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Continued from Page 17 time, it is a slower process and results in a less dense set of data point. The EM38 is a smaller device that can be carried by hand. This allows it to be used in a variety of situations. There are also researchers that believe that the electromagnetic is a more reliable measure of conductivity. When using either system, GPS should be used to record the location of each data point. Dataloggers are used to record the two different values and combined with a location from a GPS receiver. These values can be mapped for a visualization of soil variability. Georeferencing of the mS/m is important as it allows the transfer of the data in text format and onto a GIS for mapping. Photo Courtesy of Veris Technologies It is important to remember that this value is not in itself a measure of salinity or other common soil characteristic. But because it is highly correlated to many of these characteristics, it can be used to estimate or predict many of these characteristics of soil. EC is therefore a measure of soil spatial variability. Areas with similar EC values also share soil characteristics such as water, texture, OM (organic matter) and salinity. Any difference in these characteristics show up on an EC map. Can’t Use Quat? Quat-Free Sanitizer and Cleaner! ● Ready-to-Use ● No Rinse Required ● 70% Alcohol Formula (62.5% ethanol / 7.5% IPA) ● 60 Second Kill on food contact surfaces* ● 10 Second Kill on non-food contact surfaces** ● NSF Listed D2 classification ● EPA registered ● Kosher, Pareve and Halal certified New Alpet® D2 Quat-Free Surface Sanitizer from Best Sanitizers, the name you can trust! Visit bestsanitizers.com/qfwcn to learn more, or call us at 888-225-3267. Trial samples available. *Kills 99.999% of tested pathogens in 60 seconds on food contact surfaces, including non-porous waterproof rubber gloves. **Kills 99.9% of tested pathogens in 10 seconds on non-food contact surfaces, including non-porous waterproof footwear. Higher water content and salinity allows higher conductivity. Clay particles are smaller and form tighter bonds than other types of soil particles, resulting in higher conductivity. OM decreases the conductivity. Each of these characteristics specifically impacts the conductivity of the soil. The problem is how to separate and define the level of just one of these characteristics since they are all interrelated. The good news is determining individual characteristics can be done with the proper protocol. Three basic uses of an ECa map include identifying variability; determining a soil sampling routine; and determine level of salinity or other soil characteristic. Soil Spatial Variability Precision farming or site specific management is based on understanding the variability that is present within a field and then managing it for economic efficiencies. A goal in managing variability is identifying those areas that are homogenous, i.e. areas that have more in common than the area around it. ECa works well to determine these zones since areas with similar ECa values have similar texture, organic matter, CEC (cation exchange capacity) and water content which means similar production decision will be applicable. This is the one application that requires very little analysis on the part of the user. The mapped points interpolated within a GIS (geographic information system) creates a map showing variability of the field. Using a GIS reclassification tool will create three to five zones of homogenous areas to serve as management zones. Determine Spatial Variability for EC Directed Soil Sampling Completing a soil sampling using a grid has been common in precision ag. A more common technique is using zones to determine placement of soil samples. An EC map can be used to determine the homogenous areas for targeted sampling. The same management zones previously discussed, can also be used to determine where to take soil samples. Usually a group of samples would be taken from each zone and aggregated for a composite sample. The nutrient values from the samples would be used for fer- 18 West Coast Nut December 2017
tilizer or other management decisions. Determine Level of a Characteristic Highly Correlated with EC It is important to note again that the millisiemens/meter is not a direct measure of salinity. Even though the ECa values are directly related to salinity, it is also impacted by numerous other soil characteristics. By controlling some of the characteristics, understanding the relationships between the factors, or analyzing the data, edaphic values such as salinity can be estimated. Ground-truthing by using an EC directed soil sampling needs to be done to collect actual data. The range of values for ECa can be compared or calibrated to the range of values from the directed soil sampling to create a field scale map of salinity or whatever characteristic. ANTAGONISTS journal Methods of Soil Analysis published in Volume 1 in 2016. An increasing number of nut growers are using Veris or EM-38 to determine the salinity of the soil within their orchard. However it is important to remember that the data needs to considered carefully before using it for management decisions. Better yet follow the recognized protocol to analyze ECa data for better decision making. www.bio-ferm.com Field-Scale Apparent Soil Conductivity, Corwin D. L. and Scudiero E., Methods of Soil Analysis, Volume 1 2016, Soil Science Society of America. Protocols and Guidelines for Field- Scale Measurement of Soil Salinity Distribution with ECa-Directed Soil Sampling. Corwin D. L. and Lesch S. M., USDA-ARS US Salinity Lab. Journal of Environmental and Engineering Geophysics. March 2013, Volume 18, Issue 1, pp.1-25. Comments about this article? We want to hear from you. Feel free to email us at article@jcsmarketinginc.com Prevent Blossom Blight and Brown Rot in Almonds PROTE The lab results will also determine some thresholds that can assist in determining what is causing the variability. The most common threshold is if EC is greater than 2 deciSiemen/meter it is an indication that salinity is high enough that it is the predominant characteristic of the EC. This means that the resulting variability map can be considered a salinity map. Protocol for use of ECa data Dennis Corwin and Steve Lesch created a protocol for properly using EC. While the list below is a summary, the complete list can be found at the reference listed at the end of this article. 1. Establish and describe the field/site and the survey design. 2. Collect ECa data with mobile GPS equipment. 3. Design soil sampling based on georeferenced ECa data. 4. Collect soil samples. 5. Complete lab analysis for soil characteristic. 6. Calibration of soil properties to EC values. 7. Spatial Statistics to determine soil properties. 8. GIS database development. 9. Graphic representation of spatial distribution of salinity or other characteristic. The use of this protocol is explained in detail in the article “Field Scale Apparent Soil Electrical Conductivity” by Dennis L. Corwin and Elia Scudiero found in the FIRE BLIGHT ANTAGONISTS • Works through competitive exclusion to prevent disease • Proven efficacy • Ideal for use in IPM programs • No 25.0 development of pathogen 20.0 resistance www.bio-ferm.com 15.0 • No pre-harvest interval Percent Incidence 20.0 15.0 10.0 • No MRL restrictions 10.0 5.0 • Safe for bees & beneficial insects 5.0 0.0 Percent Incidence 25.0 Botector ® Biofungicide 0.0 FOR ORGANIC PRODUCTION ® Percent Incidence Botector ® Reduces Incidence of Blossom Blight Disease in Butte Almonds Grower Trial, 2015 25.0 a 19.3 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 25.0 20.0 15.0 10.0 5.0 0.0 0/0 Growers Standard Botector Significant at 98% confidence level b 12.9 Growers Standard Botector Call today to learn more. (800) 876-2767 www.westbridge.com PRO December 2017 www.wcngg.com 19
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