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ANTHRACNOSE; IS IT A THREAT TO CALIFORNIA PISTACHIOS? By Cecilia Parsons | Contributing Writer The right combination of environmental conditions and a susceptible scion cultivar can lead to the spread of the fungal disease Anthracnose in pistachio orchards. Themis Michailides, plant pathologist at the University of California Kearney Research Center in Parlier, said the threat of an Anthracnose infection in most California pistachio growing areas could be tempered by the Anthracnose-tolerant and widely planted Kerman variety of pistachio and the drier growing conditions in the southern San Joaquin Valley. Scientifically proven to reduce female NOW populations and damage with Mass Trapping and Monitoring. The anthracnose fungus, Colletotrichum acutatum, overwinters in infected mummy nuts left on the tree after harvest and in dead twigs or branches killed the previous year by the disease. New infections are spread when spores are dispersed by rain or insects. Irrigation systems where water hits tree canopies can also spread the spores. The infection causes lesions with concentric circles on the leaves and black lesions on the mid rib of the leaves and on the peduncles and stems. Black lesions develop on the fruit, leading to severe shriveling of kernels and hulls. Small nuts, when infected turn a rusty orange color. If hulls are infected when nuts are larger, the initial circular hull lesions turn to a more pink color as spores develop. Michailides, a speaker at the 2017 South Valley Nut Conference, said he does not expect Anthracnose to spread in pistachios like Botryospaeria has. Anthracnose infections in pistachios, he said, can be confused with other common fungal diseases in pistachio including Botryospaeria and Alternaria late blight. In Arizona, Anthracnose has been confused with Septoria spot and Phoma blight. In the field it is difficult to distinguish Anthracnose lesions from those caused by Botryospaeria and Alternaria blight, Michailides said. In California researchers have found a complex of Anthracnose producing fungal species that require molecular fingerprinting to be identified. Proximity to willow trees can also be a source of Anthracnose infection. Michailides is being funded to research biology, epidemiology and management of Anthracnose blight in Pistachio in California by the California Pistachio Research Board. This year his studies have been focused in determining the pathogenicity of Colletotrichum acutatum isolated from pistachio from Kerman, Peters, Golden Hills, Lost Hills and Randy cultivars. Red Aleppo is being used as a positive susceptible control. His work includes determination of when Anthracnose infections occur and when fungicide applications are most effective. He is also collecting isolates to determine baseline sensitivity to fungicides used in Botryospaeria and Alternaria 22 West Coast Nut December 2017
without humidity after inoculation, but severity of infection increased after 12- 24 hours of humidity. Both cultural practices and welltimed fungicide applications are important for control of Anthracnose. Pruning out dead wood and removal of from the orchard before the end of the growing season will help it eliminate the source of inoculum the following year. Studies done by University of California integrated pest management special- ists showed just pruning out dead wood reduced the following year’s infection by 50 percent compared to trees where dead wood was not removed. Cost of pruning out dead wood and loss of future production as fruitwood dies exceeds the cost of preventing the initial problem. Comments about this article? We want to hear from you. Feel free to email us at article@jcsmarketinginc.com late blight of pistachio. In a test of efficacy on the isolate fioriniae, Fontelis and Quash achieved the least mycelial growth after seven days at 77 degrees Fahrenheit. Next year, Michailides said he would continue efficacy studies. Last year, Michailides said, there was an outbreak of Anthracnose in pistachios in Glenn and Butte counties with lesions found on leaves and fruit. Unlike Botryospaeria, the disease did not kill the clusters. Anthracnose was found for the first time in Tulare County pistachios in 2006 and Michailides said there have been sporadic outbreaks in Fresno and Madera counties. In Arizona, Michaillides said, Phoma blight can be mistaken for Anthracnose as this fast moving fungal disease kills pistachio nut clusters right before harvest. Other pistachio producing countries have reported major losses from Anthracnose. An outbreak in Australia in 2010 caused up to 75 percent losses in nut production. Pistachio plantings in China have also been affected by Anthracnose. While Kerman and Golden Hills have proven to be tolerant of Anthracnose, the female cultivar Red Aleppo, that was introduced into California by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in the early 1900s, has proven to be very susceptible to the disease. Studies conducted to determine the conditions that promote infection by the Anthracnose fungus found the optimum temperature for the growth and infection was 25 degrees Celsius. While infection occurred at 5 degrees Celsius, the symptoms of the disease did not appear until 10 degrees Celsius was reached. Older fruit was more susceptible to infection than younger fruit. Infection of leaves and fruit occurred HALTS ALMONDS’ MOST LETHAL INVADERS. Stop the spread of peach twig borers (PTB) before they can do damage to your orchard. DIMILIN ® 2L Insecticide prevents immature insects from growing into adults, interrupting the reproduction cycle to effectively limit the spread of PTB and other harmful pests. For more information on DIMILIN and other Arysta LifeScience products, contact: Carson Conover - 530-906-1504 Roger Williams - 661-221-3840 carson.conover@arysta.com roger.williams@arysta.com Matt Loftus - 559-960-1112 Rick Ebbinghausen - 916-202-4846 matt.loftus@arysta.com rick.ebbinghausen@arysta.com Mike Ansolabehere - 661-304-3023 mike.ansolabehere@arysta.com DIMILIN is a restricted-use pesticide. Always read and follow label directions. DIMILIN is a registered trademark of an Arysta LifeScience Group Company. Arysta LifeScience and the Arysta LifeScience logo are registered trademarks of Arysta LifeScience Corporation. ©2017 Arysta LifeScience Group Company. SPC-1788 December 2017 www.wcngg.com 23
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