Ma
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common methods of irrigation includ
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then be used to describe crop water
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In aiming to optimize fertigation e
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Interactive Effects of Nutrients an
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nutrient levels, especially when th
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supply will not improve plant growt
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