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P istachio Rootstock PRODUCTION AND SELECTION By Cecilia Parsons | Contributing Writer Careful selection of a pistachio rootstock is a good first step toward a productive and healthy orchard. Tulare County Cooperative Extension farm advisor Elizabeth Fichtner’s rootstock presentation at the annual South Valley Nut Conference in Tulare included several reasons why rootstock selection is an important decision in pistachio production. Most growers’ primary focus has been selection of the scion or cultivar that will produce the fruit. Scions are chosen for their production qualities including yield and nut quality. They can also be chosen for an earlier or later harvest date. While walnut and almond scions are typically budded to rootstocks in the nursery, pistachios are usually budded several months after the rootstock has been in the ground. Growers can buy budded trees, Fichtner noted, but it is less common. HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE AND VERSATILE. ABLE TO WITHSTAND SOIL LIMITATIONS AND SUITABLE FOR REPLANTING SITUATIONS. A product of the Agromillora Catalana breeding program, Rootpac R is a plum and almond hybrid. It is compatible with varieties of plum, peach, nectarine and almond. Rootpac R encourages an open structured tree with medium branching and adapts well to dense soils. This rootpac has demonstrated a tolerance for asphyxia and chlorosis, and is highly resistant to root-knot nematodes. AGROMILLORA-CA.COM | 844.453.5063 Rootstocks, Fichtner said, are chosen for enhanced freeze tolerance, disease or pest tolerance, adaptability to soil and water conditions or for their horticultural properties which can include growth habits, buds or clusters per tree, nuts per cluster and nut weight. There are five rootstocks that have been used in the California pistachio industry. Three are different Pistacia species and two are interspecific hybrids. The rootstocks are P. terebinthus, P. atlantica and P. integerrima and two hybrids of P. atlantica pollinated by P. integerrima. The rootstock P. integerrima is known as Pioneer Gold I and the hybrids are Pioneer Gold II and UCB 1. According to University of California 46 West Coast Nut December 2017
(UC) researchers, all have characteristics that make them more or less suitable for specific growing regions or environmental conditions. P. terebinthus is seldom used, but does have some characteristics that could be used in specific situations as it is the most cold tolerant rootstock. It is also been found to be resistant to Armillaria root rot. P. atlantica , while used to create hybrids, has more cold tolerance than P. integerrima and with the low incidence of Verticillium wilt in the Sacramento Valley, was commonly planted there at one time. UCB 1 is one of the more popular rootstocks. The rootstock cultivar, a hybrid of P. atlantica X P. integerrima, was selected for its resistance to verticillium wilt, salt and cold tolerance and vigor. P. integerrima has the most frost sensitivity while P. atlantica is the most frost tolerant. UCB 1 leads in yield and ranks second in frost tolerance, salinity tolerance and Verticillium tolerance. One of the first challenges to the California pistachio industry was rootstock susceptibility to the soilborne disease Verticillium wilt. When pistachio production in Kern County was gaining momentum in the late 1960s and early 1970s, rootstock susceptibility to this disease halted most plantings. Verticillium wilt affects a wide range of plants, including cotton. Because many of the new pistachio plantings were going in on former cotton ground, those trees were affected by the disease, showing loss of growth and production. According to writings by former Kern County farm advisor Joseph Maranto, the early plantings were on P. atlantica and P. terebinthus and nearly 14,000 acres of pistachios were in the ground by 1975. No significant new plantings went in for the next five years due to the disease issue. Growers harvested a 12 million pound pistachio crop in 1979. Maranto wrote then that the new P. integerrima seedling rootstock would be a “new hope and momentum” for the fledgling pistachio industry due to its disease resistance. Several old and new growers were giving serious consideration to new plantings on P. integerrima, rootstock, he noted. Beginning in 1989 and continuing to 2002, California pistachio rootstock trials were conducted in five San Joaquin Valley locations: the West Side Research Station near Five Points, S&J Ranch in Madera County, Kearney Agriculture Research and Education Center in Parlier and Paramount Ranch in Kern County. Trials were run for yields, cold tolerance, verticillium tolerance and salinity tolerance. While the new rootstock, p. integerrima or PG 1 solved the problem with verticillium wilt, it was found to be sensitive to frost. Interspecies hybrid rootstocks were developed more recently to give growers in different growing regions of the state more choices suited to their needs. The cross of p. atlantica and p. integerrima produced UCB 1 rootstock Continued on Page 48 AG SERVICES LLC ORCHARD DEVELOPMENT SPECIALISTS DEEP RIPPING ROOT RIPPING ORCHARD REMOVAL CALL: 559-747-6220 OR 559-747-6218 December 2017 www.wcngg.com 47
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