WCN_Dec17WEB

Happy Holidays! 

WEST COAST NUT 

December 2017 Issue 

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2 West Coast Nut December 2017

Drives Consistent Yield Increases. 

Right nutrients, 

Right form, 

Right time, 

Right mix. 

3000 

2250 

1500 

750 

0 

4000 

3250 

2500 

1750 

1000 

Almond Trial 

Var. Independence 

Two Bees Ag Research – Escalon CA 

lbs/acre 

lbs/acre 

2452 

2015 Data 

2938 

P = .05 

486 

Nut Meat - Weights 

n Grower Standard Program (GSP) 

n GSP + Agro-K Non-Phosphite Program 

n Difference 

3049 

2016 Data 

3563 

P = .01 

514 

Nut Meat - Weights 

n Grower Standard Program (GSP) 

n GSP + Agro-K Non-Phosphite Program 

n Difference 

Vigor SeaCal 

Zinc Plus +4 DL 

Vigor-Cal-Bor-Moly 

AgroBest 9-24-3 

BioMax Dual Action + 

Maximizing profitability in your almond orchard starts with maximizing nut set every year. 

Achieving consistency in set and minimizing alternate bearing cycles is the key to consistent 

yields and higher profits. The secret is ensuring the tree has the right nutrients at the right 

time in the right forms and right mix. Agro-K’s carbohydrate based foliar line including 

Vigor-SeaCal, Vigor-Cal-Bor-Moly and Zinc Plus +4 DL, are designed to help growers 

meet peak nutrient timings in the crop cycle. 

Nut set can be influenced by boron which enhances pollination. Calcium is synergistic with 

boron and enhances its affect. Molybdenum plays a direct role in nut set and retention. 

Agro-K’s Vigor-Cal-Bor-Moly is the perfect mix to apply from pink bud to early bloom. 

Applying Vigor-SeaCal with AgroBest 9-24-3 just prior to and during the bloom period 

provides rapid penetration, uptake and translocation of calcium and phosphate to help drive 

cell division setting the stage for large, dense nuts with maximum weight. 

The energy requirements to maximize cell division and nut fill is significant and requires large, 

healthy, and efficient functioning leaves. Zinc is essential for maximum leaf development, 

vascular function and root growth. Magnesium is critical for chlorophyll. Manganese is 

required for proper root development and nitrogen utilization. Agro-K’s Zinc +4 D.L. provides 

these key nutrients helping maximize leaf surface area, chlorophyll and root growth. 

Yield results of two consecutive years of replicated data, on the same trees, are shown in 

the charts. The increases on the treated plots equaled 486 and 514 lbs./ac in 2015 and 

2016 respectively. These nut meat yields were statistically different from the grower 

standard practice at the 5% level (P=.05) and 1% level (P=.01) respectively. 

The trial was replicated six times on 4th and 5th leaf Independence variety almonds using the 

same replicate plots in both years to demonstrate not only efficacy of a complete foliar and 

soil nutrient program but also the cumulative benefits of the Agro-K program built on sound 

agronomic principals and designed to maximize yield and minimize alternate bearing. 

Almonds naturally tend towards alternate bearing. Meeting peak nutrient demand at all 

stages of crop growth and tree development is critical to maximizing tree growth and health 

in the current year and to set the stage for next year’s production. Achieving consistent 

above average yields year over year requires a thorough understanding of plant physiology 

and nutrient demands, the right tools to address the nutrient requirements on a timely basis, 

and the commitment to stick to a long-term science-driven driven approach to nutrient 

management. If you are interested in increasing yields on a consistent basis, talk to your 

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December 2017 www.wcngg.com 3


December 2017 

www.wcngg.com 

5

From the Publisher... 

Dear West Coast Nut Reader, 

Mid-Valley 

Nut Conference 

I would like to begin by saying thank you 

to all who have participated in reading the 

magazine this year. I know that there are 

many that don’t miss a single issue and I am 

so grateful for you and your dedication to 

farming. This publication was created for 

you and to help each of us continue to move 

the nut industry forward. What an exciting 

and challenging year for our industry. 

Seven years ago, when I first published 

West Coast Nut, we began with 3,500 

readers throughout the state. Today I am 

happy to report that we reach nearly 15,000 

readers on the West Coast. I attribute this 

success to a growing interest in more effective 

farming in today’s difficult conditions. 

West Coast Nut is the leading publication 

to help growers and other allied professions 

grow tree nuts more effectively with 

timely articles on Best Practices, Laws and 

Regulations, and New Technologies. West 

Coast Nut provides the industry with 12 print 

issues per year, 5 trade shows across the 

state, and a monthly e-newsletter to help 

keep each of you informed. I hope you find 

the information valuable and timely. 

It seems like every month I learn about a 

law or regulation that is getting in the way 

of allowing our industry to grow, making it 

harder and harder to farm effectively. Our 

best chance for future success is to get 

involved. Have a voice, contact local and 

state leaders and voice your concerns. We 

must teach the next generation the values 

of defending our farming rights and instill a 

love of agricultural to them. I look forward 

to another great year in one of agriculture’s 

finest industries. May we all have a wonderful 

holiday season. Merry Christmas and 

Happy New Year to all! 

Happy Holidays, 

Jason Scott 


NORTH VALLEY 

Nut Conference 

from the Team 

- Jason, Kathy, Tiffany, 

Choua, James 

PUBLICATION 

Alm nd Day 


By the Industry, For the Industry 

Publisher: Jason Scott 

Email: jason@jcsmarketinginc.com 

Editor: Kathy Coatney 

Email: kathy@jcsmarketinginc.com 

Production: design@jcsmarketinginc.com 

Tel: 559.352.4456 

Fax: 559.472.3113 

Web: www.wcngg.com 

Contributing Writers & Industry Support 

Almond Board of California 

Contributing Writer 

Terry Brase 

West Hills College Precision 

Ag Instructor 

Charlie Hoherd 

Roscoe Moss Company 

Julie R. Johnson 


Chris McGlothlin 

Director of Technical Services, 

WAPA 

Cecilia Parsons 


Jodi Raley 

Director of Regulatory 

Affairs, WAPA 

Emily Rooney 

President, Agricultural 

Council of California 

Bob Turnbull 

Roscoe Moss Company 

Walnut Board of California 


Amy Wolfe | MPPA, CFRE 

President and CEO, AgSafe 

UC Cooperative Extension Advisory Board 

David Doll 

UCCE Farm Advisor, Merced County 

Elizabeth Fichtner 

UCCE Farm Advisor, Tulare County 

Dani Lightle 

UCCE Orchards Advisor, Glenn/Butte/Tehama Counties 

Franz Niederholzer 

UCCE Farm Advisor, Colusa/Sutter/Yuba Counties 

The articles, research, industry updates, company profiles, and 

advertisements in this publication are the professional opinions 

of writers and advertisers. West Coast Nut does not assume any 

responsibility for the opinions given in the publication. 

FEATURED ARTICLE 

Research has shown walnuts can be grown on 

Class III soils when the right soil evaluation and 

preparation has been made. That is why walnut 

orchards are now “cropping” up in regions not adjacent 

to the Sacramento and other rivers, in soils 

once considered uninhabitable for walnuts. 

See the full story on page 8 

IN THIS ISSUE 

8 

16 

20 

22 

24 

28 

36 

42 

46 

50 

52 

56 

62 

Getting Your Walnut Orchard off to a Good Start 

Technology: Using Electrical Conductivity Sensors to Measure 

Salinity 

Nutrient Applications at Almond Bloom 

Anthracnose; Is it a Threat to California Pistachios? 

Don’t Trim your Safety Program this Season–Train on Pruning 

Hazards 

Almond Leadership Program: Meeting the Challenges of a 

Changing Industry 

ET of Mature Pistachio Orchards Grown on Increasingly Saline 

Soils 

Legislation In Focus: A Look at Climate Change and Cap and 

Trade 

Pistachio Rootstock Production and Selection 

Aboveground Water Storage in California 

Water Quality Updates 

Proper Water Well Development 

Produce Safety Rule (PSR) for Walnut Growers 

View our ePublication on the web at www.wcngg.com 

Photo Courtesy: Julie R. Johnson 

NOTE FROM THE EDITOR 

Correction West Coast Nut issue November 2017: 

From Math Teacher to Almond Grower: How a New Almond Growers Uses Data to Irrigate Efficiently should have had 

irrigation photos instead of vineyard photos. 

December 2017 

www.wcngg.com 

7

Getting Your Walnut Orchard 

off to a Good Start 

By Julie R. Johnson | Contributing Writer 

A young orchard in Vina at Andersen and Sons. 

All Photos Courtesy of Julie R. Johnson. 

There was a time when people thought 

the world was flat. There was also a 

time when people thought walnuts could 

only be grown in class one soil. Both 

“facts” have been proven wrong. 

According to Bill Krueger, emeritus 

University of California Cooperative 

Extension (UCCE) Glenn County farm 

advisor, “research and grower experience 

has shown with the right preparation 

and planting system, walnuts can be successfully 

grown on less-than-ideal soils.” 

He went on to say, in the process of planning 

and planting a walnut orchard, soil 

evaluation is the place to start. 

Katherine Pope, UCCE area orchard 

systems advisor for Sacramento, Solano 

and Yolo counties, said, whether planting 

a new orchard or replanting, getting 

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things off to a good start is essential 

when considering the investment cost 

required to develop a successful orchard. 

Soil Evaluation/Preparation 

Walnuts are deep rooted trees that 

were traditionally grown in river bottom 

soils, such as the dark, loamy soils of 

Vina and Los Molinos which lie along 

the Sacramento River. 

However, research has shown walnuts 

can be grown on Class III soils when the 

right soil evaluation and preparation has 

been made. That is why walnut orchards 

are now “cropping” up in regions not 

adjacent to the Sacramento and other 

rivers, in soils once considered uninhabitable 

for walnuts. 

Krueger said when growers are looking 

to plant a walnut orchard, soil survey 

maps are well worth the time to peruse. 

Soil surveys are available at local 

Natural Resources Conservation Service 

(NRCS) offices, cooperative extension 

offices, and online at websoilsurvey.nrcs. 

usda.gov/app. 

Soil surveys provide important 

information, such as soil types, distribution 

and acreage. “It describes each soil 

type and provides information about 

explore the soil, digging pits five to six 

feet deep in strategic locations to allow 

first hand examination of the soil. The 

soil map can take the guesswork out of 

where to dig and on average about six 

pits should be dug in a 40-acre field. If 

the map shows uniform soil, only one pit 

may need to be dug. 

Krueger said to look for stratified 

soil, compacted zones, hard pans, and 

clay pans. 

“If soil modification is necessary, it 

will be much easier to accomplish before 

planting,” he added. 

“Modification should be done in the 

late summer or fall when the soil is dry 

to ensure the most disruption possible 

while allowing the winter rains to 

settle the soil before planting. Touch up 

leveling or smoothing can be done in the 

spring before planting.” 

However, Krueger explained, leveling 

is only necessary when flood irrigating, 

and not necessary when drip 

or micro-sprinkler irrigation will be 

used. Shallow ripping will be needed for 

deep uniform soils. Sometimes, but not 

always, deep ripping or slip plowing may 

be necessary for stratified, hardpan or 

claypan. When dealing with claypan, he 

reminds growers of special requirements 

to avoid reseal of the 

soil. 

We pride ourselves on 

the best trees grown 

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With Six Generations of 

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Traditional walnut planting design and hedgerow configuration. 

At times a shallow, 

loam topsoil is underlain 

by the heavy 

claypan which restricts 

drainage of water down 

the root profile. Subsoil 

tillage in some cases 

allows excess water to 

drain away from the 

root zone and safeguards 

against waterlogging. 

If roots don’t 

have proper drainage, a 

whole host of diseases 

can occur. 

All Walnut 

Varieties 

drainage, flooding, exchangeable sodium 

content, and other details important 

to successful orchard establishment,” 

Krueger wrote in his studies. “The soil 

survey cannot provide every detail that 

may be necessary.” 

He advised using a backhoe to 

One of the ways to deal with less 

than prime soil, according to Krueger, 

is to plant trees on berms, especially on 

heavier soils. 

“Ridge berms in the fall for after soil 

Continued on Page 10 

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December 2017 

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9

Continued from Page 9 

preparation to allow for settling over the 

winter,” Krueger added. 

Berms have the added bonus of concentrating 

the best quality soil and at the 

same time deepening the topsoil along 

the tree line. 

Researchers also advise growers to 

have soil samples tested to determine the 

chemical properties in the area of consideration 

for planting. Once tested at an 

agricultural laboratory, have the results 

interpreted by a UCCE farm advisor to 

know what modifications need to be 

made. 

Design 

According to research conducted by 

Bruce Lampinen, UCCE integrated orchard 

management and walnut/almond 

specialist, and Janine Hasey, UCCE 

Yuba/Sutter counties farm advisor, one 

of the most important aspects of establishing 

a walnut orchard is its design, 

and following that, the difficult decision 

of determining tree and row spacing. 

In their article, Proper Walnut 

Spacing for Light Exposure, the duo 

of specialists say planting design 

should provide the tree canopy with 

maximum exposure to sunlight and 

allow ease of equipment operation. 

Walnut orchards are typically 

arranged in one of two planting systems 

that have different methods of 

management—the standard spaced, 

or the hedgerow configuration. 

Traditionally, walnuts have been planted 

in widely spaced orchards that allow the tree 

canopy to expand and fill its allotted space. 

With the hedgerow design, the trees are 

planted closer together down the tree row. 

In a multi-year study, Lampinen and 

Hasey utilized an especially equipped ATV 

Mule to measure and monitor canopy 

light interception in an effort to learn how 

orchard design and canopy light relates to 

Traditional walnut planting design and 

hedgerow configuration. 

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yield, and how tree spacing influences canopy 

development and yield potential. 

In sharing what they learned from the 

study, and how that information can be 

used, Lampinen and Hasey said results indicated 

it takes three to four years to redevelop 

the complexity of branching that existed 

before hedging. 

Therefore, they wrote, production will 

be lost for the first few years after hedging 

Chandler and other varieties. 

“We recommend Chandler in a standard 

spaced orchard for long-term maximum 

yields (e.g. a minimum spacing on poorer 

soils would be 25 feet by 25 feet with wider 

spacing on better soils),” Lampinen and 

Hasey said. 

However, they advised, if a hedgerow 

design is still desired, then consider Howard 

variety, which is a less vigorous, smaller tree 

than Chandler. 

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Replanting 

When removing an aged orchard 

for replant, Pope recommends a number 

of steps especially when preparing 

to replant that orchard into walnuts 

again. 

If removing an orchard for replant, 

she said it is a good idea to plan for an 

18-24 month transition between orchard 

removal and planting new trees. 

“Trying to rush the operation creates 

several opportunities for a less satisfactory 

outcome,” Pope said. “When replanting, 

first figure out what carry-over 

problems you’ll need to deal with from 

the last orchard.” 

This information can be used in 

making decisions such as whether or 

not to fumigate and with what product, 

what to plant during the fallow period 

and what rootstock to select for the 

future orchard. 

“There are a few problems that may 

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Research and study have shown walnuts can 

be successfully grown in marginal quality soil 

when the soil is properly prepared for planting. 

carry over from an old walnut orchard to 

a new one planted on the same ground if 

preventive or corrective steps are not taken,” 

Pope said, “They are the walnut replant 

problem, nematodes and crown gall.” 

The walnut replant problem, sometimes 

called the rejection component, is not 

linked to one pathogen, she explains. 

Carryover from a variety of biota from 

the roots of mature walnut trees to new 

trees can occur. 

To avoid this carryover, Pope recommends 

killing the roots of the old orchard 

and rotating in a non-walnut crop for a 

year. 

The root-lesion nematode of concern 

in California is Pratylenchus vulnus, Pope 

said. 

“Any previous tree crop planting is likely 

to have hosted P. vulnus,” she added. 

Pope recommends sampling for 

nemotodes. Growers can see the UC IPM 

Guidelines for sampling details at http:// 

ipm.ucanr.edu/PMG/r881200111.html, and 

other nematode management information, 

or speak with a laboratory which assesses 

samples. 

Crown gall, caused by the bacterium 

Agrobacterium tumefaciens, once introduced 

into an orchard or field site, has the 

ability to survive for at least two years in 

the orchard soil and at least one and a half 

years in non-irrigated fallow soil, Pope 

said. 



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She recommends the use of chloropicrin 

and 1.3-dichloropropene together 

in Telone© C-35 to reduce the bacterium 

populations in the soil. 

“In sites with a history of high crown 

gall incidence, fumigation with Telone 

C-35 followed by chloropicrin combined 

with extensive gall removal from the soil 

should be considered,” Pope added. 

To kill the roots, nematodes, and other 

pests and diseases in trees ready 

for removal and the soil around 

them, she suggests the use of 

both a fumigant and herbicide. 

“During the month of October, 

cut trees a few feet above 

the ground and within five 

minutes paint the stump with 

straight undiluted Garlona3A 

or a 1:3 mixture of Garlona3A and MorAct 

or equivalent surfactant,” Pope said. “Leave 

painted stumps in place for at least 60 days. 

This time is necessary to allow herbicide 

to fully circulate and kill as many roots as 

possible.” 

Additional information on this approach 

can be found at http://ucanr.edu/ 

datastoreFiles/391-53.pdf. 

When replanting a walnut orchard, Pope 

advises replanting on an appropriate 

rootstock. 

“Clonal Paradox rootstocks have 

different strengths and weaknesses,” she 

said. 

Because some nematodes may survive 

the soil preparation and sanitation 

process, VX211, which has shown “some 

tolerance” to nematodes, it makes sense 

as the rootstock of choice for the subsequent 

orchard, Pope says. 

“If there is high crown gall pressure, 

RX1, which showed ‘moderate 

resistance’ to crown gall, would be a 

prudent choice,” she added. 

The following table provided by 

Pope, based on data from ongoing 

University of California (UC) and 

United States Department of Agriculture 

(USDA)/Agricultural Research 

Service (ARS) trials, for preferred 

rootstocks for problem situations in 

replanting walnut orchards: 

Clonal Paradox Rootstock Rootstock Vigor Site Problems-Resistance level 

Crown Gall Nematodes Phytophthora/Wet conditions 

VX211 Highly vigorous Low Some Low 

RX 1 Moderate vigor Moderate Intolerant Moderate to High 

Vlach Vigorous Low Intolerant Low 

Comments about this article? We want 

to hear from you. Feel free to email us 

at article@jcsmarketinginc.com 

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15

Technology: 

Using Electrical Conductivity 

Sensors to Salinity 

By Terry Brase | West Hills College Precision Ag Instructor 

Photo Courtesy of Veris Technologies 

West Hills College hosted an Open 

Farm on October 25, 2017 on the 

Farm of the Future to demonstrate some 

of the latest technology. Technology just 

for the sake of technology will rarely 

bring benefit. However production or 

management needs that can be satisfied 

through the application of technology 

should be considered. The Farm of the 

Future tries to incorporate technology 

we believe to have practical usefulness 

to growers. Demonstrations at the Open 

Farm event included: the use of wireless 

sensors/control network with software to 

determine power and water efficiencies; 

use of infrared imagery to determine 

plant stress and vigor; and the use of 

electrical conductivity sensors to determine 

salinity. It is this last technology 

that is the subject of this article. 

Crops, whether they be annual row 

crops or permanent orchards, respond to 

various factors. These can be categorized 

as: anthropogenic (human impacts such 

as compaction or irrigation), edaphic 

(basic soil characteristics such as salinity, 

texture, organic matter), meteorological 

(rainfall, humidity, etc), biological (disease, 

microorganisms), or topographical 

(slope, elevation). 

Identifying all of these factors and 

understanding the impact each has individually 

or interrelated to other factors 

would allow the nut producer to control 

and prescribe treatments that give the 

maximum or optimum yield. The trouble 

is that we do not know all of the interrelationship 

and rarely have consistent and 

accurate data on these characteristics. 

Of special interest to most nut producers 

is the amount of salinity and depth of 

salinity in the soil profile. 

Salinity is one of those edaphic 

characteristics that is highly correlated to 

other soil characteristics. Texture of the 

soil and the water content are two other 

characteristics that are highly correlated 

to the level of salinity. Salinity affects the 

uptake of water and nutrients by tree 

roots, limiting the absorption of both. 

There are several methods to determine 

the extent of salinity. The most 

accurate, though also the most labor 

intensive and expensive, is to take soil 

samples and test within a soils lab. A 

faster and cheaper method that results 

in a large number of spatially correlated 

data points are variations of sensors 

that automatically collect for “electrical 

conductivity”. 

What is EC? 

Electrical conductivity (EC), as the 

name implies, is the ease with which an 

electrical current is conducted through 

the soil and is measured in milliSiemens/ 

meter. Commercially available sensors 

pass an electrical current through the 

soil and record the resistance or conductivity 

of the soil in “apparent Electrical 

Conductivity (ECa). 

There are three different paths that 

an electrical current can take through 

soil. First, it can follow the water within 

the soil’s pore space. For this to occur, 

the soil being tested must be at approximately 

50-70 percent of field capacity, 

otherwise there is not enough water for 

an accurate test. Second, the current can 

follow the solid soil particles that are 

contacting each other. This can provide 

information on the soil texture. Thirdly, 

there can be an electrical pathway using 

both solids and water. 


Two different methods are used to 

collect electrical conductivity: electrical 

resistivity and electromagnetic. 

An example of an electrical resistivity 

device is produced by Veris Technology. 

The Veris 3100 has six coulters that pass an 

electrical current through soil. Two coulters 

are used as transmitters; two coulters in 

closer proximity are used as sensors that 

record shallow ECa values; and two other 

coulters placed further away are used to 

record deeper ECa values. Values are collected 

at regular intervals typically resulting 

in 1200 data points per acre. The Veris 

3100 is large enough that a small tractor is 

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needed to pull it through the field. Since the 

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An example of an electromagnetic is 

produced by Geotronics, the most common 

model being the EM38. While the 3100 

is destructive with the coulters that must 

pass through the soil, the EM38 is passed 

over the top of the soil. A transmitter 

generates two electromagnetic waves that 

pass through the ground horizontally and 

vertically. A receiver captures the signal as 

it passes through the ground to record the 

ECa as millisiemens/meter. Various carts 

and carriages have been designed for EM 

devices. Since it collects just one point at a 

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17 

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time, it is a slower process and results in 

a less dense set of data point. The EM38 

is a smaller device that can be carried 

by hand. This allows it to be used in 

a variety of situations. There are also 

researchers that believe that the electromagnetic 

is a more reliable measure of 

conductivity. 

When using either system, GPS 

should be used to record the location of 

each data point. Dataloggers are used 

to record the two different values and 

combined with a location from a GPS 

receiver. These values can be mapped for 

a visualization of soil variability. Georeferencing 

of the mS/m is important as 

it allows the transfer of the data in text 

format and onto a GIS for mapping. 

Photo Courtesy of Veris Technologies 

It is important to remember that this 

value is not in itself a measure of salinity or other common soil characteristic. But 

because it is highly correlated to many of these characteristics, it can be used to estimate 

or predict many of these characteristics of soil. EC is therefore a measure of soil 

spatial variability. Areas with similar EC values also share soil characteristics such as 

water, texture, OM (organic matter) and salinity. Any difference in these characteristics 

show up on an EC map. 

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Higher water content and salinity 

allows higher conductivity. Clay particles 

are smaller and form tighter bonds than 

other types of soil particles, resulting in 

higher conductivity. OM decreases the 

conductivity. Each of these characteristics 

specifically impacts the conductivity 

of the soil. The problem is how to 

separate and define the level of just one 

of these characteristics since they are all 

interrelated. 

The good news is determining individual 

characteristics can be done with 

the proper protocol. Three basic uses of 

an ECa map include identifying variability; 

determining a soil sampling routine; 

and determine level of salinity or other 

soil characteristic. 

Soil Spatial Variability 

Precision farming or site specific 

management is based on understanding 

the variability that is present within a 

field and then managing it for economic 

efficiencies. A goal in managing variability 

is identifying those areas that are 

homogenous, i.e. areas that have more 

in common than the area around it. ECa 

works well to determine these zones 

since areas with similar ECa values have 

similar texture, organic matter, CEC 

(cation exchange capacity) and water 

content which means similar production 

decision will be applicable. 

This is the one application that 

requires very little analysis on the part of 

the user. The mapped points interpolated 

within a GIS (geographic information 

system) creates a map showing variability 

of the field. Using a GIS reclassification 

tool will create three to five zones of 

homogenous areas to serve as management 

zones. 

Determine Spatial Variability 

for EC Directed Soil Sampling 

Completing a soil sampling using a 

grid has been common in precision ag. A 

more common technique is using zones 

to determine placement of soil samples. 

An EC map can be used to determine 

the homogenous areas for targeted 

sampling. The same management zones 

previously discussed, can also be used 

to determine where to take soil samples. 

Usually a group of samples would be 

taken from each zone and aggregated for 

a composite sample. The nutrient values 

from the samples would be used for fer- 


tilizer or other management decisions. 

Determine Level of a Characteristic 

Highly Correlated with EC 

It is important to note again that the 

millisiemens/meter is not a direct measure 

of salinity. Even though the ECa values are 

directly related to salinity, it is also impacted 

by numerous other soil characteristics. 

By controlling some of the characteristics, 

understanding the relationships between 

the factors, or analyzing the data, edaphic 

values such as salinity can be estimated. 

Ground-truthing by using an EC directed 

soil sampling needs to be done to collect 

actual data. The range of values for ECa can 

be compared or calibrated to the range of 

values from the directed soil sampling to 

create a field scale map of salinity or whatever 

characteristic. 

ANTAGONISTS 

journal Methods of Soil Analysis 

published in Volume 1 in 2016. 

An increasing number of nut 

growers are using Veris or EM-38 

to determine the salinity of the soil 

within their orchard. However it is 

important to remember that the data 

needs to considered carefully before 

using it for management decisions. 

Better yet follow the recognized protocol 

to analyze ECa data for better 

decision making. 

www.bio-ferm.com 

Field-Scale Apparent Soil Conductivity, 

Corwin D. L. and Scudiero 

E., Methods of Soil Analysis, Volume 1 

2016, Soil Science Society of America. 

Protocols and Guidelines for Field- 

Scale Measurement of Soil Salinity 

Distribution with ECa-Directed Soil 

Sampling. Corwin D. L. and Lesch S. M., 

USDA-ARS US Salinity Lab. Journal of 

Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. 

March 2013, Volume 18, Issue 1, 

pp.1-25. 


to hear from you. Feel free to email us at 

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The lab results will also determine some 

thresholds that can assist in determining 

what is causing the variability. The most 

common threshold is if EC is greater than 

2 deciSiemen/meter it is an indication 

that salinity is high enough that it is the 

predominant characteristic of the EC. This 

means that the resulting variability map can 

be considered a salinity map. 

Protocol for use of ECa data 

Dennis Corwin and Steve Lesch created 

a protocol for properly using EC. While the 

list below is a summary, the complete list 

can be found at the reference listed at the 

end of this article. 

1. Establish and describe the field/site 

and the survey design. 

2. Collect ECa data with mobile GPS 

equipment. 

3. Design soil sampling based on 

georeferenced ECa data. 

4. Collect soil samples. 

5. Complete lab analysis for soil 


6. Calibration of soil properties to 

EC values. 

7. Spatial Statistics to determine soil 

properties. 

8. GIS database development. 

9. Graphic representation of spatial 

distribution of salinity or other 


The use of this protocol is explained in 

detail in the article “Field Scale Apparent 

Soil Electrical Conductivity” by Dennis 

L. Corwin and Elia Scudiero found in the 

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December 2017 

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19

NUTRIENT APPLICATIONS 

AT ALMOND BLOOM 

By Kathy Coatney | Editor 

Nitrogen is an extremely important 

nutrient in almond production, 

but research suggests that there isn’t 

any value in applying it when almond 

trees are dormant, according to David 

Doll, University of California Cooperative 

Extension, pomology farm advisor 

for Merced County. 

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“Applying nitrogen during this period 

increases your risk of leaching and 

a loss of the nitrogen from the system, 

which is essentially throwing your money 

away,” Doll said. 

“Even if you exclude the negative 

environmental effects, there’s not much 

value to the plant and it will lead to 

poor nitrogen use efficiency due to the 

risk of leaching below the root zone,” 

Doll said. 

After the trees leaf 

out, then it’s time to 

apply the nitrogen, Doll 

said. 

Potassium 

Potassium is another 

important nutrient 

for almonds, and soil 

reports should be 

reviewed to determine 

need and application 

strategy, Doll said. 

“People should review 

their soil reports. 

There is a value called 

the cation exchange 

capacity (CEC), 

and which indicates 

how many positively 

charged ions that can 

be held in a certain 

quantity of soil. And 

if that value is under 

10 milliequivalents 

per 100 grams of soil,” 

Doll said, that indicates 

sandier soils. 

For growers who have very sandy 

soils (e.g. sand or loamy sand), they may 

want to consider applying potassium in 

January and February, Doll said. 

“In these cases the soil actually 

doesn’t hold onto potassium very well, 

leading to the possibility of leaching if 

too much rain comes in after the application,” 

Doll said. 

“By shifting that application a little 

bit later, the farmer can hedge their bet 

that they’ll get enough rain to push it 

into the rootzone, but there won’t probably 

be enough rain to leach it out of the 

root zone,” Doll said. 

Most of the sandier soils are in the 

northern San Joaquin Valley, but there 

are some very sandy areas that stretch 

from San Joaquin County all the way to 

Kern County, Doll said. 

“If you’re on a heavier type soil, 

potassium can be applied to the fields 

at a relatively high rate in order to help 

get that into the soil and into the root 

zone,” Doll said, adding applications 

are typically done between October and 

December in heavier soils, then the rain 

carries it in. 

Unless the soil report is indicating 

differently, growers should be trying 

to replace the potassium that they’re 

removing, Doll said. 

“And with potassium that’s roughly 

92 pounds of potassium oxide or K20 

for every 1,000 kernel pounds harvested,” 

Doll said. 


. 

Micronutrients 

Boron 

When it comes to micronutrients, 

Doll said he thinks boron and zinc are 

probably the more critical ones to apply. 

Boron is a strong influencer on yield 

so it’s important, even if trees are in sufficient 

range, that a foliar application of 

boron is made between postharvest and 

pink bud, Doll said. 

“This application is essentially going 

to be about 0.2 to 0.4 pounds of actual 

boron per acre,” Doll said, adding that’s 

one to two pounds of solubor in a 100 

gallons of water, which is what has been 

traditionally applied. 

Ground applications, made at higher 

rates, should be applied in the postharvest 

all the way up to the beginning of 

the season, but again that should be soil 

type dependent, Doll said. The amount 

should be based on a hull analysis taken 

during harvest. 

Areas that are prone to a boron 

deficiency are areas with very clean water—predominately 

the east side of the 

San Joaquin Valley as well as up in the 

Sacramento Valley, Doll said. 

Clay and loam soils can be made earlier 

in the year, but with coarser, sandier 

soils it should be applied later in the 

year, Doll said. 

“Often people make the soil application 

of boron with an irrigation. They 

just mix it in,” Doll said. 

Applications of boron should be limited 

if adequate values are found within 

the hull. Hull boron greater than 100 

ppm indicates the reduced need for soil 

applications. “Unless there’s deficiencies, 

there’s not much value in adding multiple 

foliar applications,” Doll said, as the 

data is less clear about the value of these 

applications. 

Zinc 

per acre. 

Applying high rates of zinc sulfate, 

more than 15 pounds to the acre, will 

prevent the tree from receiving other 

tank mixed applied nutrients like nitrogen 

and boron. 

Young Trees 

With young trees it’s important to 

remember that they don’t require a lot of 

nitrogen, Doll said. 

Nitrogen requirements for young 

orchards is density dependent, Doll said. 

“Optimal nitrogen rates for first and 

second leaf trees appear to be around 

three to four ounces of actual nitrogen 

per tree. This means that rates for developing 

orchards are getting higher due to 

tree count,” Doll said. 

It’s also important to remember with 

young trees that when nitrogen is being 

applied, it is a relatively inefficient application, 

Doll said. 

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“That’s due to the root system essentially 

being limited, and the irrigation 

system not applying all the material to 

the root zone of the tree,” Doll said. 

“I wouldn’t want to see any fertilizer 

applied to first leaf trees until they have 

12 inches or more growth on them, 

and even then, very small applications 

are best—less than one ounce of actual 

nitrogen per tree, per application,” Doll 

said. 

“Making nitrogen applications too 

early can be damaging to the young 

tree’s roots, and I’ve seen more harm that 

good come with too early of nitrogen 

applications on newly planted trees. It 

actually can kill them,” Doll said, so it’s 

better to wait until the trees have some 

growth on them. 




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Many orchards are deficient in zinc. 

To increase zinc tissue content, low 

applications of zinc sulfate, two to five 

pounds to the acre, can be made in the 

late fall without defoliating the tree. If 

the goal is to defoliate, higher rates of 

zinc sulfate are needed, 25-30 pounds 

December 2017 

www.wcngg.com 

21

ANTHRACNOSE; IS IT A THREAT 

TO CALIFORNIA PISTACHIOS? 

By Cecilia Parsons | Contributing Writer 

The right combination of environmental 

conditions and a susceptible 

scion cultivar can lead to the spread of 

the fungal disease Anthracnose in pistachio 

orchards. 

Themis Michailides, plant pathologist 

at the University of California 

Kearney Research Center in Parlier, said 

the threat of an Anthracnose infection 

in most California pistachio growing 

areas could be tempered by the Anthracnose-tolerant 

and widely planted 

Kerman variety of pistachio and the 

drier growing conditions in the southern 

San Joaquin Valley. 

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The anthracnose fungus, Colletotrichum 

acutatum, overwinters in 

infected mummy nuts left on the tree 

after harvest and in dead twigs or 

branches killed the previous year by the 

disease. New infections are spread when 

spores are dispersed by rain or insects. 

Irrigation systems where water hits tree 

canopies can also spread the spores. 

The infection causes lesions with 

concentric circles on the leaves and 

black lesions on the mid rib of the leaves 

and on the peduncles and stems. Black 

lesions develop on the fruit, leading to 

severe shriveling of kernels and hulls. 

Small nuts, when infected turn a rusty 

orange color. If hulls are infected when 

nuts are larger, the initial circular hull 

lesions turn to a more 

pink color as spores 

develop. 

Michailides, a 

speaker at the 2017 

South Valley Nut 

Conference, said he 

does not expect Anthracnose 

to spread 

in pistachios like Botryospaeria 

has. Anthracnose 

infections 

in pistachios, he said, 

can be confused with 

other common fungal 

diseases in pistachio 

including Botryospaeria and Alternaria 

late blight. In Arizona, Anthracnose has 

been confused with Septoria spot and 

Phoma blight. 

In the field it is difficult to distinguish 

Anthracnose lesions from those 

caused by Botryospaeria and Alternaria 

blight, Michailides said. In California 

researchers have found a complex of 

Anthracnose producing fungal species 

that require molecular fingerprinting to 

be identified. Proximity to willow trees 

can also be a source of Anthracnose 

infection. 

Michailides is being funded to 

research biology, epidemiology and 

management of Anthracnose blight in 

Pistachio in California by the California 

Pistachio Research Board. 

This year his studies have been 

focused in determining the pathogenicity 

of Colletotrichum acutatum isolated 

from pistachio from Kerman, Peters, 

Golden Hills, Lost Hills and Randy 

cultivars. Red Aleppo is being used as 

a positive susceptible control. His work 

includes determination of when Anthracnose 

infections occur and when 

fungicide applications are most effective. 

He is also collecting isolates to determine 

baseline sensitivity to fungicides 

used in Botryospaeria and Alternaria 


without humidity after inoculation, but 

severity of infection increased after 12- 

24 hours of humidity. 

Both cultural practices and welltimed 

fungicide applications are important 

for control of Anthracnose. 

Pruning out dead wood and removal 

of from the orchard before the end of the 

growing season will help it eliminate the 

source of inoculum the following year. 

Studies done by University of California 

integrated pest management special- 

ists showed just pruning out dead wood 

reduced the following year’s infection by 

50 percent compared to trees where dead 

wood was not removed. 

Cost of pruning out dead wood and 

loss of future production as fruitwood 

dies exceeds the cost of preventing the 

initial problem. 




late blight of pistachio. In a test of efficacy 

on the isolate fioriniae, Fontelis and Quash 

achieved the least mycelial growth after 

seven days at 77 degrees Fahrenheit. Next 

year, Michailides said he would continue 

efficacy studies. 

Last year, Michailides said, there was 

an outbreak of Anthracnose in pistachios 

in Glenn and Butte counties with lesions 

found on leaves and fruit. Unlike Botryospaeria, 

the disease did not kill the clusters. 

Anthracnose was found for the first time 

in Tulare County pistachios in 2006 and 

Michailides said there have been sporadic 

outbreaks in Fresno and Madera counties. 

In Arizona, Michaillides said, Phoma blight 

can be mistaken for Anthracnose as this 

fast moving fungal disease kills pistachio 

nut clusters right before harvest. 

Other pistachio producing countries 

have reported major losses from Anthracnose. 

An outbreak in Australia in 2010 

caused up to 75 percent losses in nut production. 

Pistachio plantings in China have 

also been affected by Anthracnose. 

While Kerman and Golden Hills have 

proven to be tolerant of Anthracnose, the 

female cultivar Red Aleppo, that was introduced 

into California by the United States 

Department of Agriculture (USDA) in the 

early 1900s, has proven to be very susceptible 

to the disease. 

Studies conducted to determine the 

conditions that promote infection by the 

Anthracnose fungus found the optimum 

temperature for the growth and infection 

was 25 degrees Celsius. While infection occurred 

at 5 degrees Celsius, the symptoms 

of the disease did not appear until 10 degrees 

Celsius was reached. Older fruit was 

more susceptible to infection than younger 

fruit. Infection of leaves and fruit occurred 

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December 2017 

www.wcngg.com 

23

Don’t Trim your Safety Program 

this Season–Train on Pruning 

Hazards 

By Amy Wolfe | MPPA, CFRE 

President and CEO, AgSafe 

Around 11 a.m. or so, an employee pruning with bypass 

shears reaches for a branch and catches his finger in 

his shears. Does this sound familiar? What about someone 

falling from an orchard ladder? Pruning is a necessary part 

of orchard management, but before pruning begins, training 

on safety hazards is essential. Pruning safety training doesn’t 

have to be vigorous. Depending on the type of equipment used 

during the pruning process, addressing common equipment, 

chainsaws, ladders, and hand tools does the job. 

Pruning Equipment 

Pruning equipment varies from pruning towers to shredders. 

Whichever your orchard requires, all employees need to 

be trained on the specific piece of equipment they will operate 

prior to operation. 

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Pruning towers present a significant hazard—falling. When 

an employee is in a pruning tower, ensure that the platform has 

a guardrail at least 36 inches in height surrounding the entire 

platform. If the guardrail is less than 42 inches above the platform 

floor, a safety belt attached to a lifeline anchorage needs to 

be worn. In addition to physical safety measures of the actual 

equipment, your operation is required to have a written emergency 

procedure to address what to do should the person in the 

tower become unable to operate it. All employees who will work 

from the pruning tower need to be trained both on the equipment 

and the emergency procedures. 

Shredders pose a different hazard from a pruning tower. 

Shredders are designed to break down the brush left from pruning. 

Shredders do not distinguish between a branch or a human 

limb. For this reason, ensure that employees are trained on the 

following elements prior to operation: 

• Review the shredder operator manual. 

• Use required personal protective equipment (PPE) such as 

ear plugs, safety glasses and gloves. 

• Ensure other workers maintain a safe distance from where 

shredding is occurring. 

• Check to ensure machine guards are in place and in good 

condition. 

• Stay away from moving parts, always turn the power off and 

remove the key before working around or performing main- 

www.garton-tractor.com Continued on Page 26 

24 West Coast Nut December 2017 

© 2014 CNH Industrial America LLC. All rights reserved. New Holland is a trademark registered in the United States and many other countries, owned by 

or licensed to CNH Industrial N.V., its subsidiaries or affi liates. Kool Cab is a registered trademark of Saf-T-Cab Inc.

December 2017 

www.wcngg.com 

25


tenance on the machine. 

• Use appropriate lock out/tag out 

(LOTO) procedures to prevent 

equipment from being re-energized 

while maintenance work is being 

performed on or around the shredder. 

Hand Tools 

Sometimes hand tools are all that 

is needed during the pruning season, 

especially with young trees. Although 

hand tools do not have the same hazards 

as a shredder or chain saw, they still have 

their own potential risks. Prior to use, 

ensure all moveable joints are lubricated 

and blades are sharpened adequately. 

Employees need to wear the proper 

personal protective equipment (PPE). 

Consider the injury mentioned earlier, 

the employee who cut his own fingers 

with the pruning shears. Could this have 

been avoided by simply wearing a pair of 

gloves or perhaps training the employee 

to pay close attention to their hand 

placement before making each cut? 

Be sure the right tool is selected for 

the job. For example, anvil shears are 

best suited for dry branches or limbs. 

The anvil shear primarily has a crushing 

style, rather than a clean cut and is used 

for tough pruning jobs. Bypass shears 

have a curved blade best for live plants. 

The curved blade creates a cleaner cut, 

important for the plant’s health. Regardless 

of the tool, the same rules apply. Be 

sure to train workers on the specific tool 

that will be used. 

Chainsaws 

When the job gets too tough for 

hand tools an alternative to shears can 

be a chainsaw. The chainsaw is extremely 

effective, but can be dangerous if an 

employee is not trained before using it. 

Some of the common hazards associated 

with chainsaws are: 

• Mechanical: Misuse can result in 

death or injuries, like lacerations or 

broken bones, typically caused by 

unsafe work practices and/or faulty 

saws. 

• Ergonomic: Musculoskeletal disorders 

develop, such as back strains or 

shoulder and upper extremity pain 

resulting from overreaching, awkward 

postures, and vibration. 

• Heat: Burns caused by unsafe fueling 

practices, a damaged/leaky fuel cap, 

use of unapproved gasoline containers, 

or the presence of an ignition 

source. 

• Physical: Hearing loss due to inadequate 

or lack of hearing protection. 

Prior to using a chainsaw, cover these 

common hazards during employee training, 

including an appropriate and safe 

hands-on demonstration. 

According to the Occupational Safety 

and Health Administration (OSHA), the 

following steps should be followed while 

operating a chainsaw: 

• Clear away dirt, debris, small tree 

limbs and rocks from the saw’s chain 

path. Look for nails, spikes or other 

metal in the tree before cutting. 

• Shut off the saw or engage its chain 

brake when carrying the saw on 

rough or uneven terrain. 

• Keep your hands on the saw’s handles, 

and maintain secure footing 

while operating the saw. 

Choose the right tool for the job. Anvil and bypass shears prune differently. Photo Courtesy 

of Toolmonger.com 


• Proper personal protective equipment 

must be worn when operating 

the saw, which includes hand, foot, 

leg, eye, face, hearing and head 

protection. 

• Do not wear loose-fitting clothing. 

• Be careful that the trunk or tree 

limbs will not bind against the saw. 

• Watch for branches under tension, 

they may spring out when cut. 

• Gasoline-powered chain saws must 

be equipped with a protective device 

that minimizes chain saw kickback. 

• Be cautious of saw kick-back. To 

avoid kick-back, do not saw with the 

tip. If equipped, keep tip guard in 

place. 

Ladders 

When searching through OSHA’s 

recorded pruning injuries, it becomes 

very clear that ladders serve as a primary 

catalyst of injuries during the 

pruning season. Most of these injuries 

are avoidable by following some simple 

rules: avoid electrical lines, use the right 

ladder for the job, only one person on 

a ladder at a time, and train employees 

to perform an inspection of the ladder 

prior to use. 

As per CalOSHA, employee training 

is not only a requirement, but the elements 

to be covered are clearly laid out 

in the California Code of Regulations, 

Title 8, §3276 for portable ladders: 

1. Importance of using ladders safely, 

including frequency and severity of 

injuries related to falls from ladders. 

2. Selection, including types of ladders, 

proper length, maximum working 

loads, and electrical hazards. 

3. Maintenance, inspection, and 

removal of damaged ladders from 

service. 

4. Erecting ladders, including footing 

support, top support, securing, and 

angle of inclination. 

5. Climbing and working on ladders, 

including user’s position and points 

of contact with the ladder. 

6. Factors contributing to falls, including 

haste, sudden movement, lack 

of attention, footwear, and user’s 

physical condition. 

7. Prohibited uses, including uses 

other than designed, climbing on 

cross bracing, maximum lengths, 

and minimum overlap of extension 

ladder sections. 

Training workers in how to safely use a ladder 

is the key to a safe pruning season. Remember 

to keep 3-points-of-contact on the ground at all 

times. Photo Courtesy of Harvey’s Photo Gallery. 

Before you and your employees enter 

the orchards to prune this year, be 

sure to cover essential pruning safety 

topics: pruning equipment, hand 

tools, chainsaws and ladders. 

For more information about pruning 

safety or any worker safety, health, 

human resources, labor relations, or 

food safety issues, please visit www. 

agsafe.org, call us at (209) 526-4400 or 

via email at safeinfo@agsafe.org. 

AgSafe is a 501c3 nonprofit providing 

training, education, outreach 

and tools in the areas of safety, labor 

relations, food safety and human 

resources for the food and farming 

industries. Since 1991, AgSafe has 

educated nearly 75,000 employers, 

supervisors, and workers about these 

critical issues. 




December 2017 

www.wcngg.com 

27

Almond Leadership Program: 

Meeting the Challenges of 

a Changing Industry 

By Almond Board of California 

When it comes to growing almonds, activity in the orchard 

is just the beginning of the process. There’s shells to be 

cracked, kernels to be processed and lots of buying and selling to 

take place. And that’s a broad overview. 

It’s the various facets and jobs within the almond industry 

that make programs like Almond Board of California’s Almond 

Leadership Program valuable. This year, nearly a decade after its 

inception, the Almond Leadership Program will be featured in 

a panel session at The Almond Conference. The session, titled, 

“Almond Leadership Program: Where It’s Taken Me,” is on Thursday, 

Dec. 7 at 2:35 p.m. and will feature a mix of alumnae and 

mentors. 

What is the Almond Leadership Program? 

In 2009, Almond Board of California (ABC) set out to encourage 

a new group of individuals with diverse backgrounds to 

become leaders in the almond community. Jenny Nicolau, manager, 

Industry Relations at ABC, said the program originated to 

encourage upcoming industry players to join their predecessors 

at the table. 

With that vision in mind, ABC created the Almond Leadership 

Program, a one-year leadership training program that “is 

meant to inspire and prepare almond community members to 

join a network of leaders meeting the challenges of a changing 

industry,” according to Nicolau. 

The Almond Leadership Program is a mentored experience 



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that offers participants hands-on educational 

opportunities, leadership training 

seminars, field experience and a firsthand 

look at the inner workings of ABC. 

Nicolau and colleague Rebecca Bailey 

manage the Leadership program each 

year, and these women have witnessed 

the program attract qualified industry 

professionals and become more established 

with every incoming class. 

“I am increasingly proud of the 

Almond Leadership Program participants 

who take the knowledge and skills 

shared with them through this program 

and have, in turn, stepped up to the table 

to serve their communities and their 

industry, said Nicolau.” 

And make no mistake: these participants 

are stepping up from all areas of 

the almond industry. 

Participants of All Walks 

Sim Batth, a conference panelist and 

2015 Leadership program graduate, is 

Photo Courtesy of Almond Board of California 

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not in the orchard every day—nor does 

her work deal solely with almonds. 

Batth is an Investment Associate 

with Prudential Agricultural Investments. 

Appointed to this position in 

2014, she assists “all activities related to 

agricultural investments in the Western 

Region including strategy, acquisitions, 

asset management and dispositions 

on behalf of third-party institutional 

investors.” Yet, while Batth’s bandwidth 

includes over ten different permanent 

crops, almonds make up 30 percent of 

her portfolio. It’s that 30 percent that 

drove her to learn more. 

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“When I started with the company 

I wanted to expand my almond knowledge, 

which lead me to apply for the 

Almond Leadership Program.” 

Batth entered the Leadership 

program with a diverse background, 

including a degree in Viticulture and 

Chemistry from California State University, 

Fresno, an MBA with focuses 

on real estate and finance from University 

of San Diego and a stint in fashion 

school. And yet, her background was 

not a stumbling block as the Leader- 


ship program granted her experiences 

and networking opportunities that 

allowed her to learn about the industry 

on a whole new level and connect with 

individuals who are driven to see the 

industry succeed. 

“The Almond Board finds individuals 

that are passionate about what they 

do,” said Batth. “I valued being able to 

connect with individuals in the industry 

that have tremendous knowledge and 

experience, whether it’s at the farm level 

to marketing and sales.” 

As Batth continues to grow in her career, 

she remains involved in the almond 

community and ABC. Today, Batth sits 

on the Almond Board’s Global Market 

Development Committee as an alternate. 

Growing Up with Almonds 

Even while earning his degree in ag 

engineering from Cal Poly, SLO, Daniel 

Bays had his heart set on returning to his 

roots. 

Mentors: Historical Knowledge, 

Forward Thinking 

For Stan Chance, Leadership mentor 

and panelist, agriculture is more than a 

career—it’s a lifestyle. 

Chance, who is the Vice President, 

Senior Relationship Manager at Yosemite 

Farm Credit, also farms almonds in the 

Central Valley. He sought to “engage the 

next generation of the almond industry” 

as they look to contribute to the legacy 

of almond farming in California. With a 

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at the Almond Conference 

in Sacramento 

passion for the industry, Chance chose 

to become a mentor and felt encouraged 

in return. 

“The opportunity to meet them, see 

how well they present themselves and 

hear their good questions encourages me 

that the industry will be in very capable 

hands for years to come,” said Chance. 

“I found that the [program] is attracting 

outstanding individuals who have an 

enthusiasm for the almond industry and 


A 2013 Leadership alum and panelist, 

Bays is a fifth-generation California 

farmer from Patterson, Calif. Though he 

was raised on the farm, Bays chose to apply 

for the Leadership program to learn 

how all the sectors of the almond supply 

chain work together and also to mature 

as an industry leader. 

“The Almond Leadership Program 

allowed me to learn about the almond 

industry beyond the orchard and see 

some of the investment that goes into 

marketing, research and the other 

aspects of getting the nuts we grow to 

the consumer,” said Bays, who now uses 

research funded by the Almond Board to 

improve his family’s operation. 

Like Batth, Bays valued the program’s 

networking component. Discussions 

with fellow participants and mentors, 

said Bays, helped him learn how to 

speak with others about almonds and 

“why they should be the nut of choice 

for people when they are searching for a 

great snack.” 

Today, Bays remains involved in the 

almond community outside the orchard 

and participates as a member of the 

Almond Board’s Strategic Ag Innovation 

Committee. 

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are looking to contribute in more meaningful 

ways.” 

Nicolau, who spends much time with 

the participants throughout the year, 

witnesses this professionalism firsthand, 

stating, “participants continue to wow 

Almond Board staff, Board and committees.” 

“Our future seems brighter than 

ever!” said Nicolau. 

Find Your Next Opportunity 

As the 2017 Almond Conference 

draws near, now is the time to apply for 

the Almond Leadership Program. 

“I would encourage any professional in 

the almond industry to apply for the 

program,” said Bays. “The investment of 

time in learning more about our industry 

will help benefit [your] own career as 

well as American agriculture.” 

In terms of broadening one’s knowledge, 

graduates of the program serve as 

non-voting members on ABC committees 

the year after graduating. 

It is important to note, 

however, that program 

participation goes beyond 

industry involvement and 

into the larger community. 

For example, participants 

raise funds for California 

Future Farmers of America 

(FFA) ag scholarships 

throughout the year. In 

addition, this past October 

the 2017 class visited Valley 

Children’s Hospital in 

Madera to “spread a little 

almond joy,” as Nicolau 

put it, and “help the young 

patients create almond art.” 

Could today be your day to apply? 

“If you feel like you’ve begun to master 

your role on the farm or a related field 

and want to broaden your knowledge 

and involvement in the industry, it’s time 

to engage the interview process,” advises 

Chance. 

Applications for the 2018 Almond 

Leadership Program are due by 5:00 p.m. 

on Friday, Dec. 8. Visit almonds.com/ 

leadershipprogram to apply today. 

And mark your calendar for “Almond 

Leadership Program: Where It’s Taken 

Me” on Thursday, Dec. 7 at The Almond 

Conference to hear about your next 

potential opportunity. 





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ET of Mature Pistachio Orchards 

Grown on Increasingly Saline Soils 


As pistachio plantings expand further 

into the Central Valley and San 

Joaquin Valley areas on marginal and 

salt affected soils, growers need to take a 

closer look at their actual tree water use 

and irrigation management practices to 

maximize their production. 

Salinization occurs when the concentration 

of soluble salts in the root 

zone is high enough to limit or impair 

optimum root growth, canopy development, 

and possibly crop yield. High 

salt concentration increases the soil’s 

water retention, making water uptake by 


PISTACHIOS 

ALMONDS 

WALNUTS 

plants more difficult. Salinity in soil and 

water can have different origins. It can 

result from chemical weathering of early 

minerals over the millennia or it can be 

transported to fields through irrigation 

water, concentrate in the soil as a result 

of evaporation, or move to streams and 

aquifers by surface runoff and deep 

percolation. 

Pistachio trees are very tough plants 

and can withstand drought conditions 

and relatively high soil-water salinity 

levels. When pistachio orchards are 

grown under saline conditions, careful 

water management, including irrigation 

and leaching practices, are vital to tree 

health, nut yield and quality, University 

of California Cooperative Extension 

(UCCE) specialist Daniele Zaccaria said. 

Zaccaria, who focuses on agricultural 

water management and irrigation, has 

been working since 2015 with other University 

of California (UC) scientists to 

determine the effects of soil-water salinity 

on actual water use and productivity 

of pistachio orchards in the Hanford and 

Lemoore areas of Kings County. 

“Pistachios are tolerant to drought 

and saline soils and the effects of these 

do not easily compromise future production. 

They have a different physiology 

than other nut trees, which makes them 

quite resilient to limited and impaired 

water supply,” Zaccaria said. “Pistachio 

trees can tolerate long dry spells and 

come back to produce well, that makes 

them attractive to growers who farm 

where soils are not ideal for other crops 

and water supplies are limited.” 

Current California Department of 

Food and Agriculture figures put pistachio 

acreage (bearing and non-bearing) 

at 291,000 in the state. Zaccaria said 

UC estimates that at least 20-25 percent 

of those acres are salt-affected and 

the percentage has been progressively 

increasing in the last 10 years. Most of 

the increase is on former cotton ground, 

Zaccaria said. The west side of the San 

Joaquin River and areas of Kern County 

have the most pistachios grown on 

salt-affected grounds. 

Going forward, with the Sustainable 

Groundwater Management Act’s possible 

limitations on groundwater extractions, 

pistachio production may become more 

attractive due to their adaptability to 

water-limiting conditions, Zaccaria predicted. 

With the percent of salt-affected 

ground in pistachio increasing, irrigation 

management to maintain production 

will become more critical. 

SALINITY EFFECTS 

Pistachio trees are more tolerant to 

saline conditions than other nut trees, 

but to ensure tree health and good 

production, irrigation must be managed 


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5/11/17 4:17 PM


with an eye on the actual evapotranspiration 

(ET) of the tree and the amount of 

soil-water salinity in its growing environment. 

Optimal photosynthesis and maximum 

carbon dioxide uptake are critical 

to crop production. What Zaccaria and 

others who study plant water needs have 

learned is that salts increase the soil 

osmotic potential retaining water tighter, 

costing the plant more biological energy 

and interfering with optimal water uptake. 

That limits critical physiologic and 

growth processes including cell multiplication 

and expansion, canopy growth 

and leaf conductance to transfer water 

vapor from the plant to the surrounding 

atmosphere. Split percent and nut weight 

are most affected by those stressors. 

UC researchers report that high 

soil-water salinity reduces tree evapotranspiration 

rates in pistachios by 10-30 

percent, depending on the level of salinity, 

relative to those of orchards grown on 

non-salt affected conditions. Irrigation 

scheduling and management need to be 

accurate and precise to compensate for 

high salinity levels. The trees may need 

less water during irrigation season to 

produce a profitable yield, but Zaccaria 

said additional water needs to be 

applied during the trees’ dormant period 

to leach salts from the root zone and 

maintain acceptable growth and produc- 



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tion conditions from year to year. Some 

saline soils have also poor infiltration 

rates, which make salt leaching difficult, 

he added. 

Pistachio trees are tolerant to salinity 

levels up to 8.4 dS/m (a measurement 

of the electrical conductivity of the soil 

that is highly correlated with salinity). 

Though trees can adjust to higher salt 

levels, rootstocks differ in their tolerance 

to saline soils. The trees are most sensitive 

to salts during vegetative growth 

and more tolerant later in the growing 

season. 

Some highly salt affected soils are 

also sodic, which makes them more 

difficult to manage because of poor 

infiltration rates. In these soils, normal 

irrigation application rates based on 

average ET of non-salt affected orchards 

are risky, Zaccaria said, because the trees 

could be exposed to excessive water applications, 

soil saturation due to less crop 

ET, and thus roots might be deprived of 

oxygen. 

Depending on soil type, salinity, 

irrigation method, and salt leaching 

practices, mature pistachios can use 

30 to 50 inches of water over the crop 

season. Real time soil moisture and plant 

stress monitoring over the growing season 

is essential to 

improve irrigation 

scheduling 

to maximize yield 

and water use 

efficiency, and 

minimize the risk 

of diseases. Pistachio 

trees are 

most tolerant to 

water stress from 

mid May through 

early July and 

during post-harvest 

period. Only 

85 percent of full 

ET will still allow 

for potential 

full yields. Full 

winter recharge 

of the soil profile, and understanding the 

soil water holding capacity and salinity 

are necessary for optimum crop water 

management. 

MANAGEMENT 

CONSIDERATIONS 

UC researchers have made the following 

recommendations for sustaining 

pistachio production in saline growing 

areas. 

The first is choosing UCE1 rootstock. 

Trials showed P. integerrima, P. atlantica, 

PGII and UCB I tolerate salinity of up to 

5,120 parts per 

million (ppm) 

or 8dS/m in 

the root zone. 

UCB I produced 

the best yield 

response among 

all the rootstocks. 

Periodic 

soil sampling at 

different depths 

along the root 

zone and below, 

and determination 

of electrical conductivity 

(EC) 

of soil samples 

through laboratory 

analyses 

is recommended 

to 

track the 

variation 

of salinity 

over time. Zaccaria said that in medium 

to high salt-affected grounds the soil 

sampling and lab analyses should be 

done at least once per crop season, either 

at mid-season or towards the end as salts 

can build up. This periodic sampling and 

lab determinations are crucial for defining 

the salinity management practices, 

he added. When possible, it is recommended 

to keep EC less than 8.4dS/m. 

Soil saturation by excessive irrigations 

should be avoided, and the use of 

good quality water at least during the 

early vegetative growth is also advised. 

Zaccaria said flooding salt affected 

orchards with good quality water once 

or more times per year is recommended, 

depending on the level of soil salinity, 

crop evapotranspiration and quality of 

available water supply. It is recommended 

that leaching of salts by flooding be 

done during periods of low evapotranspiration 

when the crop is dormant. 

Another practice that could aid 

improving water infiltration where soil 

is salineniversitsodic and thus prone to 

compaction and asphixia is to establish 

winter cover crops. Zaccaria said that 

planting a winter cover crop between 

rows can be beneficial in creating micro 

porosity in the soil, allowing more 

abundant and deeper infiltration of fall 

and winter rainfall, increasing the effectiveness 

of salt leaching, and reduce soil 

sealing and compaction. 





Please Visit us at the South Valley & Mid Valley Nut Conferences! 

Please visit us at the Almond Conference, Booth 332! 

December 2017 

www.wcngg.com 

41

Legislation In Focus: A Look at Climate Change and Cap and Trade 

Legislative Package Contains 

Incentive Dollars for Agriculture and 

Minimizes Costs to Food Processors 

By Emily Rooney | President, Agricultural Council of California 

This year’s Legislature was highly ambitious. Prior to 

this session, the Legislature rarely exercised its need to 

conduct a two-thirds vote for fee increases. However, 2017 

was different. There were a number of outstanding issues 

important to leadership: transportation, housing, climate 

change and restoration of parks. 

All of the solutions for these very tough issues required a 

two-thirds vote. Most lobbyists and political consultants in 

Sacramento agree that while two-thirds votes are rare, they 

face an even tougher challenge in election years. Therefore, 

if these issues were to be approved, 2017 was the year for 

those votes to be executed. 

On the climate front, the agriculture and business community 

was faced with an important decision. In 2016, the 

Legislature passed SB 32, which required the Air Resources 

Board (ARB) to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to 

40 percent below 1990 levels by the year 2030. SB 32 passed 

by a simple majority vote. 

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ARB then analyzed various alternatives 

to achieve the goals of SB 32 and 

offered the following options: a carbon 

tax, a scenario that mandated GHG 

reductions throughout agriculture, food 

processing and business community, 

continuation of the cap and trade program 

and creation of a new cap and tax 

program. 

Simply put, the cap and trade program 

is the most cost-effective way to 

meet the ambitious GHG emissions 

reduction requirements already in place. 

Cap and trade is the least expensive 

approach to reducing carbon emissions 

and is three to five times cheaper than 

alternative methods. Because many of 

our members are regulated by the cap 

and trade program, Ag Council joined 

other groups in an effort to help craft a 

meaningful program that would benefit 

agriculture while meeting the requirements 

of SB 32. 

On July 17, 2017, the Senate and 

Assembly approved AB 398 (E. Garcia), 

a bill to extend the cap and trade 

program through 2030, by a two-thirds 

vote. The governor subsequently signed 

the measure into law. Without cap and 

trade, ARB had the ability under statute 

to move forward with extreme mandates 

to achieve GHG emissions targets that 

would have cost Californians far more. 

Additionally, in an effort to achieve 

reductions throughout the agricultural 

industry, the Legislature also passed 

subsequent legislation that included a 

substantial funding commitment to incentivize 

emissions reductions throughout 

agriculture. 

On September 16, Governor Jerry 

Brown signed legislation into law 

directing approximately $1.5 billion in 

expenditures generated from cap and 

trade auction revenues, including funding 

for agriculture, in addition to other 

budget spending. The funds, primarily 

allocated in the form of grants, loans and 

rebates, will allow agriculture to leverage 

cap and trade dollars to reduce greenhouse 

gases, as well as lower emissions 

from mobile sources such as tractors, 

harvesters, heavy-duty trucks and other 


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ag equipment. 

Ag Council participated in the discussions, along with 

others in agriculture, when the funding was negotiated and 

is pleased the governor fulfilled his commitment of $300 

million to the agricultural community in the expenditure 

plan. The expenditures for agriculture are included within 

two budget bills, AB 109 and AB 134. 

Agricultural Funding Allocations 

The expenditure plan, which is now law, allocates the 

following financial incentives from the Greenhouse Gas 

Reduction Fund to the agricultural sector: 

• $60 million through the State Energy Resources 

Conservation and Development Commission for food 

processors to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, 

• $6 million via the State Energy Resources Conservation 

and Development Commission for renewable energy 

projects in the agricultural sector, and 

• $99 million to the California Department of Food and 

Agriculture for dairy digester research and development 

and alternative manure management. 

Significant investments in funding are provided in the 

expenditure plan to achieve emissions reductions from 

mobile sources and other ag equipment through programs 

at the Air Resources Board: 

• $35 million from the Alternative and Renewable Fuel and 

Vehicle Technology Fund to lower agricultural sector emissions 

through grants, rebates and other financial incentives 

for agricultural harvesting equipment, heavy-duty trucks, 

agricultural pump engines, tractors, and other ag equipment, 

• $15 million from the Air Quality Improvement Fund to 

reduce agricultural sector emissions by providing grants, 

rebates and other financial incentives for agricultural harvesting 

equipment, heavy-duty trucks, agricultural pump 

engines, tractors, and other ag equipment, and 

• $85 million from the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund to 

lower agricultural sector emissions by providing grants, 

rebates and other financial incentives for agricultural harvesting 

equipment, heavy-duty trucks, agricultural pump 

engines, tractors, and other ag equipment. 

The bills containing funding for agriculture, AB 109 and AB 

134, passed the Legislature on September 15 and were signed into 

law by the governor on September 16. Ag Council urges farmers 

and food processors to fully utilize these funds to assist in the 

goals of reducing climate emissions. 

California is clearly the world leader in climate change policy 

and will continue these efforts well into the future. Given the 

Legislature’s and Administration’s leadership on this issue, it is 

imperative that we continue to participate in these discussions to 

minimize the impacts on agriculture and capitalize on opportunities 

to incentivize reductions, as opposed to receiving mandated 

regulations that will add additional costs to our overly burdensome 

regulatory environment. 

Ag Council recognizes this vote was not easy. We thank 

the Republican legislators who, amidst a great deal of political 

pressure, voted in support of AB 398 to extend the cap and trade 

program through 2030. In the Senate, in addition to Senate 

Democrats, Sen. Tom Berryhill was the lone GOP member who 

supported AB 398 at the request of agricultural groups. We appreciate 

his vote to ensure passage of the bill. 

In the Assembly, seven GOP legislators supported the cap and 

trade bill and joined many Democrats to attain the two-thirds 

vote necessary to pass AB 398. We thank the following Republican 

members of the Assembly for their courage to vote in favor of 

AB 398: Asm. Catharine Baker, Asm. Rocky Chavez, Asm. Jordan 

Cunningham, Asm. Heath Flora, Asm. Devon Mathis, GOP 

Leader Chad Mayes, and Asm. Marc Steinorth. 

Farming in an urban state has its challenges. We expect this 

will not be the last challenge, and we are thankful to those in the 

Republican Party who demonstrated true leadership in support of 

this legislation. 

To read more about the advocacy work of Agricultural Council 

of California, please go to: www.agcouncil.org. 

Comments about this article? We want to hear from you. Feel free 

to email us at article@jcsmarketinginc.com 


From OUR Growing Grounds 

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December 2017 

www.wcngg.com 

45

P istachio Rootstock 

PRODUCTION AND SELECTION 


Careful selection of a pistachio rootstock 

is a good first step toward a 

productive and healthy orchard. 

Tulare County Cooperative Extension 

farm advisor Elizabeth Fichtner’s 

rootstock presentation at the annual 

South Valley Nut Conference in Tulare 

included several reasons why rootstock 

selection is an important decision in 

pistachio production. 

Most growers’ primary focus has 

been selection of the scion or cultivar 

that will produce the fruit. Scions are 

chosen for their production qualities 

including yield and nut quality. They 

can also be chosen for an earlier or later 

harvest date. 

While walnut and almond scions are 

typically budded to rootstocks in the 

nursery, pistachios are usually budded 

several months after the rootstock has 

been in the ground. Growers can buy 

budded trees, Fichtner noted, but it is 

less common. 

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Rootstocks, Fichtner said, are 

chosen for enhanced freeze tolerance, 

disease or pest tolerance, adaptability 

to soil and water conditions or for their 

horticultural properties which can 

include growth habits, buds or clusters 

per tree, nuts per cluster and nut 

weight. 

There are five rootstocks that have 

been used in the California pistachio 

industry. Three are different Pistacia 

species and two are interspecific hybrids. 

The rootstocks are P. terebinthus, 

P. atlantica and P. integerrima and two 

hybrids of P. atlantica pollinated by P. 

integerrima. The rootstock P. integerrima 

is known as Pioneer Gold I and the 

hybrids are Pioneer Gold II and UCB 1. 

According to University of California 


(UC) researchers, all have characteristics 

that make them more or less suitable for 

specific growing regions or environmental 

conditions. P. terebinthus is seldom 

used, but does have some characteristics 

that could be used in specific situations 

as it is the most cold tolerant rootstock. 

It is also been found to be resistant to 

Armillaria root rot. P. atlantica , while 

used to create hybrids, has more cold 

tolerance than P. integerrima and with 

the low incidence of Verticillium wilt in 

the Sacramento Valley, was commonly 

planted there at one time. 

UCB 1 is one of the more popular 

rootstocks. The rootstock cultivar, a 

hybrid of P. atlantica X P. integerrima, 

was selected for its resistance to verticillium 

wilt, salt and cold tolerance and 

vigor. P. integerrima has the most frost 

sensitivity while P. atlantica is the most 

frost tolerant. UCB 1 leads in yield and 

ranks second in frost tolerance, salinity 

tolerance and Verticillium tolerance. 

One of the first challenges to the 

California pistachio industry was 

rootstock susceptibility to the soilborne 

disease Verticillium wilt. When pistachio 

production in Kern County was gaining 

momentum in the late 1960s and early 

1970s, rootstock susceptibility to this 

disease halted most plantings. Verticillium 

wilt affects a wide range of plants, 

including cotton. Because many of the 

new pistachio plantings were going in on 

former cotton ground, those trees were 

affected by the disease, showing loss of 

growth and production. 

According to writings by former 

Kern County farm advisor Joseph 

Maranto, the early plantings were on P. 

atlantica and P. terebinthus and nearly 

14,000 acres of pistachios were in the 

ground by 1975. No significant new 

plantings went in for the next five years 

due to the disease issue. Growers harvested 

a 12 million pound pistachio crop 

in 1979. 

Maranto wrote then that the new P. 

integerrima seedling rootstock would 

be a “new hope and momentum” for the 

fledgling pistachio industry due to its 

disease resistance. Several old and new 

growers were giving serious consideration 

to new plantings on P. integerrima, 

rootstock, he noted. 

Beginning in 1989 and continuing 

to 2002, California pistachio rootstock 

trials were conducted in five San Joaquin 

Valley locations: the West Side Research 

Station near Five Points, S&J Ranch 

in Madera County, Kearney Agriculture 

Research and Education Center in 

Parlier and Paramount Ranch in Kern 

County. Trials were run for yields, cold 

tolerance, verticillium tolerance and 

salinity tolerance. 

While the new rootstock, p. integerrima 

or PG 1 solved the problem with verticillium 

wilt, it was found to be sensitive 

to frost. Interspecies hybrid rootstocks 

were developed more recently to give 

growers in different growing regions of 

the state more choices suited to their 

needs. The cross of p. atlantica and p. 

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that was resistant to verticillium wilt and also 

tolerant to frost and salinity. UC researchers 

noted that trees on UCB 1 rootstocks have 

Verticillium tolerance equal to that of trees 

on PG 1 rootstocks and are producing better 

yields. Both hybrids are rated equal in terms 

of general vigor. In addition trees on UCB 1 

rootstocks are also tolerant of saline conditions 

as trees grown on PG1 rootstocks. 

Analysis of the components of yield, 

clusters per tree, nuts per cluster and nut 

size showed UCB 1 is the top performer with 

more clusters per tree, but not more or bigger 

nuts per cluster. Rootstock also affects 

the vigor of the most commonly planted 

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Rootstock does not affect alternate bearing 

which is a function of the scion cultivar 

alone and that permanent elimination of 

this characteristic will come from rootstock 

breeding. 

Pistachio rootstocks may be propagated 

sexually to produce seedlings or asexually to 

produce clones. Ficthner said there are advantages 

and disadvantages with both procedures. 

For UCB 1 seedling propagation, 

pollen is collected at anthesis and stored in 

a freezer. It is applied to P. atlantica female 

tree at bloom several weeks later. There is 

more variability in the rootstocks produced 

with this method, Fichtner said, but with 

the diversity there is the opportunity to 

identify superior individuals. The clonal 

system of propagation ensures uniformity 

of plants and also rapid multiplication of 

plants to help meet the demand for new 

trees. Uniformity can also be the disadvantage 

to the clonal method of propagation 

as there will be uniform susceptibility to 

pathogens, pests and stresses. 

Micropropagation is the practice of 

rapidly multiplying stock plant material to 

produce a large number of progeny plants 

using plant tissue culture. This practice 

helps meet the high demand for new trees, 

Fichtner said. 

Axillary bud proliferation can deliver a 

high rate of progeny, but there is a higher 

risk of mutation within tissue lines. 

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December 2017 

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49

Aboveground 

Water Storage in 

California 

By Jodi Raley | Director of Regulatory Affairs, 

Western Agricultural Processors Association 

What is the cost of getting water 

storage in California? Funding 

requests to the California Water Commission’s 

Water Storage Investment 

Program (WSIP) suggest the bill is a little 

over $5.7 billion. With that in mind, 

the applicants requesting these dollars 

are all competing for their slice of the 

$2.7 billion pie that makes up the WSIP 

portion of the California Prop 1B Water 

Bond. With 

12 different 

projects on the 

table, the members 

of the California Water 

Commission reviewed 

applications to determine basic 

eligibility. Following this action at last 

month’s board meeting 11 projects now 

remain. 

All Photos Courtesy of WAPA. 

Among the remaining 

projects are Sites 

Reservoir and Temperance 

Flat Reservoir. 

These two large 

aboveground storage 

projects were 

identified early by 

project proponents 

to provide 

benefits to the 

public, environment 

and notably 

additional water to 

California’s farmers. 

Sites requesting 

roughly $1.6 billion dollars, 

will hold 1.8 million 

acre-feet off stream from the 

Sacramento River, an area that has 

been considered for off stream storage 

since the 1950’s. Of this amount, roughly 

500,000 acre-feet will be produced 

 

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for the purpose of it to be released into 

California’s water system. With Temperance 

Flat Reservoir requesting funds 

just over $1.3 billion dollars, the project 

proponents identify that 

the dam and reservoir 

project, to be located in 

the back part of Millerton 

Lake, would produce 

nearly 1.26 million 

acre-feet of storage. The 

additional storage of 

Temperance Flat Reservoir 

has seemed increasingly 

valuable over the 

course of this year as 

Central Valley residents 

witnessed 2.5 million 

acre-feet in emergency 

releases rush down the San Joaquin River, 

much of the water going unneeded 

and ultimately drained to the ocean. 

So what are the next steps? Now 

that applications, including hundreds 

of pages of complex climate change 

modeling, are sitting with the California 

Water Commission, the real work now 

begins. Commission staff will comb over 

applications and will determine each 

project’s public benefit ratio which will 

play a large role in early funding decisions, 

which are anticipated to be made 

in June of 2018. Much of the WSIP process 

is built around a structured process. 

It is anticipated that these calculations 

will bring Sites and Temperance to the 

top of the applicant list due to their size, 

scale and large amount of public benefits. 

However, as much as we would like 

to rely on the outcomes of these scorings 

and calculations it is incredibly important 

to understand that at the end of the 

day the nine member California Water 

Commission have the powerful ability to 

exert “discretionary authority,” meaning 

the work produced by commission staff 

is only taken into consideration when 

funding decisions occur, and will not be 

the sole basis of funding allocations. 

It is exciting to see movement on 

securing large aboveground storage 

projects in California. This effort is a 

long road and the California Prop 1B 

Water Bond is not the only stop. Talks 

of at least another two water bonds have 

begun, with likelihood of appearing on 

the upcoming ballot. Throughout the 

WSIP process and now with talks of 

the state voting on spending more tax 

payer dollars on additional water bonds, 

the message remains loud and clear… 

California’s water system is broken and 

investments in storage is being demanded 

by not only the agriculture but the 

public as well. 




December 2017 

www.wcngg.com 

51

Water Quality Updates 

By Chris McGlothlin | Director of Technical Services, 

Western Agricultural Processors Association 

East San Joaquin River 

Watershed Proposed Order 

Last year, we updated you on the State 

Water Board’s Revised Order for the 

East San Joaquin Water Quality Coalition. 

This Revised Order was precedential, 

and even though it focuses on one 

region of the state, it would ultimately 

set the standard for the entire state. The 

original Order had several significant 

inclusions such as requiring of Nitrogen 

& Irrigation Management Plans to be 

submitted directly to State Water Board 

(SWB) staff as opposed to an aggregated 

data submission made by third party 

coalitions, requiring that yield specific 

data be submitted to SWB staff, designating 

all of California as High-Vulnerability 

to groundwater quality, as 

well as the requirement for landowner/ 

farmer identification information to be 

made available to the public through a 

website utilized by Regional Board staff 

to monitor year by year results. Various 

stakeholders and Associations voiced 

opposition to the revised order at a series 

of public workshops held in both Fresno 

and Sacramento, and it seems as if some 

of the comments have had a significant 

effect. 


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The East San Joaquin Revised 

Order was released in October, and 

is now open for a second round of 

public comment. The second draft 

reverses many of the provisions listed 

above, including the public submission 

of personal information as well 

as the elimination of the entire state 

being considered High-Vulnerability 

to groundwater quality. In turn, some 

significant additions in requirements 

include developing appropriate monitoring 

framework for surface water 

monitoring, an expansion of groundwater 

constituent monitoring, as well 

as making the “Self-Certification” 

process for Nitrogen Management 

Plans be more stringent and require 

adequate, yet limited availability, 

training for stakeholders. 

While some of the revisions to 

the original Order are welcomed, 

WAPA also sees some very problematic 

inclusions with the second draft. 

First off, the surface water monitoring 

inclusions in this draft will be burdensome 

for growers and Coalitions 

in the Delta as well as the northern 

half of the state where surface water 

is more readily available. Costs will 

increase for monitoring programs in 

those areas, and thus more fees will be 

required from growers in those areas. 

The self-certification program for Nitrogen 

& Irrigation Management Plans 

has been available for the past year, but 

has seen only a few thousand attendees 

complete the required courses. If 

your operation has not completed the 

self-certification-required classes, the 

demand for Certified Crop Advisors 

to sign off on these plans will increase 

dramatically. 

With a limited amount of time to 

work with on submitting comments, 

WAPA and various other agricultural 

and landowner stakeholder groups are 

convening to develop comments to 

voice opposition to the new focus of the 

Revised Order. Various workshops are 

also being proposed to the State Water 

Board in the hopes that all stakeholders 

have a chance to have their voices heard. 

Written comments are also due by December 

6th, 2017. Stay tuned. 

Walnut Huller Waste 

Discharge Study 

For the past four years, the Western Agricultural 

Processors Association (WAPA) 

has been actively involved in fighting off 

a potential Waste Discharge Requirement 


into groundwater aquifers, an issue 

that the SWB is focusing on heavily in 

various regulatory efforts and programs. 

At the beginning of the season, a 

call was made to the State Water Board 

regarding the continuance of the study, 

and what the State Water Board was 

planning on doing at the conclusion 

of the sampling season. WAPA was informed 

that the SWB would ultimately 

like to develop a Waste Discharge 

Requirement for walnut hullers. They 

found the sampling data very helpful, 

which ultimately will help develop a 

less restrictive order based on the data 

that we were able to provide. While 

the development of a Waste Discharge 

Requirement is not the most ideal 

scenario, WAPA will remain involved in 

the WDR development process and will 

voice opposition to any restrictions and 

limitations proposed by the Regional 

Board. 




(WDR), aimed specifically at the walnut 

hulling facilities located throughout the 

state. This WDR would align the walnut 

hulling industry along with various other 

commodity processing facilities that utilize 

water, and require that these hulling facilities 

pay into the Waste Discharge Program 

implemented by the Regional Water Quality 

Control Board (Regional Board). Fees Associated 

with WDR’s have drastically increased 

over the past five years. 

For the past four seasons, WAPA has 

sampled discharged water from four walnut 

hulling operations, located throughout the 

state. Samples are pulled from the well prior 

to the beginning of the hulling season to determine 

what the water makeup was prior to 

its inclusion in the hulling process. Samples 

are then taken from the discharge ponds at 

various points during the season representing 

the beginning, middle and end of the 

season. A hull sample is also taken at the 

end of the season, as a limitation on spreading 

hulls was included in the SWB’s original 

Waste Discharge Proposal. The limitation 

on hull disposal through land application is 

aimed at reducing nitrogen sources leaching 

December 2017 

www.wcngg.com 

55

All photos courtesy of Roscoe Moss Company & RoscoeMoss.Com 

Proper Water 

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By Bob Turnbull & Charlie Hoherd | Roscoe Moss Company 

Over the years, the practices of water 

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to install wells in varied hydrogeologic 

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efficient, productive, and long-term 

water service. Such expectations are 

both natural and reasonable. Yet, they 

are only achievable if after construction 

the well is properly developed and then 

later redeveloped periodically during its 

useful life. Speaking with your water well 

drilling contractor about proper well 

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pleted is a vital step to ensuring you have 

a productive well. 

First it is important to understand 

what is meant by “Well Development.” 

Well development takes place after the 

borehole has been drilled and the casing, 

screen and gravel pack have been installed. 

The process of well development 

involves the following: 

1. Remove remnant drilling fluid and 

cuttings from the borehole wall, formation, 

filter pack and well screen. 

2. Create an optimum interface 

between the filter pack and the water-bearing 

formation. 

For gravel pack wells, well development 

also consolidates and stabilizes 

the filter pack material. Later, during 

its operation, it is common for a well to 

experience a decline in efficiency and/ 

or production. When this happens, it 

should be redeveloped by mechanical 

and/or chemical treatment methods 

in order to improve its efficiency and 

productivity. 

Unfortunately, for many irrigation 

wells sufficient well development is 

commonly not given proper attention or 

in some cases is completely overlooked. 

This can happen either intentionally or 

unintentionally, typically as a result of 

well owner’s lack of understanding of 

its importance or the result of a drilling 

contractor trying to save on costs. No 

matter how skilled the drilling contractor 

is at constructing the well or 

how prolific the water bearing 

formation, failing to perform 

adequate development will 

severely limit the production of 

your well. 

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Tool 

The proper amount of development 

time is also a changing 

variable as each well is different. 

Whether during initial development 

or follow-up redevelopment, 

it is essential to carefully 

monitor the well’s response over 

time. It is simply not enough to 

assume that a well can be developed 

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a fixed number of hours. The 

proper approach is to carefully 

monitor the well’s responses in 

real-time and discontinue the 

work when the well’s performance 

has been restored to a satisfactory 

level. 

Development Methods 

Well development (and redevelopment) 

methods are categorized as either 

mechanical methods or chemical methods. 

Mechanical methods include: bailing, 

swabbing with a surge 

block or dual-swab (Image 

1), airlift pumping, jetting, 

and pumping with a test 

pump. Generally, wells are 

developed initially by swabbing 

and bailing followed 

by a period of airlift pumping 

and/or jetting (Image 

2, page 59). The final stage 

of mechanical developing is 

usually pumping with a test 

pump. 

Chemical treatments include 

the use of dispersants 

(such as polyphosphates) 

to remove filtercake from 

the borehole wall and clay 

fractions in the formations. 

A common approach is the 

use of both mechanical and 


chemical methods to sufficiently improve the 

well’s performance. Mechanical methods are 

used often to remove biofilm or encrustation 

prior to chemical treatment. 

Monitoring 

Real-time monitoring during development 

is typically conducted by the well contractor or 

an engineer acting as the well owner’s representative. 

Most often, one or more parameters 

(e.g., sand content, turbidity, and specific 

capacity) are monitored and recorded in order 

to evaluate how the well is responding; these 

parameters are discussed below. One other 

important parameter that should be closely 

Image 2 

monitored is the number of hours 

worked by the contractor because 

often well development is a unit-cost 

item that is billed by the hour. A common 

approach for monitoring during 

development (or redevelopment) is to 

check the sand content and turbidity 

of the discharge during airlift pumping 

and pumping with the test pump. 

In fact, most regulators require that 

all discharges from the well must meet 

specific physical and/or chemical criteria 

as defined in a discharge permit 

(e.g. NPDES) issued to the well owner. 

Typically, parameters such as turbidity 

and sand content are included; monitoring 

of other parameters may also be 

required. 

Common Monitoring 

Parameters 

• Sand Content. Sand production 

can be measured by several methods. 

Initial development pumping 

of a new well usually produces 

considerable quantities of fine 

sand and silt. Monitoring these 

discharges can be performed with 

an Imhoff cone or similar device 

when the sand content exceeds 

50 parts per million (ppm). For 

sand measurements of quantities 

less than 50 ppm, a Rossum Sand 

Tester is recommended. This 

device will measure sand content 

as low as 0.5 ppm when operated 

over a period of approximately 10 

minutes. 

Turbidity. Turbidity refers to the 

clarity of water and is associated with 

colloid clay particles, suspended algae, 

decaying vegetation, and other sources. 

Turbidity can result in unpleasant 

tastes and odors, and occasionally 

encourages the growth of slimes or 

other organisms. During development, 

turbidity can be measured in the field 

(and laboratory) with a turbidimeter 

which has various ranges sufficient 

to measure 0.1 to 400 NTU (National 

Turbidity Unity). 

• Turbidity is a key parameter for 

discharge regulated by NPDES 

permits. 

• Specific Capacity. The specific ca- 


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pacity of a well is the yield per unit 

of drawdown, expressed in gallons 

per minute per foot of drawdown 

(gpm/ft). Typically, this parameter 

is checked as the well is pumped 

with the test pump. By periodically 

calculating the specific capacity, 

it is easy to determine the degree 

to which the performance of the 

well has improved. The yield can 

be measured by various methods, 

depending upon the pumping rate. 

Most commonly, yield is measured 

with a circular orifice weir or 

totalizing meter. For very low 

yields, it may be sufficient 

to use a bucket or 55-gallon 

drum and stopwatch. 

Evaluating Results 

Sand content and specific 

capacity are key parameters used 

to evaluate the responses of the 

well to mechanical development 

(or redevelopment). Figure 1 

is an example of a plot of these 

parameters over time; it shows 

Figure 1 

that the well was developed until 1) the 

sand content had declined to less than 

1 ppm, and 2) the trend of the specific 

capacity curve indicated no more significant 

change. 

Summary 

Monitoring during development 

is a necessary task if one expects to 

properly assess the progress of development 

and its cost for labor and 

equipment. As shown in Figure 1, when 

basic parameters are recorded and 

evaluated, it is a simple matter for the 

contractor, owner’s representative and/or 

owner to determine when the development 

work should be terminated. This approach 

eliminates guess-work because it leads to 

a results-based decision rather than one 

simply based on having developed a well for 

a pre-determined number of hours. 

It is important to understand that a well 

cannot operate at its highest production 

capacity and efficiency unless it is properly 

developed. The truth is some wells are able 

to be developed more quickly than others, 

as the drilling method, the amount of drilling 

fluid, or even Mother Nature all play 

a role in determining the adequate 

amount of time needed to properly 

develop a well. You can influence the 

performance of your well by ensuring 

that your drilling contractor uses 

appropriate mechanical and chemical 

development methods, along with the 

proper amount of time, to bring your 

well to its optimal production capability. 




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61

Produce Safety Rule (PSR) 

for Walnut Growers 

By California Walnut Board 

Last month the California Department of Food and Agriculture 

(CDFA) conducted a meeting about pending 

food safety laws that will be implemented in early 2018 for 

walnut growers. The purpose of this meeting was to gather 

information and share ideas on how to best educate and 

inform California produce farmers about pending laws. At 

this meeting the following topics were discussed: 

1. Review CDFA’s planned strategy 

for implementing the Produce Safety Rule (PSR). 

2. Explore potential communication channels available 

throughout the industry. 

3. Discuss questions you and your grower/suppliers have 

concerning PSR implementation. 

CDFA is forming an inspection team called the “Environmental 

Auditing Unit (EAU)” comprised of eight field inspectors. The 

EAU will be funded by a $1 million Food and Drug Administration 

(FDA) grant. The strategy will be to begin farm inspections 

for those operations with over $500,000 in annual revenue (large 

farms). They estimate there are over 25,000 large farms in the 

State with an inspection goal of 300 farms annually. With some 

exceptions large farms are supposed to be compliant to the PSR 

January 2018. CDFA disclosed their plan is to begin compliance 

inspections beginning January 2019 unless an incident occurs 

which requires them to visit the farming operation involved. 

They also said they want to conduct farm inspections during 

harvest activities so they can assess how produce is being handled 

during full operation. For walnut growers that means CDFA 

should not conduct inspections until September 2019. CDFA 

expressed interest to conduct “mock” inspections during the 

2018 harvest to help train their inspectors. For any volunteers, 

there will not be any consequences if any issues are identified. 

Any grower wanting to participate in these mock inspections, 

contact DeLarian Dyson, Environmental Scientist at CDFA (916) 

767-3431. 

During the meeting, CDFA also discussed their plans to conduct 

industry training on the PSR rules. They have split up the 

State into four regions with the goal of having six classes in each 

region, with one in Spanish. Each class will have capacity for 50 

attendees. PSR training is required for one person per farm and is 

only needed once. The California Walnut Board will again sponsor 

PSR training for walnut growers starting January 2018 in four 

regions of the State. Exact dates and locations will soon be posted 

on the California Walnut Board (CWB) website (walnuts.org). 

Comments about this article? We want to hear from you. Feel free 

to email us at article@jcsmarketinginc.com 


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